1
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Farrell RE, Steele H, Middleton RJ, Skropeta D, Liu GJ. Cytotoxicity of phosphoramidate, bis-amidate and cycloSal prodrug metabolites against tumour and normal cells. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1973-1981. [PMID: 38903945 PMCID: PMC11109934 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphonate and phosphate prodrugs are integral to enhancing drug permeability, but the potential toxicity of their metabolites requires careful consideration. This study evaluates the impact of widely used phosphoramidate, bis-amidate, and cycloSal phosph(on)ate prodrug metabolites on BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells, GL261-Luc glioblastoma cells, and primary cultured mouse astrocytes. 1-Naphthol and 2-naphthol demonstrated the greatest toxicity. Notably, 2-naphthol exhibited an ED50 of 21 μM on BxPC3 cells, surpassing 1-naphthol with an ED50 of 82 μM. Real-time xCELLigence experiments revealed notable activity for both metabolites at a low concentration of 16 μM. On primary cultured mouse astrocyte cells, all prodrugs exhibited reduced viability at 128 to 256 μM after only 4 hours of exposure. A cell-type-dependent sensitivity to phosph(on)ate prodrug metabolites was evident, with normal cells showing greater susceptibility than corresponding tumour cells. The results suggest it is essential to consider the potential cytotoxicity of phosph(on)ate prodrugs in the drug design and evaluation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Farrell
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Harrison Steele
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
- Discipline of Medical Imaging Sciences, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2050 Australia
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2
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Kowalski K. Synthesis and chemical transformations of glycol nucleic acid (GNA) nucleosides. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106921. [PMID: 37871392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Xeno nucleic acids (XNA) are an increasingly important class of hypermodified nucleic acids with great potential in bioorganic chemistry and synthetic biology. Glycol nucleic acid (GNA) is constructed from a three-carbon 1,2-propanediol (propylene glycol) backbone attached to a nucleobase entity, representing the simplest known XNA. This review is intended to present GNA nucleosides from a synthetic chemistry perspective-a perspective that serves as a starting point for biological studies. Therefore this account focuses on synthetic methods for GNA nucleoside synthesis, as well as their postsynthetic chemical transformations. The properties and biological activity of GNA constituents are also highlighted. A literature survey shows four major approaches toward GNA nucleoside scaffold synthesis. These approaches pertain to glycidol ring-opening, Mitsunobu, SN2, and dihydroxylation reactions. The general arsenal of reactions used in GNA chemistry is versatile and encompasses the Sonogashira reaction, Michael addition, silyl-Hilbert-Johnson reaction, halogenation, alkylation, cyclization, Rh-catalyzed N-allylation, Sharpless catalytic dihydroxylation, and Yb(OTf)3-catalyzed etherification. Additionally, various phosphorylation reactions have enabled the synthesis of diverse types of GNA nucleotides, dinucleoside phosphates, phosphordiamidites, and oligos. Furthermore, recent advances in GNA chemistry have resulted in the synthesis of previously unknown redox-active (ferrocenyl) and luminescent (pyrenyl and phenanthrenyl) GNA nucleosides, which are also covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Kowalski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Tamka 12, PL-91403 Lodz, Poland.
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3
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Zhang L, Kiruba GSM, Lee JK. Gas-Phase Studies of Hypoxanthine-Guanine-(Xanthine) Phosphoribosyltransferase (HG(X)PRT) Substrates. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37220241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase acidity and proton affinity of nucleobases that are substrates for the enzyme Plasmodium falciparum hypoxanthine-guanine-(xanthine) phosphoribosyltransferase (Pf HG(X)PRT) have been examined using both computational and experimental methods. These thermochemical values have not heretofore been measured and provide experimental data to benchmark the theoretical results. Pf HG(X)PRT is a target of interest in the development of antimalarials. We use our gas-phase results to lend insight into the Pf HG(X)PRT mechanism, and also propose kinetic isotope studies that could potentially differentiate between possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - G S M Kiruba
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Jeehiun K Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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4
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Zhang L, Hinz DJ, Kiruba GSM, Ding X, Lee JK. Gas‐phase experimental and computational studies of human hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase substrates: Intrinsic properties and biological implications. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Damon J. Hinz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ USA
| | | | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Jeehiun K. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ USA
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5
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Frydrych J, Keough DT, Chavchich M, Travis J, Dračínský M, Edstein MD, Guddat LW, Hocková D, Janeba Z. Nucleotide analogues containing a pyrrolidine, piperidine or piperazine ring: Synthesis and evaluation of inhibition of plasmodial and human 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases and in vitro antimalarial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 219:113416. [PMID: 33887682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Parasites of the Plasmodium genus are unable to produce purine nucleotides de novo and depend completely on the salvage pathway. This fact makes plasmodial hypoxanthine-guanine-(xanthine) phosphoribosyltransferase [HG(X)PRT] a valuable target for development of antimalarial agents. A series of nucleotide analogues was designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum HGXPRT, P. vivax HGPRT and human HGPRT. These novel nucleoside phosphonates have a pyrrolidine, piperidine or piperazine ring incorporated into the linker connecting the purine base to a phosphonate group(s) and exhibited a broad range of Ki values between 0.15 and 72 μM. The corresponding phosphoramidate prodrugs, able to cross cell membranes, have been synthesized and evaluated in a P. falciparum infected human erythrocyte assay. Of the eight prodrugs evaluated seven exhibited in vitro antimalarial activity with IC50 values within the range of 2.5-12.1 μM. The bis-phosphoramidate prodrug 13a with a mean (SD) IC50 of 2.5 ± 0.7 μM against the chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum W2 strain exhibited low cytotoxicity in the human hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HepG2) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) cell lines at a concentration of 100 μM suggesting good selectivity for further structure-activity relationship investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frydrych
