1
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Olmo ED, Barboza B, Delgado-Esteban M, Escala N, Jiménez-Blasco D, Lopez-Pérez JL, Cillero de la Fuente L, Quezada E, Munín J, Viña D, Bolaños JP, Feliciano AS. Potent, selective and reversible hMAO-B inhibition by benzalphthalides: Synthesis, enzymatic and cellular evaluations and virtual docking and predictive studies. Bioorg Chem 2024; 146:107255. [PMID: 38457955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Monoaminooxidases (MAOs) are important targets for drugs used in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders and particularly on Parkinson's Disease (PD). Compounds containing a trans-stilbenoid skeleton have demonstrated good selective and reversible MAO-B inhibition. Here, twenty-two (Z)-3-benzylidenephthalides (benzalphthalides, BPHs) displaying a trans-stilbenoid skeleton have been synthesised and evaluated as inhibitors of the MAO-A and MAO-B isoforms. Some BPHs have selectively inhibited MAO-B, with IC50 values ranging from sub-nM to μM. The most potent compound with IC50 = 0.6 nM was the 3',4'-dichloro-BPH 16, which showed highly selective and reversible MAO-B inhibitory activity. Furthermore, the most selective BPHs displayed a significant protection against the apoptosis, and mitochondrial toxic effects induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) on SH-SY5Y cells, used as a cellular model of PD. The results of virtual binding studies on the most potent compounds docked in MAO-B and MAO-A were in agreement with the potencies and selectivity indexes found experimentally. Additionally, related to toxicity risks, drug-likeness and ADME properties, the predictions found for the most relevant BPHs in this research were within those ranges established for drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL. Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n. 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Bianca Barboza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL. Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n. 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria Delgado-Esteban
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Escala
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL. Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n. 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniel Jiménez-Blasco
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Lopez-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL. Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n. 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, R. de Panamá
| | - Laura Cillero de la Fuente
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elías Quezada
- Chronic Diseases Pharmacology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Javier Munín
- Chronic Diseases Pharmacology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Chronic Diseases Pharmacology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela. Spain.
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arturo San Feliciano
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL. Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n. 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacéuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, UNIVALI. Itajaí, SC, Brazil
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2
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Lv Y, Zheng Z, Liu R, Guo J, Zhang C, Xie Y. Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors based on natural privileged scaffolds: A review of systematically structural modification. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126158. [PMID: 37549764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase is a flavin enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain. Various toxic by-products, aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide produced during the catalytic process, can cause oxidative stress and neuronal cell death. Overexpression of MAO-B and insufficient dopamine concentration are recognized as pathological factors in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, the inhibition of MAO-B is an attractive target for the treatment of NDs. Despite significant efforts, few selective and reversible MAO-B inhibitors have been clinically approved. Natural products have emerged as valuable sources of lead compounds in drug discovery. Compounds such as chromone, coumarin, chalcone, caffeine, and aurone, present in natural structures, are considered as privileged scaffolds in the synthesis of MAO-B inhibitors. In this review, we summarized the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of MAO-B inhibitors based on the naturally privileged scaffolds over the past 20 years. Additionally, we proposed a balanced discussion on the advantages and limitations of natural scaffold-based MAO-B inhibitors with providing a future perspective in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjing Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renzheng Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceutical, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, China.
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3
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In vitro and in silico investigation of inhibitory activities of 3-arylcoumarins and 3-phenylazo-4-hydroxycoumarin on MAO isoenzymes. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Zhang Q, Miao YH, Liu T, Yun YL, Sun XY, Yang T, Sun J. Natural source, bioactivity and synthesis of 3-Arylcoumarin derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1023-1042. [PMID: 35438580 PMCID: PMC9037183 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2058499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
3-arylcoumarins with different pharmacological properties widely exist in a variety of natural plants. The extensive research on 3-arylcoumarins was attributed to its therapeutic and relatively easy isolation. Therefore, 3-arylcoumarins can be recognised as useful structures for the design of novel compounds with potential pharmacological interest, particularly in the fields of anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, Monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme inhibition, etc. The current review highlights the biological activities, design, and chemical synthetic methods of 3-arylcoumarins derivatives as well as their important natural product sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Hang Miao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Teng Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yin-Ling Yun
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Sun
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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5
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Coumarin-Resveratrol-Inspired Hybrids as Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors: 3-Phenylcoumarin versus trans-6-Styrylcoumarin. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030928. [PMID: 35164192 PMCID: PMC8838197 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are attractive targets in drug design. The inhibition of one of the isoforms (A or B) is responsible for modulating the levels of different neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species. Molecules that act selectively on one of the MAO isoforms have been studied deeply, and coumarin has been described as a promising scaffold. In the current manuscript we describe a comparative study between 3-phenylcoumarin (endo coumarin-resveratrol-inspired hybrid) and trans-6-styrylcoumarin (exo coumarin-resveratrol-inspired hybrid). Crystallographic structures of both compounds were obtained and analyzed. 3D-QSAR models, in particular CoMFA and CoMSIA, docking simulations and molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to support and better understand the interaction of these molecules with both MAO isoforms. Both molecules proved to inhibit MAO-B, with trans-6-styrylcoumarin being 107 times more active than 3-phenylcoumarin, and 267 times more active than trans-resveratrol.
