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Ludwig G, Ranđelović I, Dimić D, Komazec T, Maksimović-Ivanić D, Mijatović S, Rüffer T, Kaluđerović GN. (Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)chloridoiridium(III) Complex Bearing Bidentate Ph 2PCH 2CH 2SPh-κ P,κ S Ligand. Biomolecules 2024; 14:420. [PMID: 38672437 PMCID: PMC11048224 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)chloridoiridium(III) complex bearing a κP,κS-bonded Ph2PCH2CH2SPh ligand ([Ir(η5-C5Me5)Cl(Ph2P(CH2)2SPh-κP,κS)]PF6, (1)] was synthesized and characterized. Multinuclear (1H, 13C and 31P) NMR spectroscopy was employed for the determination of the structure. Moreover, SC-XRD confirmed the proposed structure belongs to the "piano stool" type. The Hirshfeld surface analysis outlined the most important intermolecular interactions in the structure. The crystallographic structure was optimized at the B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311++G(d,p)(H,C,P,S,Cl)/LanL2DZ(Ir) level of theory. The applicability of this level was verified through a comparison of experimental and theoretical bond lengths and angles, and 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts. The Natural Bond Orbital theory was used to identify and quantify the intramolecular stabilization interactions, especially those between donor atoms and Ir(III) ions. Complex 1 was tested on antitumor activity against five human tumor cell lines: MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma, SW480 colon adenocarcinoma, 518A2 melanoma, 8505C human thyroid carcinoma and A253 submandibular carcinoma. Complex 1 showed superior antitumor activity against cisplatin-resistant MCF-7, SW480 and 8505C cell lines. The mechanism of tumoricidal action on 8505C cells indicates the involvement of caspase-induced apoptosis, accompanied by a considerable reduction in ROS/RNS and proliferation potential of treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Ludwig
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Ivan Ranđelović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia or (I.R.); (T.K.); (D.M.-I.); (S.M.)
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, The National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Ráth György u. 7-9, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dušan Dimić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Teodora Komazec
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia or (I.R.); (T.K.); (D.M.-I.); (S.M.)
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia or (I.R.); (T.K.); (D.M.-I.); (S.M.)
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia or (I.R.); (T.K.); (D.M.-I.); (S.M.)
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, D-09111 Chemnitz, Germany;
| | - Goran N. Kaluđerović
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Strasse 2, D-06217 Merseburg, Germany
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Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for pH-Responsive Delivery of Iridium Metallotherapeutics and Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10120250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery to cancer, in response to its weakly acidic environment, represents a promising approach toward increasing the effectiveness and reducing the adverse effects of cancer therapy. Hence, the aim of this study is to construct novel mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN)-based acidification-responsive drug delivery systems for targeted cancer therapy. Herein, the surface of MSN is covalently functionalized with Ir(III)-based complex through a pH-cleavable hydrazone-based linker and characterized by nitrogen sorption, SEM, FTIR, EDS, TGA, DSC, DLS, and zeta potential measurements. Enhanced release of Ir(III)-complexes is evidenced by UV/VIS spectroscopy at the weakly acidic environments (pH 5 and pH 6) in comparison to the release at physiological conditions. The in vitro toxicity of the prepared materials is tested on healthy MRC-5 cells while their potential for the efficient treatment of glioblastoma multiforme is demonstrated on the U251 cell line.