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dianne T Keough
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4068, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Jye Travis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4068, Australia; Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michael D Edstein
- Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4068, Australia
| | - Dana Hocková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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6
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Groaz E, De Jonghe S. Overview of Biologically Active Nucleoside Phosphonates. Front Chem 2021; 8:616863. [PMID: 33490040 PMCID: PMC7821050 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.616863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the phosphonate motif featuring a carbon-phosphorous bond as bioisosteric replacement of the labile P–O bond is widely recognized as an attractive structural concept in different areas of medicinal chemistry, since it addresses the very fundamental principles of enzymatic stability and minimized metabolic activation. This review discusses the most influential successes in drug design with special emphasis on nucleoside phosphonates and their prodrugs as antiviral and cancer treatment agents. A description of structurally related analogs able to interfere with the transmission of other infectious diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria and parasites will then follow. Finally, molecules acting as agonists/antagonists of P2X and P2Y receptors along with nucleotidase inhibitors will also be covered. This review aims to guide readers through the fundamentals of nucleoside phosphonate therapeutics in order to inspire the future design of molecules to target infections that are refractory to currently available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Townsend MH, Tellez Freitas CM, Larsen D, Piccolo SR, Weber KS, Robison RA, O'Neill KL. Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase expression is negatively correlated with immune activity through its regulation of purine synthesis. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151931. [PMID: 32291109 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of elevated Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) on the immune response in the tumor microenvironment. METHODOLOGY HPRT expression was evaluated in cancer patients and correlated with cytokine expression, survival, and immune cell infiltration. An HPRT knockdown cell line was created to evaluate HPRT impact on purine expression and subsequent purine treatment was administered to immune cells to determine their influence on cell activation. RESULTS HPRT expression was negatively correlated with the general expression of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, HPRT expression was also negatively correlated with the infiltration of immune cell subsets: B-cells, CD4 + T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (p < 0.001) and CD8 + T-cells (p < 0.01). When HPRT was knocked down in a Raji cell line, the levels of adenosine were reduced significantly compared to the wild type. When examining the level of Ca2+ influx of Raji compared to the HPRT Raji knockdown cell, there was a significant decrease in calcium influx in the knockdown cells when compared to the wild type cells. This demonstrates that HPRT had a significant impact on overall cell activation and the ability of the cells to properly influx calcium needed for their activation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that purine levels significantly reduce immune cell activation in cancer and the upregulation of HPRT in malignant tissue is a contributing factors to the immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H Townsend
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
| | - Claudia M Tellez Freitas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Science, South Jordan, UT, USA
| | - Dallas Larsen
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Stephen R Piccolo
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - K Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Richard A Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kim L O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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8
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Klejch T, Keough DT, Chavchich M, Travis J, Skácel J, Pohl R, Janeba Z, Edstein MD, Avery VM, Guddat LW, Hocková D. Sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone bridged acyclic nucleoside phosphonates as inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum and human 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases: Synthesis and evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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9
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Heidel KM, Dowd CS. Phosphonate prodrugs: an overview and recent advances. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1625-1643. [PMID: 31469328 PMCID: PMC6722485 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphonates, often used as isosteric replacements for phosphates, can provide important interactions with an enzyme. Due to their high charge at physiological pH, however, permeation into cells can be a challenge. Protecting phosphonates as prodrugs has shown promise in drug delivery. Thus, a variety of structures and cleavage/activation mechanisms exist, enabling release of the active compound. This review describes the structural diversity of these pro-moieties, relevant cleavage mechanisms and recent advances in the design of phosphonate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Heidel
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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10
