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Tucker SK, McHugh RE, Roe AJ. One problem, multiple potential targets: Where are we now in the development of small molecule inhibitors against Shiga toxin? Cell Signal 2024; 121:111253. [PMID: 38852937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a group of enteric pathogens which carry phage-encoded Shiga toxins (Stx). STEC infections begin with severe abdominal pain and non-bloody diarrhoea, which can progress to bloody diarrhoea after approximately 4-days post-infection. In high-risk groups such as children and the elderly, patients may develop haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS is characterised by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and in severe disease acute renal failure. Traditional antibiotics have been linked with increased toxin production due to the activation of recA-mediated bacterial stress response, resulting in poorer patient outcomes. Therefore, treatment relies on supportive therapies. Antivirulence strategies have been explored as an alternative treatment for bacterial infections and blockers of virulence factors such as the Type III Secretion System. Recent improvements in the mechanistic understanding of the Stx pathway have led to the design of inhibitors to disrupt the pathway, leading to toxin-mediated ribosome damage. However, compounds have yet to progress beyond Phase III clinical trials successfully. This review explores the progress in developing small molecule inhibitors by collating lead compounds derived from in-silico and experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Tucker
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E McHugh
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Roe
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
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Johannes L. The Cellular and Chemical Biology of Endocytic Trafficking and Intracellular Delivery-The GL-Lect Hypothesis. Molecules 2021; 26:3299. [PMID: 34072622 PMCID: PMC8198588 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid membranes are common to all forms of life. While being stable barriers that delimitate the cell as the fundamental organismal unit, biological membranes are highly dynamic by allowing for lateral diffusion, transbilayer passage via selective channels, and in eukaryotic cells for endocytic uptake through the formation of membrane bound vesicular or tubular carriers. Two of the most abundant fundamental fabrics of membranes-lipids and complex sugars-are produced through elaborate chains of biosynthetic enzymes, which makes it difficult to study them by conventional reverse genetics. This review illustrates how organic synthesis provides access to uncharted areas of membrane glycobiology research and its application to biomedicine. For this Special Issue on Chemical Biology Research in France, focus will be placed on synthetic approaches (i) to study endocytic functions of glycosylated proteins and lipids according to the GlycoLipid-Lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis, notably that of Shiga toxin; (ii) to mechanistically dissect its endocytosis and intracellular trafficking with small molecule; and (iii) to devise intracellular delivery strategies for immunotherapy and tumor targeting. It will be pointed out how the chemical biologist's view on lipids, sugars, and proteins synergizes with biophysics and modeling to "look" into the membrane for atomistic scale insights on molecular rearrangements that drive the biogenesis of endocytic carriers in processes of clathrin-independent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, 75248 Paris, France
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Goldstein J, Nuñez-Goluboay K, Pinto A. Therapeutic Strategies to Protect the Central Nervous System against Shiga Toxin from Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:24-44. [PMID: 32077828 PMCID: PMC7903495 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200220143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) may cause hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and encephalopathy. The mortality rate derived from HUS adds up to 5% of the cases, and up to 40% when the central nervous system (CNS) is involved. In addition to the well-known deleterious effect of Stx, the gram-negative STEC releases lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and may induce a variety of inflammatory responses when released in the gut. Common clinical signs of severe CNS injury include sensorimotor, cognitive, emotional and/or autonomic alterations. In the last few years, a number of drugs have been experimentally employed to establish the pathogenesis of, prevent or treat CNS injury by STEC. The strategies in these approaches focus on: 1) inhibition of Stx production and release by STEC, 2) inhibition of Stx bloodstream transport, 3) inhibition of Stx entry into the CNS parenchyma, 4) blockade of deleterious Stx action in neural cells, and 5) inhibition of immune system activation and CNS inflammation. Fast diagnosis of STEC infection, as well as the establishment of early CNS biomarkers of damage, may be determinants of adequate neuropharmacological treatment in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Goldstein
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Houssay” (IFIBIO), Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Argentina
| | - Krista Nuñez-Goluboay
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Houssay” (IFIBIO), Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Argentina
| | - Alipio Pinto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Houssay” (IFIBIO), Laboratorio de Neurofisiopatología, Facultad de Medicina, Argentina
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Hawner M, Ducho C. Cellular Targeting of Oligonucleotides by Conjugation with Small Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245963. [PMID: 33339365 PMCID: PMC7766908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug candidates derived from oligonucleotides (ON) are receiving increased attention that is supported by the clinical approval of several ON drugs. Such therapeutic ON are designed to alter the expression levels of specific disease-related proteins, e.g., by displaying antigene, antisense, and RNA interference mechanisms. However, the high polarity of the polyanionic ON and their relatively rapid nuclease-mediated cleavage represent two major pharmacokinetic hurdles for their application in vivo. This has led to a range of non-natural modifications of ON structures that are routinely applied in the design of therapeutic ON. The polyanionic architecture of ON often hampers their penetration of target cells or tissues, and ON usually show no inherent specificity for certain cell types. These limitations can be overcome by conjugation of ON with molecular entities mediating cellular 'targeting', i.e., enhanced accumulation at and/or penetration of a specific cell type. In this context, the use of small molecules as targeting units appears particularly attractive and promising. This review provides an overview of advances in the emerging field of cellular targeting of ON via their conjugation with small-molecule targeting structures.
