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Harsha Sri K, Ravisankar P, Kumar Konidala S, Srinivasa Babu P. Application of newly developed and validated LC-MS/MS method for pharmacokinetic study of adagrasib and pembrolizumab simultaneously in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1241:124171. [PMID: 38843708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a significant subtype of lung cancer, and poses a dangerous global threat. One of the current approaches of NSCLC treatment is a combination therapy of adagrasib and pembrolizumab. Accurate monitoring of these drug concentrations in biological fluids is critical for treatment efficacy. Since no method was reported for simultaneous estimation of these drugs, this study focuses on the development of a validated LC-MS/MS bioanalytical method for simultaneous quantification of Adagrasib and Pembrolizumab in rat plasma. The analytes were extracted from the biological matrix through liquid-liquid extraction techniques using acetonitrile as extraction solvent. The analytes were separated on a Waters X-bridge phenyl C18 column, with a mixture of acetonitrile: 0.1 % TFA in water (50: 50 v/v) as mobile phase at an isocratic flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with a runtime of about 5 min. Adagrasib (m/z 605.12 → 201.62), Pembrolizumab (m/z 146.32 → 85.15), and Sotorasib (m/z 561.59 → 218.92) were determined by recording the mass spectra through multiple reaction monitoring in positive mode. The method was validated according to USFDA guidelines. The results demonstrate satisfactory linearity with an r2 value of 0.9998 in the ranges of 40-800 and 10-200 ng/mL, accuracy with mean percentage recovery of 95.22-98.59 % and 96.98-98.57 %, precision indicated with %RSD ranged between 0.39-1.91 % and 0.85-9.03 % for Adagrasib and Pembrolizumab respectively, and other key parameters. The developed method can determine the pharmacokinetic parameters to indicate the efficacy and safety of the drugs, and also can quantify selected drugs simultaneously in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamma Harsha Sri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, A.P. 522213, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur, A.P. 522213, India
| | - Panchumarthy Ravisankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur, A.P. 522213, India.
| | - Sathish Kumar Konidala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, A.P. 522213, India
| | - P Srinivasa Babu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur, A.P. 522213, India
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Kumar S. Innovative Drug Discovery Research by Pharmaceutical Companies in India and China. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9773-9775. [PMID: 38857362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India
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Rohilla A, Rohilla S. Drug Repositioning: A Monetary Stratagem to Discover a New Application of Drugs. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2024; 21:e101023222023. [PMID: 38629171 DOI: 10.2174/0115701638253929230922115127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Drug repurposing, also referred to as drug repositioning or drug reprofiling, is a scientific approach to the detection of any new application for an already approved or investigational drug. It is a useful policy for the invention and development of new pharmacological or therapeutic applications of different drugs. The strategy has been known to offer numerous advantages over developing a completely novel drug for certain problems. Drug repurposing has numerous methodologies that can be categorized as target-oriented, drug-oriented, and problem-oriented. The choice of the methodology of drug repurposing relies on the accessible information about the drug molecule and like pharmacokinetic, pharmacological, physicochemical, and toxicological profile of the drug. In addition, molecular docking studies and other computer-aided methods have been known to show application in drug repurposing. The variation in dosage for original target diseases and novel diseases presents a challenge for researchers of drug repurposing in present times. The present review critically discusses the drugs repurposed for cancer, covid-19, Alzheimer's, and other diseases, strategies, and challenges of drug repurposing. Moreover, regulatory perspectives related to different countries like the United States (US), Europe, and India have been delineated in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Rohilla
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, 140413, Mohali, India
| | - Seema Rohilla
- Department of Pharmacy, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panipat, Haryana, India