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A Comparative Analysis of the In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Iridium(III) {η 5-C 5Me 4R} Complexes with Variable R Groups. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147422. [PMID: 34299041 PMCID: PMC8306930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Piano-stool iridium complexes based on the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand (Cp*) have been intensively investigated as anticancer drug candidates and hold much promise in this setting. A systematic study aimed at outlining the effect of Cp* mono-derivatization on the antiproliferative activity is presented here. Thus, the dinuclear complexes [Ir(η5-C5Me4R)Cl(μ-Cl)]2 (R = Me, 1a; R = H, 1b; R = Pr, 1c; R = 4-C6H4F, 1d; R = 4-C6H4OH, 1e), their 2-phenylpyridyl mononuclear derivatives [Ir(η5-C5Me4R)(kN,kCPhPy)Cl] (2a-d), and the dimethylsulfoxide complex [Ir{η5-C5Me4(4-C6H4OH)}Cl2(κS-Me2S=O)] (3) were synthesized, structurally characterized, and assessed for their cytotoxicity towards a panel of six human and rodent cancer cell lines (mouse melanoma, B16; rat glioma, C6; breast adenocarcinoma, MCF-7; colorectal carcinoma, SW620 and HCT116; ovarian carcinoma, A2780) and one primary, human fetal lung fibroblast cell line (MRC5). Complexes 2b (R = H) and 2d (4-C6H4F) emerged as the most active ones and were selected for further investigation. They did not affect the viability of primary mouse peritoneal cells, and their tumoricidal action arises from the combined influence on cellular proliferation, apoptosis and senescence. The latter is triggered by mitochondrial failure and production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
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Drača D, Edeler D, Saoud M, Dojčinović B, Dunđerović D, Đmura G, Maksimović-Ivanić D, Mijatović S, Kaluđerović GN. Antitumor potential of cisplatin loaded into SBA-15 mesoporous silica nanoparticles against B16F1 melanoma cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 217:111383. [PMID: 33582397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CP (cisplatin) and mesoporous silica SBA-15 (Santa Barbara amorphous 15) loaded with CP (→SBA-15|CP) were tested in vitro and in vivo against low metastatic mouse melanoma B16F1 cell line. SBA-15 only, as drug carrier, is found to be not active, while CP and SBA-15|CP revealed high cytotoxicity in lower μM range. The activity of SBA-15|CP was found similar to the activity of CP alone. Both CP and SBA-15|CP induced inhibition of cell proliferation (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester - CFSE assay) along with G2/M arrest (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole - DAPI assay). Apoptosis (Annexin V/ propidium iodide - PI assay), through caspase activation (apostat assay) and nitric oxide (NO) production (diacetate(4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein-diacetat) - DAF FM assay), was identified as main mode of cell death. However, slight elevated autophagy (acridine orange - AO assay) was detected in treated B16F1 cells. CP and SBA-15|CP did not affect production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in B16F1 cells. Both SBA-15|CP and CP induced in B16F1 G2 arrest and subsequent senescence. SBA-15|CP, but not CP, blocked the growth of melanoma in C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, hepato- and nephrotoxicity in SBA-15|CP treated animals were diminished in comparison to CP confirming multiply improved antitumor potential of immobilized CP. Outstandingly, SBA-15 boosted in vivo activity and diminished side effects of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Drača
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research"Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - David Edeler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mohamad Saoud
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Biljana Dojčinović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Dunđerović
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Đmura
- Animal Facility, Institute for Biological Research"Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research"Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research"Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran N Kaluđerović
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, DE-06217 Merseburg, Germany.
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Arlt S, Petković V, Ludwig G, Eichhorn T, Lang H, Rüffer T, Mijatović S, Maksimović-Ivanić D, Kaluđerović GN. Arene Ruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing the κ- P or κ- P,κ- S Ph 2P(CH 2) 3SPh Ligand. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071860. [PMID: 33806101 PMCID: PMC8036862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral [Ru(η6-arene)Cl2{Ph2P(CH2)3SPh-κP}] (arene = benzene, indane, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene: 2a, 2c and 2d) and cationic [Ru(η6-arene)Cl(Ph2P(CH2)3SPh-κP,κS)]X complexes (arene = mesitylene, 1,4-dihydronaphthalene; X = Cl: 3b, 3e; arene = benzene, mesitylene, indane, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, and 1,4-dihydronaphthalene; X = PF6: 4a-4e) complexes were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy and also by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The stability of the complexes has been investigated in DMSO. Complexes have been assessed for their cytotoxic activity against 518A2, 8505C, A253, MCF-7 and SW480 cell lines. Generally, complexes exhibited activity in the lower micromolar range; moreover, they are found to be more active than cisplatin. For the most active ruthenium(II) complex, 4b, bearing mesitylene as ligand, the mechanism of action against 8505C cisplatin resistant cell line was determined. Complex 4b induced apoptosis accompanied by caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Arlt
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany; (S.A.); (G.L.)
| | - Vladana Petković
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (S.M.); (D.M.-I.)
| | - Gerd Ludwig
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany; (S.A.); (G.L.)
| | - Thomas Eichhorn
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Strasse 2, DE-06217 Merseburg, Germany;
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, D-09111 Chemnitz, Germany; (H.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, D-09111 Chemnitz, Germany; (H.L.); (T.R.)
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (S.M.); (D.M.-I.)