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Cheviet T, Lefebvre-Tournier I, Wein S, Peyrottes S. Plasmodium Purine Metabolism and Its Inhibition by Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8365-8391. [PMID: 30964283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria still affects around 200 million people and is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths per year, mostly children in subequatorial areas. This disease is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus. Only a few WHO-recommended treatments are available to prevent or cure plasmodial infections, but genetic mutations in the causal parasites have led to onset of resistance against all commercial antimalarial drugs. New drugs and targets are being investigated to cope with this emerging problem, including enzymes belonging to the main metabolic pathways, while nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are also a promising class of potential drugs. This review highlights the main metabolic pathways targeted for the development of potential antiplasmodial therapies based on nucleos(t)ide analogues, as well as the different series of purine-containing nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives designed to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum purine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cheviet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM , Université Montpellier, Equipe Nucléosides & Effecteurs Phosphorylés , Place E. Bataillon, cc 1704 , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Isabelle Lefebvre-Tournier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM , Université Montpellier, Equipe Nucléosides & Effecteurs Phosphorylés , Place E. Bataillon, cc 1704 , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Sharon Wein
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques (DIMNP), UMR 5235 UM-CNRS , Université Montpellier , Place E. Bataillon , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM , Université Montpellier, Equipe Nucléosides & Effecteurs Phosphorylés , Place E. Bataillon, cc 1704 , 34095 Montpellier , France
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11
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Klejch T, Pohl R, Janeba Z, Sun M, Keough DT, Guddat LW, Hocková D. Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with unnatural nucleobases, favipiravir and allopurinol, designed as potential inhibitors of the human and Plasmodium falciparum 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Kaiser MM, Novák P, Rosenbergová Š, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Rosenberg I, Janeba Z. Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Bearing (R
)- or (S
)-9-[3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonoethoxy)propyl] (HPEP) Moiety as Monomers for the Synthesis of Modified Oligonucleotides. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Novák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Rosenbergová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová-Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rosenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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13
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Pileggi E, Serpi M, Andrei G, Schols D, Snoeck R, Pertusati F. Expedient synthesis and biological evaluation of alkenyl acyclic nucleoside phosphonate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3596-3609. [PMID: 29880251 PMCID: PMC7126595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The importance of phosphonoamidate prodrugs (ProTides) of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANPs) is highlighted by the approval of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate for the treatment of HIV and HBV infections. In the present paper we are reporting an expedient, one-pot, two-steps synthesis of allyl phosphonoamidates and diamidates that offers a time saving strategy when compared to literature methods. The use of these substrates in the cross metathesis reactions with alkenyl functionalised thymine and uracil nucleobases is reported. ANPs prodrugs synthesized via this methodology were evaluated for their antiviral activities against DNA and RNA viruses. It is anticipated that the use of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-napthyl as aryloxy moiety is capable to confer antiviral activity among a series of otherwise inactive uracil ProTides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pileggi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood building, King Edwards VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood building, King Edwards VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood building, King Edwards VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
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14
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Frydrych J, Skácel J, Šmídková M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Dračínský M, Gnanasekaran R, Lepšík M, Soto-Velasquez M, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Synthesis of α-Branched Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Potential Inhibitors of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclases. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:199-206. [PMID: 29235265 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) and Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF), key virulence factors with adenylate cyclase activity, represents a potential method for treating or preventing toxemia related to whooping cough and anthrax, respectively. Novel α-branched acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) having a hemiaminal ether moiety were synthesized as potential inhibitors of bacterial adenylate cyclases. ANPs prepared as bisamidates were not cytotoxic, but did not exhibit any profound activity (IC50 >10 μm) toward ACT in J774A.1 macrophages. The apparent lack of activity of the bisamidates is speculated to be due to the inefficient formation of the biologically active species (ANPpp) in the cells. Conversely, two 5-haloanthraniloyl-substituted ANPs in the form of diphosphates were shown to be potent ACT and EF inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 55 to 362 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frydrych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ramachandran Gnanasekaran
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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15
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Špaček P, Keough DT, Chavchich M, Dračínský M, Janeba Z, Naesens L, Edstein MD, Guddat LW, Hocková D. Synthesis and Evaluation of Asymmetric Acyclic Nucleoside Bisphosphonates as Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and Human Hypoxanthine–Guanine–(Xanthine) Phosphoribosyltransferase. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7539-7554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Špaček
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dianne T. Keough
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Department