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Vieira M, Andia T, Karim O, Srishti SA, Pineda SA, Alonso Ruiz A, Large K, Liu Y, Moon S, Naher N, Siddiqui A, Ahmed SM. Rising pharmaceutical innovation in the Global South: a landscape study. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:155. [PMID: 38012700 PMCID: PMC10680326 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest in pharmaceutical innovation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but information on existing activities, capacities, and outcomes is scarce. We mapped available data at the global level, and studied the national pharmaceutical innovation systems of Bangladesh and Colombia to shed light on pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) in the Global South, including challenges and prospects, to help fill existing knowledge gaps. METHODS We gathered and analyzed data from three types of sources: literature, semi-structured interviews with key informants, and publicly available data on R&D funding, R&D scientific capacity measured by human resources, and clinical trial activities. RESULTS Pharmaceutical R&D activities are occurring in many LMICs, but 16 countries have emerged as frontrunners. Investment in R&D in LMICs has increased in the past decade, particularly from middle-income countries (MICs). Capacity is also growing, with an increase in the number of research organizations and the amount of funding available from external sources. The total number of clinical trials and the proportion of trials in LMICs increased markedly, and there is also growing activity in the earlier, more innovative and riskier Phase 1 and 2 trials. Non-commercial entities comprise the majority of clinical trial funders and sponsors in LMICs. Finally, investments have borne fruit, as indicated by a number of innovative medicines developed in LMICs. The Bangladesh and Colombia country studies showed that there is still a need for both targeted R&D policies to strengthen capacities in the pharmaceutical sector, and more government support to overcome the challenges of a lack of funding and coordination among different actors. CONCLUSIONS By triangulating between the data sources, it was possible to paint a broad picture of who was involved in pharmaceutical R&D in LMICs, in which particular countries, for which diseases, in which R&D phases, and with what results-as well as how these trends have changed over time. Prioritizing pharmaceutical R&D is an important strategy for better meeting health needs. The trendlines are promising, but focused attention is still needed to realize the potential for greater innovation in the Global South.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Vieira
- Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute, Maison de La Paix, Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Tatiana Andia
- Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 #18a-12, La Candelaria, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Obaida Karim
- BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 7/8/10th Floor, Medona Tower, 28 Mohakhali Commercial Area, Bir Uttom A K Khandakar Road, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Sanjida Ahmed Srishti
- BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 7/8/10th Floor, Medona Tower, 28 Mohakhali Commercial Area, Bir Uttom A K Khandakar Road, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | | | - Adrian Alonso Ruiz
- Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute, Maison de La Paix, Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kaitlin Large
- Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute, Maison de La Paix, Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yiqi Liu
- Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute, Maison de La Paix, Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Suerie Moon
- Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute, Maison de La Paix, Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nahitun Naher
- BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 7/8/10th Floor, Medona Tower, 28 Mohakhali Commercial Area, Bir Uttom A K Khandakar Road, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Azizah Siddiqui
- Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute, Maison de La Paix, Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Syed Masud Ahmed
- BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 7/8/10th Floor, Medona Tower, 28 Mohakhali Commercial Area, Bir Uttom A K Khandakar Road, Dhaka, 1213, Bangladesh
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Differding E. Biotechnology in India: An Analysis of 'Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council' (BIRAC)-Supported Projects. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300302. [PMID: 37668561 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of 2165 projects funded by India's Department of Biotechnology since 2005 through private-public partnerships, and as of 2012 through the 'Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)' until BIRAC's tenth anniversary at the end of March 2022 reveals details of the science and technology underpinning past and current biotechnology research and development projects in the country. They are led by human healthcare projects (74.9 % overall), of which medical technology (58.7 %) and therapeutics (24.5 %) are the main drivers, ahead of vaccines (4.3 %), regenerative medicine (3.9 %), public health (3.5 %) and others (5.1 %). Agricultural projects (15.2 % overall) have mainly been driven by plant breeding and cloning (24.6 %), animal biotechnology (20.4 %), agri-informatics (13.4 %), aquaculture (6.1 %), and (bio)fertilizers (4.3 %). The key components of industrial biotechnology (9.9 % overall) have been fine chemicals (44.7 %), environmental projects (23.3 %), clean energy (18.1 %) and industrial enzymes (12.1 %). Analysis of the projects funded pre- versus post-2017, compared to the distribution of equity funding as of early 2022 identifies trends in terms of growth areas and locations of industrial biotechnology projects and activities in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Differding