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6
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Matos MJ, Uriarte E, Santana L. 3-Phenylcoumarins as a Privileged Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry: The Landmarks of the Past Decade. Molecules 2021; 26:6755. [PMID: 34771164 PMCID: PMC8587835 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Phenylcoumarins are a family of heterocyclic molecules that are widely used in both organic and medicinal chemistry. In this overview, research on this scaffold, since 2010, is included and discussed, focusing on aspects related to its natural origin, synthetic procedures and pharmacological applications. This review paper is based on the most relevant literature related to the role of 3-phenylcoumarins in the design of new drug candidates. The references presented in this review have been collected from multiple electronic databases, including SciFinder, Pubmed and Mendeley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Matos
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto (CIQUP), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile
| | - Lourdes Santana
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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7
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Koyiparambath VP, Prayaga Rajappan K, Rangarajan TM, Al-Sehemi AG, Pannipara M, Bhaskar V, Nair AS, Sudevan ST, Kumar S, Mathew B. Deciphering the detailed structure-activity relationship of coumarins as Monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibitors-An updated review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:655-673. [PMID: 34233082 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, Monoamine oxidase (MAO) have emerged as a target for the treatment of many neurodegenerative diseases including anxiety, depression, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's diseases. The MAO inhibitors especially selective and reversible inhibitors of either of the isoenzymes (MAO-A & MAO-B) have been given more attention as both the form have different therapeutic properties and hence can be used for different neurological disorders. The lack of selective and reversible inhibitors available for both the enzymes and severity of the neuronal disorder in society have opened a new door to the researchers to carry out large and dedicated researches in this field. Among the several classes of the molecule as the inhibitors, coumarins hold a rank as a potent scaffold with its ease of synthesis, high therapeutic potential, and reversibility in inhibiting MAOs. The current review is an update of the research in the field that covers the works during the last six years (2014-2020) with a major focus on the SAR of the coumarin derivatives including synthetic, natural, and hybrids of coumarins with FDA-approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Payyalot Koyiparambath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Krishnendu Prayaga Rajappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, India
| | - T M Rangarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venketeswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehboobali Pannipara
- Research center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vaishnav Bhaskar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Aathira Sujathan Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Sachithra Thazhathuveedu Sudevan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, India
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8
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Salgado F, Moncada-Basualto M, Pozo-Martinez J, Liempi A, Kemmerling U, Maya JD, Jaque P, Borges F, Uriarte E, Matos MJ, Olea-Azar C. Chemical and biological analysis of 4-acyloxy-3-nitrocoumarins as trypanocidal agents. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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9
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Mathew B, Carradori S, Guglielmi P, Uddin MS, Kim H. New Aspects of Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors: The Key Role of Halogens to Open the Golden Door. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:266-283. [PMID: 31965939 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200121165931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A large plethora of drugs and promising lead compounds contain halogens in their structures. The introduction of such moieties strongly modulates their physical-chemical features as well as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. The most important outcome was shown to be the ability of these halogens to favourably influence the drug-target interaction and energetic stability within the active site by the establishment of halogen bonds. This review attempted to demonstrate the key role exerted by these versatile moieties when correctly located in an organic scaffold to display Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) inhibition and selectivity towards the B isoform of this important enzyme. Human MAOs are well-recognized as therapeutic targets for mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases and medicinal chemists were prompted to discover the structural requirements crucial to discriminate the slight differences between the active sits of the two isoforms (MAO-A and MAOB). The analysis of the structure-activity relationships of the most important scaffolds (hydrazothiazoles, coumarins, chromones, chalcones, pyrazolines) and the impact of halogen (F, Cl, Br and I) insertion on this biological activity and isozyme selectivity have been reported being a source of inspiration for the medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Paolo Guglielmi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