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic” National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.P.); (S.M.); (D.M.-I.)
| | - Goran N. Kaluđerović
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Strasse 2, DE-06217 Merseburg, Germany;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Business Academy in Novi Sad, Trg Mladenaca 5, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence:
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Lord RM, McGowan PC. Organometallic Iridium Arene Compounds: The Effects of C-Donor Ligands on Anticancer Activity. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne M. Lord
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, U.K
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Richter S, Singh S, Draca D, Kate A, Kumbhar A, Kumbhar AS, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Lönnecke P, Hey-Hawkins E. Antiproliferative activity of ruthenium(ii) arene complexes with mono- and bidentate pyridine-based ligands. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:13114-25. [PMID: 27264161 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01782g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of Ru(II) arene complexes of mono- and bidentate N-donor ligands with carboxyl or ester groups and chlorido ancillary ligands were synthesised and structurally characterised. The complexes have a distorted tetrahedral piano-stool geometry. The binding interaction was studied with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) by absorption titration, viscosity measurement, thermal melting, circular dichroism, ethidium bromide displacement assay and DNA cleavage of plasmid DNA (pBR322), investigated by gel electrophoresis. The dichlorido complexes bind covalently to DNA in the dark, similar to cisplatin, while the monochlorido complexes bind covalently on irradiation, similar to cisplatin analogues. The compounds are selectively cytotoxic against several tumour cell lines and show specific nonlinear correlation between dose and activity. This phenomenon is closely related to their potential to act preferentially as inhibitors of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Richter
- Universität Leipzig, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sushma Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Dijana Draca
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anup Kate
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Anupa Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Avinash S Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Danijela Maksimovic-Ivanic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Mijatovic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Universität Leipzig, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Universität Leipzig, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Edeler D, Kaluđerović MR, Dojčinović B, Schmidt H, Kaluđerović GN. SBA-15 mesoporous silica particles loaded with cisplatin induce senescence in B16F10 cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22596a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles obtained by loading of cisplatin into mesoporous silica SBA-15 (SBA-15|CP) change the phenotype of surviving B16F10 melanoma cells from malignant to senescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Edeler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry
- D 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Milena R. Kaluđerović
- Department of Oral
- Maxillary, Facial and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery
- University Hospital of Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Biljana Dojčinović
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Chemistry
- Technology and Metallurgy
- University of Belgrade
- 11000 Belgrade
| | - Harry Schmidt
- Institute of Chemistry
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- D-06120 Halle
- Germany
| | - Goran N. Kaluđerović
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry
- D 06120 Halle (Saale)
- Germany
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Millett AJ, Habtemariam A, Romero-Canelón I, Clarkson GJ, Sadler PJ. Contrasting Anticancer Activity of Half-Sandwich Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Functionally Diverse 2-Phenylpyridine Ligands. Organometallics 2015; 34:2683-2694. [PMID: 26146437 PMCID: PMC4482135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and antiproliferative activity of 15 iridium(III) half-sandwich complexes of the type [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-(R'-phenyl)-R-pyridine)Cl] bearing either an electron-donating (-OH, -CH2OH, -CH3) or electron-withdrawing (-F, -CHO, -NO2) group at various positions on the 2-phenylpyridine (2-PhPy) chelating ligand giving rise to six sets of structural isomers. The X-ray crystal structures of [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-(2'-fluorophenyl)pyridine)Cl] (1) and [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-(4'-fluorophenyl)pyridine)Cl] (2) exhibit the expected "piano-stool" configuration. DFT calculations showed that substituents caused only localized effects on the electrostatic potential surface of the chelating 2-PhPy ligand of the complexes. Hydrolysis of all complexes is rapid, but readily reversed by addition of NaCl. The complexes show preferential binding to 9-ethylguanine over 9-methyladenine and are active catalysts for the oxidation of NADH to NAD+. Antiproliferative activity experiments in A2780 ovarian, MCF-7 breast, A549 lung, and HCT116 colon cancer cell lines showed IC50 values ranging from 1 to 89 μM, with the most potent complex, [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-(2'-methylphenyl)pyridine)Cl] (13) (A2780 IC50 = 1.18 μM), being 10× more active than the parent, [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-phenylpyridine)Cl], and 2× more active than [(η5-CpxPh)Ir(2-phenylpyridine)Cl]. Intriguingly, contrasting biological activities are observed between structural isomers despite exhibiting similar chemical reactivity. For pairs of structural isomers both the nature and position of the functional group can affect the hydrophobicity of the complex. An increase in hydrophobicity resulted in enhanced cellular-iridium accumulation in A2780 ovarian cells, which generally gave rise to an increase in potency. The structural isomers [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-(4'-fluorophenyl)pyridine)Cl] (2) and [(η5-Cp*)Ir(2-phenyl-5-fluoropyridine)Cl] (4) preferentially localized in the cytosol > membrane and particulate > nucleus > cytoskeleton. This work highlights the strong dependence of biological behavior on the nature and position of the substituent on the chelating ligand and shows how this class of organometallic anticancer complexes can be fine-tuned to increase their potency without using extended cyclopentadienyl systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Millett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
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