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Gillis EP, Parcella K, Bowsher M, Cook JH, Iwuagwu C, Naidu BN, Patel M, Peese K, Huang H, Valera L, Wang C, Kieltyka K, Parker DD, Simmermacher J, Arnoult E, Nolte RT, Wang L, Bender JA, Frennesson DB, Saulnier M, Wang AX, Meanwell NA, Belema M, Hanumegowda U, Jenkins S, Krystal M, Kadow JF, Cockett M, Fridell R. Potent Long-Acting Inhibitors Targeting the HIV-1 Capsid Based on a Versatile Quinazolin-4-one Scaffold. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1941-1954. [PMID: 36719971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Long-acting (LA) human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) antiretroviral therapy characterized by a ≥1 month dosing interval offers significant advantages over daily oral therapy. However, the criteria for compounds that enter clinical development are high. Exceptional potency and low plasma clearance are required to meet dose size requirements; excellent chemical stability and/or crystalline form stability is required to meet formulation requirements, and new antivirals in HIV-1 therapy need to be largely free of side effects and drug-drug interactions. In view of these challenges, the discovery that capsid inhibitors comprising a quinazolinone core tolerate a wide range of structural modifications while maintaining picomolar potency against HIV-1 infection in vitro, are assembled efficiently in a multi-component reaction, and can be isolated in a stereochemically pure form is reported herein. The detailed characterization of a prototypical compound, GSK878, is presented, including an X-ray co-crystal structure and subcutaneous and intramuscular pharmacokinetic data in rats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Gillis
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Kyle Parcella
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Michael Bowsher
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - James H Cook
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Christiana Iwuagwu
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - B Narasimhulu Naidu
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Manoj Patel
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Kevin Peese
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Haichang Huang
- Discovery Biology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Lourdes Valera
- Discovery Biology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Chunfu Wang
- Discovery Biology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Kasia Kieltyka
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, DMPK and Toxicology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Dawn D Parker
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, DMPK and Toxicology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Jean Simmermacher
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, DMPK and Toxicology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Molecular Design, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Robert T Nolte
- Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Liping Wang
- Protein Cellular and Structural Sciences, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - John A Bender
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David B Frennesson
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mark Saulnier
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Alan Xiangdong Wang
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Makonen Belema
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Umesh Hanumegowda
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, DMPK and Toxicology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States.,ViiV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, DMPK and Toxicology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Mark Krystal
- Discovery Biology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - John F Kadow
- Discovery Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Mark Cockett
- ViiV Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Robert Fridell
- Discovery Biology, ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
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2
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Bartole E, Littmann T, Tanaka M, Ozawa T, Buschauer A, Bernhardt G. [ 3H]UR-DEBa176: A 2,4-Diaminopyrimidine-Type Radioligand Enabling Binding Studies at the Human, Mouse, and Rat Histamine H 4 Receptors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8338-8356. [PMID: 31469288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Differences in sequence homology between human (h), mouse (m), and rat (r) histamine H4 receptors (H4R) cause discrepancies regarding affinities, potencies, and/or efficacies of ligands and therefore compromise translational animal models and the applicability of radioligands. Aiming at a radioligand enabling robust and comparative binding studies at the h/m/rH4Rs, 2,4-diaminopyrimidines were synthesized and pharmacologically investigated. The most notable compounds identified were two (partial) agonists with comparable potencies at the h/m/rH4Rs: UR-DEBa148 (N-neopentyl-4-(1,4,6,7-tetrahydro-5H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine bis(2,2,2-trifluoroacetate), 43), the most potent [pEC50 (reporter gene assay) = 9.9/9.6/10.3] compound in the series being slightly G-protein biased and UR-DEBa176 [(R)-4-[3-(dimethylamino)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-N-neopentylpyrimidin-2-amine bis(2,2,2-trifluoroacetate), 46, pEC50 (reporter gene assay) = 8.7/9.0/9.2], a potential "cold" form of a tritiated H4R ligand. After radiolabeling, binding studies with [3H]UR-DEBa176 ([3H]46) at the h/m/rH4Rs revealed comparable Kd values (41/17/22 nM), low nonspecific binding (11-17%, ∼Kd), and fast associations/dissociations (25-30 min) and disclosed [3H]UR-DEBa176 as useful molecular tool to determine h/m/rH4R binding affinities for H4R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Bartole
- Institute of Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Timo Littmann
- Institute of Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Miho Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku , Hongo , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku , Hongo , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Institute of Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Günther Bernhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy , University of Regensburg , D-93053 Regensburg , Germany
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3
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Insight into structural requirements for selective and/or dual CXCR3 and CXCR4 allosteric modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 154:68-90. [PMID: 29777988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the previously published pyrazolopyridine-based hit compound for which negative allosteric modulation of both CXCR3 and CXCR4 receptors was disclosed, we designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated a set of novel, not only negative, but also positive allosteric modulators with preserved pyrazolopyridine core. Compound 9e is a dual negative modulator, inhibiting G protein activity of both receptors. For CXCR4 receptor para-substituted aromatic group of compounds distinguishes between negative and positive modulation. Para-methoxy substitution leads to functional antagonism, while para-chloro triggers agonism. Additionally, we discovered that chemotaxis is not completely correlated with G protein pathways. This is the first work in which we have on a series of compounds successfully demonstrated that it is possible to produce selective as well as dual-acting modulators of chemokine receptors, which is very promising for future research in the field of discovery of selective or dual modulators of chemokine receptors.