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10
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Wang HY, Xie YL, Shi X, Shi HL, Xu JH, Tang CD, Yao LG, Kan YC. Directed evolution of a D-mandelate dehydrogenase toward D-o-chloromandelic acid and insight into the molecular basis for its catalytic performance. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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The light “on-off” stepwise one-pot method for 3,4-diaryl coumarins with potential AIE properties. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Musa MA, Badisa VLD, Aghimien MO, Eyunni SVK, Latinwo LM. Identification of 7,8-dihydroxy-3-phenylcoumarin as a reversible monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibitor. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 35:e22651. [PMID: 33085988 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the biological evaluation of 3-arylcoumarin derivatives (3a-l) as potential human monoamine oxidase-A and -B (hMAO-A and hMAO-B) inhibitors. The result indicated that 7,8-dihydroxy-3-(4-nitrophenyl)coumarin (3j) was most effective against MAO-A (inhibition concentration [IC50 ] = 6.46 ± 0.02 µM) and MAO-B (IC50 = 3.8 ± 0.3 µM) enzymes than other synthesized compounds and reference compounds (pargyline and moclobemide). Furthermore, compound (3j) showed (a) nonselectivity against hMAO enzymes, (b) reversible hMAO enzymes inhibition, and (c) neuroprotection against H2 O2 -treated human neuroblastoma (N2a) cells. Finally, a molecular modeling study revealed that the hMAO enzymes inhibitory activity of the compound (3j) may be due to the orientation where the nitro (NO2 ) group lies deep into the receptor and the phenyl ring directed toward flavin adenosine dinucleotide via hydrogen bond interaction, and possible π-π interaction with various important residues. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate that compound (3j) can be considered as a promising scaffold for the development of hMAO-A and hMAO-B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musiliyu A Musa
- Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Veera L D Badisa
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Monica O Aghimien
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Suresh V K Eyunni
- Department of Chemistry, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida.,College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Lekan M Latinwo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida
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13
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Rodríguez-Enríquez F, Costas-Lago MC, Besada P, Alonso-Pena M, Torres-Terán I, Viña D, Fontenla JÁ, Sturlese M, Moro S, Quezada E, Terán C. Novel coumarin-pyridazine hybrids as selective MAO-B inhibitors for the Parkinson's disease therapy. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104203. [PMID: 32932120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 3-pyridazinylcoumarin scaffold was previously reported as an efficient core for the discovery of reversible and selective inhibitors of MAO-B, a validated drug target for PD therapy which also plays an important role in the AD progress. Looking for its structural optimization, novel compounds of hybrid structure coumarin-pyridazine, differing in polarizability and lipophilicity properties, were synthesized and tested against the two MAO isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B (compounds 17a-f and 18a-f). All the designed compounds selectively inhibited the MAO-B isoenzyme, exhibiting many of them IC50 values ranging from sub-micromolar to nanomolar grade and lacking neuronal toxicity. The 7-bromo-3-(6-bromopyridazin-3-yl)coumarin (18c), the most potent compound of these series (IC50 = 60 nM), was subjected to further in vivo studies in a reserpine-induced mouse PD model. The obtained results suggest a promising potential for 18c as antiparkinsonian agent. Molecular modeling studies also provided valuable information about the enzyme-drug interactions and the potential pharmacokinetic profile of the novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Carmen Costas-Lago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pedro Besada
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Miguel Alonso-Pena
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Iria Torres-Terán
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ángel Fontenla
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elias Quezada
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Terán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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14