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Abdelkafi H, Michau A, Pons V, Ngadjeua F, Clerget A, Ait Ouarab L, Buisson DA, Montoir D, Caramelle L, Gillet D, Barbier J, Cintrat JC. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Retro-1 Analogues against Shiga Toxin. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8114-8133. [PMID: 32648758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening has shown that Retro-1 inhibits ricin and Shiga toxins by diminishing their intracellular trafficking via the retrograde route, from early endosomes to the Golgi apparatus. To improve the activity of Retro-1, a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was undertaken and yielded an analogue with a roughly 70-fold better half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) against Shiga toxin cytotoxicity measured in a cell protein synthesis assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Abdelkafi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélien Michau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Pons
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Flora Ngadjeua
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandra Clerget
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lilia Ait Ouarab
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David-Alexandre Buisson
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Montoir
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lucie Caramelle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Barbier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Cintrat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Agramunt J, Pedroso E, Kreda SM, Juliano RL, Grandas A. Retro-1-Oligonucleotide Conjugates. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030579. [PMID: 30736307 PMCID: PMC6384773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of small molecule Retro-1 has been described to enhance antisense and splice switching oligonucleotides. With the aim of assessing the effect of covalently linking Retro-1 to the biologically active oligonucleotide, three different derivatives of Retro-1 were prepared that incorporated a phosphoramidite group, a thiol or a 1,3-diene, respectively. Retro-1–oligonucleotide conjugates were assembled both on-resin (coupling of the phosphoramidite) and from reactions in solution (Michael-type thiol-maleimide reaction and Diels-Alder cycloaddition). Splice switching assays with the resulting conjugates showed that they were active but that they provided little advantage over the unconjugated oligonucleotide in the well-known HeLa Luc705 reporter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Agramunt
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and IBUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enrique Pedroso
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and IBUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia M Kreda
- UNC Cystic Fibrosis Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
| | - Rudolph L Juliano
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Anna Grandas
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) and IBUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Garland
- Cancer
Biology Program, ‡Department of Pathology, §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and ∥Department of
Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sebastian Loscher
- Cancer
Biology Program, ‡Department of Pathology, §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and ∥Department of
Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Cancer
Biology Program, ‡Department of Pathology, §Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and ∥Department of
Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Yang B, Ming X, Abdelkafi H, Pons V, Michau A, Gillet D, Cintrat JC, Barbier J, Juliano R. Retro-1 Analogues Differentially Affect Oligonucleotide Delivery and Toxin Trafficking. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2506-2510. [PMID: 27778487 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Retro-1 is a small molecule that displays two important biological activities: First, it blocks the actions of certain toxins by altering their intracellular trafficking. Second, it enhances the activity of oligonucleotides by releasing them from entrapment in endosomes. This raises the question of whether the two actions involve the same cellular target. Herein we report the effects of several Retro-1 analogues on both toxins and oligonucleotides. We found analogues that affect toxins but not oligonucleotides and vice-versa, while Retro-1 is the only compound that affects both. This indicates that the molecular target(s) involved in the two processes are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xin Ming
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hajer Abdelkafi
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Valerie Pons
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurelien Michau
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), IBITECS, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), IBITECS, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Cintrat
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Barbier
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), IBITECS, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rudy Juliano
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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