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4
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Brox R, Milanos L, Saleh N, Baumeister P, Buschauer A, Hofmann D, Heinrich MR, Clark T, Tschammer N. Molecular Mechanisms of Biased and Probe-Dependent Signaling at CXC-Motif Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Induced by Negative Allosteric Modulators. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:309-322. [PMID: 29343553 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent explorations of allosteric modulators with improved properties resulted in the identification of two biased negative allosteric modulators, BD103 (N-1-{[3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimi-din2yl]ethyl}-4-(4-fluorobutoxy)-N-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl}]butanamide) and BD064 (5-[(N-{1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]ethyl-2-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamido)methyl]-2-fluorophenyl}boronic acid), that exhibited probe-dependent inhibition of CXC-motif chemokine receptor CXCR3 signaling. With the intention to elucidate the structural mechanisms underlying their selectivity and probe dependence, we used site-directed mutagenesis combined with homology modeling and docking to identify amino acids of CXCR3 that contribute to modulator binding, signaling, and transmission of cooperativity. With the use of allosteric radioligand RAMX3 ([3H]N-{1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]ethyl}-2-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]acetamide), we identified that F1313.32 and Y3087.43 contribute specifically to the binding pocket of BD064, whereas D1864.60 solely participates in the stabilization of binding conformation of BD103. The influence of mutations on the ability of negative allosteric modulators to inhibit chemokine-mediated activation (CXCL11 and CXCL10) was assessed with the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based cAMP and β-arrestin recruitment assay. Obtained data revealed complex molecular mechanisms governing biased and probe-dependent signaling at CXCR3. In particular, F1313.32, S3047.39, and Y3087.43 emerged as key residues for the compounds to modulate the chemokine response. Notably, D1864.60, W2686.48, and S3047.39 turned out to play a role in signal pathway selectivity of CXCL10, as mutations of these residues led to a G protein-active but β-arrestin-inactive conformation. These diverse effects of mutations suggest the existence of ligand- and pathway-specific receptor conformations and give new insights in the sophisticated signaling machinery between allosteric ligands, chemokines, and their receptors, which can provide a powerful platform for the development of new allosteric drugs with improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Brox
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Lampros Milanos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Noureldin Saleh
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Paul Baumeister
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Dagmar Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
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5
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Milanos L, Saleh N, Kling RC, Kaindl J, Tschammer N, Clark T. Identification of Two Distinct Sites for Antagonist and Biased Agonist Binding to the Human Chemokine Receptor CXCR3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Milanos
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Medicinal Chemistry; Emil Fischer Center; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Schuhstraße 19 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Noureldin Saleh
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ralf C. Kling
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
- Institute of Physiology; Paracelsus Medical University Nürnberg; Prof.-Ernst-Nathan-Str. 1 90419 Nürnberg Germany
| | - Jonas Kaindl
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Medicinal Chemistry; Emil Fischer Center; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Schuhstraße 19 91052 Erlangen Germany
- Research and Development; NanoTemper Technologies GmbH; Floessergasse 4 81369 München Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
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6
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Milanos L, Saleh N, Kling RC, Kaindl J, Tschammer N, Clark T. Identification of Two Distinct Sites for Antagonist and Biased Agonist Binding to the Human Chemokine Receptor CXCR3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15277-15281. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Milanos
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Medicinal Chemistry; Emil Fischer Center; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Schuhstraße 19 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Noureldin Saleh
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ralf C. Kling
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
- Institute of Physiology; Paracelsus Medical University Nürnberg; Prof.-Ernst-Nathan-Str. 1 90419 Nürnberg Germany
| | - Jonas Kaindl
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Medicinal Chemistry; Emil Fischer Center; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Schuhstraße 19 91052 Erlangen Germany
- Research and Development; NanoTemper Technologies GmbH; Floessergasse 4 81369 München Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstr. 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
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7
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Milanos L, Brox R, Frank T, Poklukar G, Palmisano R, Waibel R, Einsiedel J, Dürr M, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Larsen O, Hjortø GM, Rosenkilde MM, Tschammer N. Discovery and Characterization of Biased Allosteric Agonists of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2222-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lampros Milanos
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine Brox
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theresa Frank
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gašper Poklukar
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ralf Palmisano
- Optical
Imaging Center Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University, Hartmannstraße
14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reiner Waibel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Einsiedel
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Dürr
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Bioorganic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Bioorganic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olav Larsen