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Rodríguez-Enríquez F, Viña D, Uriarte E, Laguna R, Matos MJ. 7-Amidocoumarins as Multitarget Agents against Neurodegenerative Diseases: Substitution Pattern Modulation. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:179-186. [PMID: 32700464 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the potential of 7-amidocoumarins as multitarget agents against Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, by modulating the substitution patterns within the scaffold. Sixteen compounds were synthesized via 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin acylation, and in vitro evaluation of the molecules against hMAO-A, hMAO-B, hAChE, hBuChE and hBACE1 was performed. Five compounds turned out to be potent and selective hMAO-B inhibitors in the nanomolar range, six displayed inhibitory activity of hMAO-A in the low micromolar range, one showed hAChE inhibitory activity and another one hBACE1 inhibitory activity. MAO-B reversibility profile of 7-(4'-chlorobenzamido)-4-methylcoumarin (10) was investigated, with this compound being a reversible inhibitor. Neurotoxicity on motor cortex neurons and neuroprotection against H2 O2 were also studied, corroborating the safety profile of these molecules. Finally, theoretical ADME properties were also calculated, showing these molecules as good candidates for the optimization of a lead compound. Results suggest that by modulating the substitution pattern at position 7 of the scaffold, selective or multitarget molecules can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Chronic Diseases Pharmacology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Chronic Diseases Pharmacology Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 7500912, Santiago, Chile
| | - Reyes Laguna
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria J Matos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Mellado M, Mella J, González C, Viña D, Uriarte E, Matos MJ. 3-Arylcoumarins as highly potent and selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitors: Which chemical features matter? Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Discovery and optimization of 3-thiophenylcoumarins as novel agents against Parkinson's disease: Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103986. [PMID: 32569895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors are still receiving great attention as promising therapeutic agents for central nervous system disorders. This study explores, for the first time, the potential of 3-thiophenylcoumarins as in vitro and in vivo agents against Parkinsońs disease. Twelve compounds were synthesized via Perkin-Oglialoro reaction, and in vitro evaluation of six hydroxylated molecules was performed. MAO-A and MAO-B inhibition, DPPH scavenging and inhibition of ROS formation, neurotoxicity on motor cortex neurons and neuroprotection against H2O2, were studied. In vivo effect on locomotor activity using the open field test was also evaluated for the best candidate [3-(4'-bromothiophen-2'-yl)-7-hydroxycoumarin, 5], a potent, selective and reversible MAO-B inhibitor (IC50 = 140 nM). This compound proved to have a slightly better in vivo profile than selegiline, one of the currently treatments for Parkinson's disease, in reserpinized mice pretreated with levodopa and benserazide. Results suggested that, comparing positions 7 and 8, substitution at position 7 of the coumarin scaffold is better for the enzymatic inhibition. However, the presence of a catechol at positions 7 and 8 exponentially increases the antioxidant potential and the neuroprotective properties. Finally, all the molecules present good theoretical physicochemical properties that make them excellent candidates for the optimization of a lead compound.
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17
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Matos MJ, Herrera Ibatá DM, Uriarte E, Viña D. Coumarin-Rasagiline Hybrids as Potent and Selective hMAO-B Inhibitors, Antioxidants, and Neuroprotective Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:532-538. [PMID: 32037726 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The frequency, complexity and morbidity of neurodegenerative diseases make them a great challenge for nowadays medicine. Most of the treatments currently used for Parkinson's disease - the second most prevalent - are only symptomatic. Therefore, it is urgent to develop drugs that are able to act simultaneously on different targets, being able to stop neuronal death and promote the recovery of neuronal populations already affected. In this work, we studied the activity of a series of hybrid molecules, which combine the structure of both coumarin and an alkynylamine group inspired on rasagiline, as MAO inhibitors, antioxidants and neuroprotective agents. Half of the studied hybrids turned out to be selective monoamine oxidase B (hMAO-B) inhibitors in the low micro/nanomolar range, demonstrating that positions 3 (compounds 1-3) and 7 (compounds 8 and 10) of the coumarin scaffold are the most suitable for the incorporation of the alkynylamine chain. All the studied compounds proved to be capable of neutralizing free radicals (DPPH). Finally, the 4-(but-2-yn-1-ylamino)coumarin (5) showed neuroprotective effects on glial cells and the 4-methyl-7-(pent-2-yn-1-ylamino)coumarin (8) inhibited intraneuronal ROS production as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Matos
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diana M Herrera Ibatá
- Chronic Diseases Pharmacology Group Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 7500912, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dolores Viña
- Chronic Diseases Pharmacology Group Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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18