- Differding Consulting, 12, Rue de Moutfort, L-5310, Contern, Luxembourg
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Bhatnagar B, Dörfler V, MacBryde J. Navigating the open innovation paradox: an integrative framework for adopting open innovation in pharmaceutical R&D in developing countries. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 2022; 48:1-45. [PMID: 35996639 PMCID: PMC9386677 DOI: 10.1007/s10961-022-09958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we combine evidence from eight Indian pharmaceutical firms with extant literature and global best practices to conceptualize an integrative framework addressing the open innovation paradox (OIP), i.e., the tension between intellectual protection and openness. Firms in developing countries face additional challenges in the adoption of open innovation, such as the prevalence of open science norms, weak technology transfer systems, and mistrust between universities and industry; therefore, they employ open innovation selectively for pharmaceutical research. Prior research has examined the strategies to resolve OIP in the context of developed countries; the integrative framework proposed in this paper describes strategies for resolving the OIP in the context of developing countries. This framework illuminates the coping processes of the case firms and provides guidelines to uplift and accelerate the adoption of open innovation strategies in developing countries' pharmaceutical sectors, and thus provides value to both theory and praxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawani Bhatnagar
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Level 7, Sir William Duncan Building, 130 Rottenrow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Viktor Dörfler
- Department of Management Science, University of Strathclyde, Level 7, Sir William Duncan Building, 130 Rottenrow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jillian MacBryde
- Innovation and Operations Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Khalid M, Alqarni MH, Alsayari A, Foudah AI, Aljarba TM, Mukim M, Alamri MA, Abullais SS, Wahab S. Anti-Diabetic Activity of Bioactive Compound Extracted from Spondias mangifera Fruit: In-Vitro and Molecular Docking Approaches. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040562. [PMID: 35214895 PMCID: PMC8880729 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Spondias mangifera is a drupaceous fruit popular for its flavour and health advantages. There is little scientific knowledge about S. mangifera, despite its widespread usage in traditional medicine, in the North-Eastern region of India. Inhibiting the key carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes is one of the strategies for managing diabetes. Therefore, this study studied the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of different fraction S. mangifera fruit extract (SMFFs) from Indian geographical origin by in vitro experimental assays and silico docking simulation studies. The ADMET prediction for active substances was also investigated using the AdmetSAR database. Based on the binding affinity/molecular interactions between phytocompounds and target enzymes, in silico investigations were done to confirm the in vitro enzymatic inhibitory capability. β-sitosterol in EtOH-F was analysed using RP-HPLC with RP-C18 column as stationary phase and photo diode array detector. The percentage of β-sitosterol was found to be 1.21% ± 0.17% of total weight of extract (w/w). S. mangifera fruit ethanolic extract had a significant inhibitory concentration of 50% against free radicals produced by ABTS (89.71 ± 2.73%) and lipid peroxidation assay (88.26 ± 2.17%) tests. Similarly, the in vitro antidiabetic test findings indicated that S. mangifera inhibited alpha-amylase (73.42 ± 2.01%) and alpha-glucosidase (79.23 ± 1.98%) enzymes dose-dependently. The maximum glycosylated Hb percentage inhibitory activity shown in the ethanolic fraction was (83.97 ± 2.88%) at 500 µg/mL. The glucose uptake of the ethanolic fraction by the yeast cell showed significant (p < 0.05) at 500 µg/mL when compared with metformin (91.37 ± 1.59%), whereas the other fraction did not show the uptake of glucose by the yeast cell at the same concentration. In the docking study, the main phytoconstituents of S. mangifera fruit, such as oleanolic acid, beta-sitosterol, and beta amyrin, show strong affinity for pancreatic α-amylase. These results imply that S. mangifera has α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties and may be used as antidiabetic with antioxidant characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.A.); (A.I.F.); (T.M.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammed H. Alqarni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.A.); (A.I.F.); (T.M.A.)
| | - Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (S.W.)
| | - Ahmed I. Foudah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.A.); (A.I.F.); (T.M.A.)
| | - Tariq M. Aljarba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.A.); (A.I.F.); (T.M.A.)
| | - Mohammad Mukim
- Department of Pharmacology, Kota College of Pharmacy, Kota 324005, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Mubarak A. Alamri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shahabe Saquib Abullais
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (S.W.)