of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Laboratory
of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research—KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael D. Edstein
- Department
of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia
| | - Dana Hocková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Evans GL, Furkert DP, Abermil N, Kundu P, de Lange KM, Parker EJ, Brimble MA, Baker EN, Lott JS. Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase: Binding determinants for 5'-phospho-alpha-d-ribosyl-1'-pyrophosphate (PRPP) and the implications for inhibitor design. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:264-274. [PMID: 28844746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTs) bind 5'-phospho-α-d-ribosyl-1'-pyrophosphate (PRPP) and transfer its phosphoribosyl group (PRib) to specific nucleophiles. Anthranilate PRT (AnPRT) is a promiscuous PRT that can phosphoribosylate both anthranilate and alternative substrates, and is the only example of a type III PRT. Comparison of the PRPP binding mode in type I, II and III PRTs indicates that AnPRT does not bind PRPP, or nearby metals, in the same conformation as other PRTs. A structure with a stereoisomer of PRPP bound to AnPRT from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) suggests a catalytic or post-catalytic state that links PRib movement to metal movement. Crystal structures of Mtb-AnPRT in complex with PRPP and with varying occupancies of the two metal binding sites, complemented by activity assay data, indicate that this type III PRT binds a single metal-coordinated species of PRPP, while an adjacent second metal site can be occupied due to a separate binding event. A series of compounds were synthesized that included a phosphonate group to probe PRPP binding site. Compounds containing a "bianthranilate"-like moiety are inhibitors with IC50 values of 10-60μM, and Ki values of 1.3-15μM. Structures of Mtb-AnPRT in complex with these compounds indicate that their phosphonate moieties are unable to mimic the binding modes of the PRib or pyrophosphate moieties of PRPP. The AnPRT structures presented herein indicated that PRPP binds a surface cleft and becomes enclosed due to re-positioning of two mobile loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve L Evans
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Daniel P Furkert
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nacim Abermil
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Preeti Kundu
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, P. O. Box 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, P. O. Box 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Katrina M de Lange
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Emily J Parker
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, P. O. Box 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, P. O. Box 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Edward N Baker
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - J Shaun Lott
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Synthesis and evaluation of symmetric acyclic nucleoside bisphosphonates as inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and human 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases and the antimalarial activity of their prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4008-4030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kaiser MM, Baszczyňski O, Hocková D, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Dračínský M, Keough DT, Guddat LW, Janeba Z. Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Containing 9-Deazahypoxanthine and a Five-Membered Heterocycle as Selective Inhibitors of Plasmodial 6-Oxopurine Phosphoribosyltransferases. ChemMedChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Dana Hocková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová-Slavětínská
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Dianne T. Keough
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4068 Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4068 Australia
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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19
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Novel nucleotide analogues bearing (1 H -1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phosphonic acid moiety as inhibitors of Plasmodium and human 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Reddy PL, Khan SI, Ponnan P, Tripathi M, Rawat DS. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 4-aminoquinoline-purine hybrids as potential antiplasmodial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 126:675-686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Břehová P, Šmídková M, Skácel J, Dračínský M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Velasquez MPS, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Design and Synthesis of Fluorescent Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Potent Inhibitors of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclases. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2534-2546. [PMID: 27775243 PMCID: PMC5198786 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) and Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF) are key virulence factors with adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of whooping cough and anthrax, respectively. There is an urgent need to develop potent and selective inhibitors of bacterial ACs with prospects for the development of potential antibacterial therapeutics and to study their molecular interactions with the target enzymes. Novel fluorescent 5-chloroanthraniloyl-substituted acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (Cl-ANT-ANPs) were designed and synthesized in the form of their diphosphates (Cl-ANT-ANPpp) as competitive ACT and EF inhibitors with sub-micromolar potency (IC50 values: 11-622 nm). Fluorescence experiments indicated that Cl-ANT-ANPpp analogues bind to the ACT active site, and docking studies suggested that the Cl-ANT group interacts with Phe306 and Leu60. Interestingly, the increase in direct fluorescence with Cl-ANT-ANPpp having an ester linker was strictly calmodulin (CaM)-dependent, whereas Cl-ANT-ANPpp analogues with an amide linker, upon binding to ACT, increased the fluorescence even in the absence of CaM. Such a dependence of binding on structural modification could be exploited in the future design of potent inhibitors of bacterial ACs. Furthermore, one Cl-ANT-ANP in the form of a bisamidate prodrug was able to inhibit B. pertussis ACT activity in macrophage cells with IC50 =12 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Břehová
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica P Soto Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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