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Li A, Li X, Pang W, Tian Q, Wang T, Zhang L. Fine-tuning of the substrate binding mode to enhance the catalytic efficiency of an ortho-haloacetophenone-specific carbonyl reductase. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine-tuning of the substrate binding mode was successfully applied for enhancing the catalytic efficiency of an ortho-haloacetophenone-specific carbonyl reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aipeng Li
- Research & Development Institute in Shenzhen
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 518057 Shenzhen
- China
- School of Life Sciences
| | - Xue Li
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| | - Wei Pang
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| | - Qing Tian
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Life Sciences
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 710072 Xi'an
- China
| | - Lianbing Zhang
- Research & Development Institute in Shenzhen
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 518057 Shenzhen
- China
- School of Life Sciences
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19
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Wang D, Hong RY, Guo M, Liu Y, Chen N, Li X, Kong DX. Novel C7-Substituted Coumarins as Selective Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: Discovery, Synthesis and Theoretical Simulation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24214003. [PMID: 31694262 PMCID: PMC6864482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24214003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a continued need to develop new selective human monoamine oxidase (hMAO) inhibitors that could be beneficial for the treatment of neurological diseases. However, hMAOs are closely related with high sequence identity and structural similarity, which hinders the development of selective MAO inhibitors. “Three-Dimensional Biologically Relevant Spectrum (BRS-3D)” method developed by our group has demonstrated its effectiveness in subtype selectivity studies of receptor and enzyme ligands. Here, we report a series of novel C7-substituted coumarins, either synthesized or commercially purchased, which were identified as selective hMAO inhibitors. Most of the compounds demonstrated strong activities with IC50 values (half-inhibitory concentration) ranging from sub-micromolar to nanomolar. Compounds, FR1 and SP1, were identified as the most selective hMAO-A inhibitors, with IC50 values of 1.5 nM (selectivity index (SI) < −2.82) and 19 nM (SI < −2.42), respectively. FR4 and FR5 showed the most potent hMAO-B inhibitory activity, with IC50 of 18 nM and 15 nM (SI > 2.74 and SI > 2.82). Docking calculations and molecular dynamic simulations were performed to elucidate the selectivity preference and SAR profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.G.); (Y.L.); (N.C.)
| | - Ren-Yuan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Ji’nan 250012, Shandong, China;
| | - Mengyao Guo
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.G.); (Y.L.); (N.C.)
| | - Yi Liu
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.G.); (Y.L.); (N.C.)
| | - Nianhang Chen
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.G.); (Y.L.); (N.C.)
| | - Xun Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No 18877, Jingshi Road, Ji’nan 250002, Shandong, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (D.-X.K.); Tel.: +86-531-88382005 (X.L.); +86-27-8728 0877 (D.-X.K.)
| | - De-Xin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.G.); (Y.L.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (D.-X.K.); Tel.: +86-531-88382005 (X.L.); +86-27-8728 0877 (D.-X.K.)
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20
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Li A, Yuchi Q, Li X, Pang W, Li B, Xue F, Zhang L. Discovery of a novel ortho-haloacetophenones-specific carbonyl reductase from Bacillus aryabhattai and insight into the molecular basis for its catalytic performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:781-790. [PMID: 31351953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To exploit robust biocatalysts for chiral 1-(2-halophenyl)ethanols synthesis, an ortho-haloacetophenones-specific carbonyl reductase (BaSDR1) gene from Bacillus aryabhattai was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The impressive properties regarding BaSDR1 application include preference for NADH as coenzyme, noticeable tolerance against high cosubstrate concentration, and remarkable catalytic performance over a broad pH range from 5.0 to 10.0. The optimal temperature was 35 °C, with a half-life of 3.1 h at 35 °C and 0.75 h at 45 °C, respectively. Notably, BaSDR1 displayed excellent catalytic performance toward various ortho-haloacetophenones, providing chiral 1-(2-halophenyl)ethanols with 99% ee for all the substrates tested. Most importantly, the docking results indicated that the enzyme-substrate interactions and the steric hindrance of halogen atoms act in a push-pull manner in regulating enzyme catalytic ability. These results provide valuable clues for the structure-function relationships of BaSDR1 and the role of halogen groups in catalytic performance, and offer important reference for protein engineering and mining of functional compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aipeng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi'an, China; Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 518057 Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingxiao Yuchi
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Xue
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, 224051 Yancheng, China.
| | - Lianbing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072 Xi'an, China.