- Department
of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Gertrud Malene Hjortø
- Department
of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department
of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Admas TH, Bernat V, Heinrich MR, Tschammer N. Development of Photoactivatable Allosteric Modulators for the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:575-84. [PMID: 26880380 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The CXCR3 receptor, a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is involved in the regulation and trafficking of various immune cells. CXCR3 antagonists have been proposed to be beneficial for the treatment of a wide range of disorders including but not limited to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The structure-based design of CXCR3 ligands remains, however, hampered by a lack of structural information describing in detail the interactions between an allosteric ligand and the receptor. We designed and synthesized photoactivatable probes for the structural and functional characterization, using photoaffinity labeling followed by mass spectrometry, of the CXCR3 allosteric binding pocket of AMG 487 and RAMX3, two potent and selective CXCR3 negative allosteric modulators. Photoaffinity labeling is a common approach to elucidate binding modes of small-molecule ligands of GPCRs through the aid of photoactivatable probes that convert to extremely reactive intermediates upon photolysis. The photolabile probe N-[({1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]ethyl}-2-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N-{1-[4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-3H-diazirin-3-yl]benzyl}piperidin-4-yl)methyl]acetamide (10) showed significant labeling of the CXCR3 receptor (80%) in a [(3) H]RAMX3 radioligand displacement assay. Compound 10 will serve as an important tool compound for the detailed investigation of the binding pocket of CXCR3 by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tizita Haimanot Admas
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstr. 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Viachaslau Bernat
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstr. 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3A1, 33458, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstr. 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstr. 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany. .,NanoTemper Technologies GmbH, Flößergasse 4, 81369, München, Germany.
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9
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Abstract
Chemokine receptors are involved in various pathologies such as inflammatory diseases, cancer, and HIV infection. Small molecule and antibody-based antagonists have been developed to inhibit chemokine-induced receptor activity. Currently two small molecule inhibitors targeting CXCR4 and CCR5 are on the market for stem cell mobilization and the treatment of HIV infection, respectively. Antibody fragments (e.g., nanobodies) targeting chemokine receptors are primarily orthosteric ligands, competing for the chemokine binding site. This is opposed by most small molecules, which act as allosteric modulators and bind to the receptor at a topographically distinct site as compared to chemokines. Allosteric modulators can be distinguished from orthosteric ligands by unique features, such as a saturable effect and probe dependency. For successful drug development, it is essential to determine pharmacological parameters (i.e., affinity, potency, and efficacy) and the mode of action of potential drugs during early stages of research in order to predict the biological effect of chemokine receptor targeting drugs in the clinic. This chapter explains how the pharmacological profile of chemokine receptor targeting ligands can be determined and quantified using binding and functional experiments.
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10
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Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are known to play important roles in disease. More than 40 chemokine ligands and 20 chemokine receptors have been identified, but, to date, only two small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists have been approved by the FDA. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 was identified in 1996, and nearly 20 years later, new areas of CXCR3 disease biology continue to emerge. Several classes of small molecule CXCR3 antagonists have been developed, and two have shown efficacy in preclinical models of inflammatory disease. However, only one CXCR3 antagonist has been evaluated in clinical trials, and there remain many opportunities to further investigate known classes of CXCR3 antagonists and to identify new chemotypes. This Perspective reviews the known CXCR3 antagonists and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Andrews
- Heptares Therapeutics , BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona J Cox
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity IMED , Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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11
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Bernat V, Brox R, Heinrich MR, Auberson YP, Tschammer N. Ligand-Biased and Probe-Dependent Modulation of Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Signaling by Negative Allosteric Modulators. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:566-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Scholten DJ, Wijtmans M, van Senten JR, Custers H, Stunnenberg A, de Esch IJP, Smit MJ, Leurs R. Pharmacological Characterization of [3H]VUF11211, a Novel Radiolabeled Small-Molecule Inverse Agonist for the Chemokine Receptor CXCR3. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:639-48. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Bernat V, Admas TH, Brox R, Heinemann FW, Tschammer N. Boronic acids as probes for investigation of allosteric modulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR3. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2664-77. [PMID: 25233453 DOI: 10.1021/cb500678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is a G protein-coupled receptor, which conveys extracellular signals into cells by changing its conformation upon agonist binding. To facilitate the mechanistic understanding of allosteric modulation of CXCR3, we combined computational modeling with the synthesis of novel chemical tools containing boronic acid moiety, site-directed mutagenesis, and detailed functional characterization. The design of boronic acid derivatives was based on the predictions from homology modeling and docking. The choice of the boronic acid moiety was dictated by its unique ability to interact with proteins in a reversible covalent way, thereby influencing conformational dynamics of target biomolecules. During the synthesis of the library we have developed a novel approach for the purification of drug-like boronic acids. To validate the predicted binding mode and to identify amino acid residues responsible for the transduction of signal through CXCR3, we conducted a site-directed mutagenesis study. With the use of allosteric radioligand RAMX3 we were able to establish the existence of a second allosteric binding pocket in CXCR3, which enables different binding modes of structurally closely related allosteric modulators of CXCR3. We have also identified residues Trp109(2.60) and Lys300(7.35) inside the transmembrane bundle of the receptor as crucial for the regulation of the G protein activation. Furthermore, we report the boronic acid 14 as the first biased negative allosteric modulator of the receptor. Overall, our data demonstrate that boronic acid derivatives represent an outstanding tool for determination of key receptor-ligand interactions and induction of ligand-biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viachaslau Bernat
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tizita Haimanot Admas
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine Brox
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank W. Heinemann
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Exploring the CXCR3 Chemokine Receptor with Small-Molecule Antagonists and Agonists. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Scholten DJ, Roumen L, Wijtmans M, Verkade-Vreeker MCA, Custers H, Lai M, de Hooge D, Canals M, de Esch IJP, Smit MJ, de Graaf C, Leurs R. Identification of Overlapping but Differential Binding Sites for the High-Affinity CXCR3 Antagonists NBI-74330 and VUF11211. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 85:116-26. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.088633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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16
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Kütt A, Werner F, Kaljurand I, Leito I, Koppel IA. Pentakis(trifluoromethyl)benzenediazonium Cation: A Useful Building Block for the Syntheis of Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Derivatives. Chempluschem 2013; 78:932-936. [PMID: 31986712 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sterically crowded, highly electron-deficient diazonium salt C6 (CF3 )5 N2 + BF4 - has been synthesized and sample dediazotization reactions were carried out. New compounds, C6 (CF3 )5 I, C6 (CF3 )5 NO2 , and C6 (CF3 )5 NO were isolated and identified. Also, a more convenient route to C6 (CF3 )5 NH2 that gave good yield was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Kütt
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14 A Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411 (Estonia)
| | - Franz Werner
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 15 Akadeemia tee, 12618, Tallinn (Estonia)
| | - Ivari Kaljurand
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14 A Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411 (Estonia)
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14 A Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411 (Estonia)
| | - Ilmar A Koppel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14 A Ravila Street, Tartu, 50411 (Estonia)
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Klein MT, Vinson PN, Niswender CM. Approaches for probing allosteric interactions at 7 transmembrane spanning receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 115:1-59. [PMID: 23415091 PMCID: PMC5482179 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394587-7.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, allosteric modulation of 7 transmembrane spanning receptors (7TMRs) has become a highly productive and exciting field of receptor pharmacology and drug discovery efforts. Positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively) present a number of pharmacological and therapeutic advantages over conventional orthosteric ligands, including improved receptor-subtype selectivity, a lower propensity to induce receptor desensitization, the preservation of endogenous temporal and spatial activation of receptors, greater chemical flexibility for optimization of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic parameters, and saturability of effect at target receptors, thus improving safety concerns and risk of overdose. Additionally, the relatively new concept of allosteric modulator-mediated receptor signal bias opens up a number of intriguing possibilities for PAMs, NAMs, and allosteric agonists, including the potential to selectively activate therapeutically beneficial signaling cascades, which could yield a superior tissue selectivity and side effect profile of allosteric modulators. However, there are a number of considerations and caveats that must be addressed when screening for and characterizing the properties of 7TMR allosteric modulators. Mode of pharmacology, methodology used to monitor receptor activity, detection of appropriate downstream analytes, selection of orthosteric probe, and assay time-course must all be considered when implementing any high-throughput screening campaign or when characterizing the properties of active compounds. Yet compared to conventional agonist/antagonist drug discovery programs, these elements of assay design are often a great deal more complicated when working with 7TMRs allosteric modulators. Moreover, for classical pharmacological methodologies and analyses, like radioligand binding and the assessment of compound affinity, the properties of allosteric modulators yield data that are more nuanced than orthosteric ligand-receptor interactions. In this review, we discuss the current methodologies being used to identify and characterize allosteric modulators, lending insight into the approaches that have been most successful in accurately and robustly identifying hit compounds. New label-free technologies capable of detecting phenotypic cellular changes in response to receptor activation are powerful tools well suited for assessing subtle or potentially masked cellular responses to allosteric modulation of 7TMRs. Allosteric modulator-induced receptor signal bias and the assay systems available to probe the various downstream signaling outcomes of receptor activation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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