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21
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Fernandes C, Martins C, Fonseca A, Nunes R, Matos MJ, Silva R, Garrido J, Sarmento B, Remião F, Otero-Espinar FJ, Uriarte E, Borges F. PEGylated PLGA Nanoparticles As a Smart Carrier to Increase the Cellular Uptake of a Coumarin-Based Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:39557-39569. [PMID: 30352150 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite research efforts to discover new drugs for Parkinson treatment, the majority of candidates fail in preclinical and clinical trials due to inadequate pharmacokinetic properties, namely blood-brain barrier permeability. Within the high demand to introduce new drugs to market, nanotechnology can be used as a solution. Accordingly, PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) were used as a smart delivery carrier to solve the suboptimal aqueous solubility, which precludes its use in in vivo assays, of a potent, reversible, and selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor (IMAO-B) (coumarin C75, IC50 = 28.89 ± 1.18 nM). Long-term stable PLGA@C75 NPs were obtained by nanoprecipitation method, with sizes around 105 nm and a zeta potential of -10.1 mV. The encapsulation efficacy was around 50%, achieving the final C75 concentration of 807 ± 30 μM in the nanoformulation, which corresponds to a therapeutic concentration 27828-fold higher than its IC50 value. Coumarin C75 showed cytotoxic effects at 50 μM after 48 and 72 h of exposure in SH-SY5Y, Caco-2, and hCMEC/D3 cell lines. Remarkably, no cytotoxic effects were observed after nanoencapsulation. Furthermore, the data obtained from the P-gp-Glo assay and the cellular uptake studies showed that C75 is a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate having a lower uptake profile in intestinal and brain endothelial cells. Moreover, it was shown that this membrane transporter influences C75 permeability profile in Caco-2 and hCMEC/D3 cells. Interestingly, PLGA NPs inhibited P-gp and were able to cross intestinal and brain membranes allowing the successful transport of C75 through this type of biological barriers. Overall, this work showed that nanotechnology can be used to solve drug discovery related drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernandes
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Cláudia Martins
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , 4200-393 Porto , Portugal
- INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Nanomedicines & Translational Drug Delivery Group , Universidade do Porto , 4200-393 Porto , Portugal
| | - André Fonseca
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Rute Nunes
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , 4200-393 Porto , Portugal
- INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Nanomedicines & Translational Drug Delivery Group , Universidade do Porto , 4200-393 Porto , Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar , Universidade do Porto , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Maria João Matos
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Jorge Garrido
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP) , Instituto Politécnico do Porto , 4200-072 Porto , Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde , Universidade do Porto , 4200-393 Porto , Portugal
- INEB, Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Nanomedicines & Translational Drug Delivery Group , Universidade do Porto , 4200-393 Porto , Portugal
- CESPU , Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde , 4585-116 Gandra , Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade do Porto , 4050-313 Porto , Portugal
| | - Francisco J Otero-Espinar
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Farmacia y Tecnologia Farmaceutica , Universidad of Santiago de Compostela , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Farmacia , 15782 Santiago de Compostela , España
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas , Universidad Autónoma de Chile , 7500912 Santiago , Chile
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
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Hu Y, Wang B, Yang J, Liu T, Sun J, Wang X. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-arylcoumarin derivatives as potential anti-diabetic agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 34:15-30. [PMID: 30362362 PMCID: PMC6211316 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1518958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of substituted 3-arylcoumarin derivatives were synthesised through microwave radiation heating. The method has characteristics of environmental friendliness, economy, simple separation, and purification process, less by-products and high reaction yield. Those 3-arylcoumarin derivatives were screened for antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formation inhibitory. Most compounds exhibited significant antioxidant and AGEs formation inhibitory activities. Anti-diabetic activity studies showed that compounds 11 and 17 were equipotent to the standard drug glibenclamide in vivo. According to the experimental results, the target compound 35 can be used as a lead compound for the development of new anti-diabetic drugs. The whole experiment showed that anti-diabetic activity is prevalent in 3-arylcoumarins, which added a new natural skeleton to the development of anti-diabetic active drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Hu
- a School of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,b Institute of MateriaMedica , Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health , Jinan , Shandong , China.,d Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province , Jinan , Shandong , China
| | - Bing Wang
- a School of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,b Institute of MateriaMedica , Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health , Jinan , Shandong , China.,d Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province , Jinan , Shandong , China
| | - Jie Yang
- a School of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,b Institute of MateriaMedica , Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health , Jinan , Shandong , China.,d Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province , Jinan , Shandong , China
| | - Teng Liu
- a School of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,b Institute of MateriaMedica , Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health , Jinan , Shandong , China.,d Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province , Jinan , Shandong , China
| | - Jie Sun
- a School of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,b Institute of MateriaMedica , Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health , Jinan , Shandong , China.,d Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province , Jinan , Shandong , China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- a School of Medicine and Life Sciences , University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,b Institute of MateriaMedica , Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , Shandong , China.,c Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs Ministry of Health , Jinan , Shandong , China.,d Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province , Jinan , Shandong , China
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23
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Dhiman P, Malik N, Khatkar A. 3D-QSAR and in-silico Studies of Natural Products and Related Derivatives as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:881-900. [PMID: 29189167 PMCID: PMC6080100 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171128143650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The computational development of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors led to advancement in drug design and the treatment of many neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. The computational development of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors led to advancement in drug design and the treatment of many neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. Different natural heterocyclic structures are reported to display selective MAO inhibitory activity by preclinical and in-silico modeling. OBJECTIVE Currently, the major interest is devoted to the study of natural based therapeutic agents from the different categories. Therefore, we presenting the review to critically discuss and outline the recent advances in our knowledge on the importance of natural and natural based ligand-MAO insilico methods for novel MAO inhibitors. DISCUSSION Several natural and related synthetic heterocyclic compounds such as coumarins, β- carboline, piperine, naphthoquinone, morpholine, caffeine, amphetamine moreover flavonoids, chalcones, xanthones, curcumin are discussed for their MAO inhibitory profile along with molecular docking and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies. CONCLUSION It is clear that, by this computational drug design approach, more particular, reversible and potent compounds can be proposed as MAO inhibitors by exact changes on the fundamental framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dhiman
- Laboratory for Preservation Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak (124001), India
| | - Neelam Malik
- Laboratory for Preservation Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak (124001), India
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Laboratory for Preservation Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D. University, Rohtak (124001), India
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Developing hybrid molecule therapeutics for diverse enzyme inhibitory action: Active role of coumarin-based structural leads in drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3731-3762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Takao K, Yahagi H, Uesawa Y, Sugita Y. 3-(E)-Styryl-2H-chromene derivatives as potent and selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:436-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Stefanachi A, Leonetti F, Pisani L, Catto M, Carotti A. Coumarin: A Natural, Privileged and Versatile Scaffold for Bioactive Compounds. Molecules 2018; 23:E250. [PMID: 29382051 PMCID: PMC6017103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many naturally occurring substances, traditionally used in popular medicines around the world, contain the coumarin moiety. Coumarin represents a privileged scaffold for medicinal chemists, because of its peculiar physicochemical features, and the versatile and easy synthetic transformation into a large variety of functionalized coumarins. As a consequence, a huge number of coumarin derivatives have been designed, synthesized, and tested to address many pharmacological targets in a selective way, e.g., selective enzyme inhibitors, and more recently, a number of selected targets (multitarget ligands) involved in multifactorial diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In this review an overview of the most recent synthetic pathways leading to mono- and polyfunctionalized coumarins will be presented, along with the main biological pathways of their biosynthesis and metabolic transformations. The many existing and recent reviews in the field prompted us to make some drastic selections, and therefore, the review is focused on monoamine oxidase, cholinesterase, and aromatase inhibitors, and on multitarget coumarins acting on selected targets of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Stefanachi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Pisani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Marco Catto
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Angelo Carotti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
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Alsabil K, Viault G, Suor-Cherer S, Helesbeux JJ, Merza J, Dumontet V, Peña-Rodriguez LM, Richomme P, Séraphin D. Efficient ortho-formylation in vitamin E series, application to the semi-synthesis of natural 5- and 7-formyl-δ-tocotrienols revealing an unprecedented 5-bromo-7-formyl exchange. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Delogu GL, Pintus F, Mayán L, Matos MJ, Vilar S, Munín J, Fontenla JA, Hripcsak G, Borges F, Viña D. MAO inhibitory activity of bromo-2-phenylbenzofurans: synthesis, in vitro study, and docking calculations. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1788-1796. [PMID: 30108888 PMCID: PMC6084085 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme responsible for metabolism of monoamine neurotransmitters which play an important role in brain development and function. This enzyme exists in two isoforms, and it has been demonstrated that MAO-B activity, but not MAO-A activity, increases with aging. MAO inhibitors show clinical value because besides the monoamine level regulation they reduce the formation of by-products of the MAO catalytic cycle, which are toxic to the brain. A series of 2-phenylbenzofuran derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated against hMAO-A and hMAO-B enzymes. A bromine substituent was introduced in the 2-phenyl ring, whereas position 5 or 7 of the benzofuran moiety was substituted with a methyl group. Most of the tested compounds inhibited preferentially MAO-B in a reversible manner, with IC50 values in the low micro or nanomolar range. The 2-(2'-bromophenyl)-5-methylbenzofuran (5) was the most active compound identified (IC50 = 0.20 μM). In addition, none of the studied compounds showed cytotoxic activity against the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Molecular docking simulations were used to explain the observed hMAO-B structure-activity relationship for this type of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Delogu
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment - Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences - University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - F Pintus
- Department of Life Sciences and Environment - Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences - University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - L Mayán
- Department of Pharmacology - CIMUS University of Santiago de Compostela Avda Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M J Matos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - S Vilar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, Medical Center of New York, 10032 New York, USA
| | - J Munín
- Department of Pharmacology - CIMUS University of Santiago de Compostela Avda Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J A Fontenla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - G Hripcsak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, Medical Center of New York, 10032 New York, USA
| | - F Borges
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - D Viña
- Department of Pharmacology - CIMUS University of Santiago de Compostela Avda Barcelona s/n, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Costas-Lago MC, Besada P, Rodríguez-Enríquez F, Viña D, Vilar S, Uriarte E, Borges F, Terán C. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship study of novel 3-heteroarylcoumarins based on pyridazine scaffold as selective MAO-B inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:1-11. [PMID: 28797881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Compounds of hybrid structure pyridazine-coumarin were discovered as potent, selective and reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). These compounds were synthesized in good yield following a multistep approach based on Knoevenagel reaction and using as key intermediate pyridazinone 16, which was obtained from maleic anhydride and furan. Compounds 9b and 9d are the most active compounds of these series, with IC50 values in the sub-micromolar range, and lack of cytotoxic effects. Theoretical calculation of ADME properties also suggested a good pharmacokinetic profile for both compounds. Docking simulations provided insights into enzyme inhibitor interactions and allowed us to rationalize the observed structure-activity relationships (SARs).
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Costas-Lago
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pedro Besada
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Fernanda Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dolores Viña
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Santiago Vilar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 7500912 Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Terán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Insight into the role of halogen bond in the activity of d-mandelate dehydrogenase toward halogenated substrates. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Amr AEGE, Omar MAA, Abdalla MM. Monoamino Oxidase Inhibitors Activities of Some Synthesized 2,6-bis (Tetracarboxamide)-pyridine and Macrocyclic Octacarboxamide Derivatives. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.66.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fonseca A, Matos MJ, Reis J, Duarte Y, Gutiérrez M, Santana L, Uriarte E, Borges F. Exploring coumarin potentialities: development of new enzymatic inhibitors based on the 6-methyl-3-carboxamidocoumarin scaffold. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05262b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel 6-methyl-3-carboxamidocoumarins were synthesized by an effective three step synthetic strategy and screened towards MAO, AChE and BuChE enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Fonseca
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Porto
- Portugal
| | - M. J. Matos
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Porto
- Portugal
| | - J. Reis
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Porto
- Portugal
| | - Y. Duarte
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales Universidad de Talca
- Talca
- Chile
| | - M. Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales Universidad de Talca
- Talca
- Chile
| | - L. Santana
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Faculdade de Farmacia
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - E. Uriarte
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Faculdade de Farmacia
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - F. Borges
- CIQUP/Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- Porto
- Portugal
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Potent and selective MAO-B inhibitory activity: Amino- versus nitro-3-arylcoumarin derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:642-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Matos MJ, Vilar S, Kachler S, Fonseca A, Santana L, Uriarte E, Borges F, Tatonetti NP, Klotz KN. Insight into the interactions between novel coumarin derivatives and human A3 adenosine receptors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2245-53. [PMID: 25044491 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A study focused on the discovery of new chemical entities based on the 3-arylcoumarin scaffold was performed with the aim of finding new adenosine receptor (AR) ligands. Thirteen synthesized compounds were evaluated by radioligand binding (A1, A2A, and A3) and adenylyl cyclase activity (A2B) assays in order to study their affinity for the four human AR (hAR) subtypes. Seven of the studied compounds proved to be selective A3 AR ligands, with 3-(4'-methylphenyl)-8-(2-oxopropoxy)coumarin (12) being the most potent (Ki =634 nM). None of the compounds showed affinity for the A2B receptor, while four compounds were found to be nonselective AR ligands for the other three subtypes. Docking simulations were carried out to identify the hypothetical binding mode and to rationalize the interaction of these types of coumarin derivatives with the binding site of the three ARs to which binding was observed. The results allowed us to conclude that the 3-arylcoumarin scaffold composes a novel and promising class of A3 AR ligands. ADME properties were also calculated, with the results suggesting that these compounds are promising leads for the identification of new drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Matos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avda. das Ciencias, 15782 Santiago de Compostela (Spain); CIQUP, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto (Portugal).
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