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CAR-T cell therapy in India requires a paradigm shift in training, education and health care processes. Cytotherapy 2021; 24:101-109. [PMID: 34753677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of some kinds of cancers. Hundreds of companies and academic institutions are collaborating to develop gene-modified cell therapies using novel targets, different cell types, and manufacturing processes of autologous and allogenic cell therapies. The individualized, custom-made autologous CAR-T cell production platform remains a significant limiting factor for its large-scale clinical application. In this respect, the advances in standardization and automation of the process can have considerable impact on cost reduction. Development of off-the-shelf, ready-to-use universal killer cells can enable scaling up. Despite the wide use of this cell therapy in the United States, Europe and China, its development is limited in developing countries in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America. In this review, we focus on good manufacturing practices-compliant manufacturing requirements, operational logistics, and regulatory processes that need to be considered for high-quality gene-modified cell therapies from an Indian perspective. We also list the potential strategies to overcome challenges associated with translation to affordability and scalability.
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Raj JP, Gogtay NJ, Thatte UM. A two-year evaluation of the minutes of Investigational New Drug committee meetings. Perspect Clin Res 2021; 12:199-202. [PMID: 34760647 PMCID: PMC8525788 DOI: 10.4103/picr.picr_83_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Investigational New Drug (IND) committee advises the Drug Controller General of India on matters pertaining to clinical trials (CTs) of IND for clinical development. An audit of the minutes of this committee's meetings would shed light on the drug discovery in India. METHODS Minutes of the IND committee meetings available in the public domain (2-year period) were evaluated. The applications which were postponed were excluded from the study. Outcome measures were therapeutic areas of IND, purpose of the applications, status of registration with the CT Registry of India (CTRI), and the innovator country. RESULTS The minutes of N = 7 meetings were available in the public domain for the period January 2017-December 2018 with N = 45 agenda items. One agenda item was excluded, and n = 44 agenda items were finally analyzed. The total number of therapeutic agents discussed was N = 29, of which n = 7/29 and n = 6/29 belonged to infectious diseases (ID) and oncology, respectively. The total number of purposes of these applications was N = 46, of which n = 35/46 (76%) were to seek permission to conduct a CT, and n = 31/35 (88.6%) were found registered with CTRI as on April 01, 2019. Of the N = 46 purposes, n = 33/46 (71.7%) were approved. Of the n = 29 INDs discussed, n = 19/29 (65.52%) were of the Indian origin. CONCLUSIONS Although a majority (65%) of INDs discussed in the meetings were of the Indian origin, the drug discovery was not in line to tackle the top ten causes of years of life lost prematurely (barring ID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Pradeep Raj
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nithya J. Gogtay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Urmila M. Thatte
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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10
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An S, Malani VD, Setia A. The role of superstition in the placebo effect on memory performance. Cogn Process 2021; 22:553-558. [PMID: 34231087 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-021-01025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Superstitions and the placebo effect have each been found to influence human behaviour. The present study aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between superstition and the placebo effect, and whether this relationship affects human cognition and behaviour. We hypothesized that more superstitious people would be more prone to the placebo effect and that it would improve their performance on cognitive tasks. Results showed that in the placebo condition, more superstitious people memorized more words than less superstitious people. However, in the control condition, less superstitious people memorized more words than more superstitious people. Overall, the findings supported our hypothesis. The findings of the study are important, as they draw a link between the placebo effect and superstition, and further show that these two elements impact human performance in cognitive ability tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieun An
- Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, USA.
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11
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Wei F, Zhang X, Cui P, Gou X, Wang S. Cell-based 3D bionic screening by mimicking the drug-receptor interaction environment in vivo. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:683-693. [PMID: 33367374 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02661a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most small-molecule drugs influence cell behavior through their interaction with one or more cellular proteins. The efficacy is unanticipated in the later stages of drug development if small-molecule drugs are discovered in the absence of a biological context. Bionic screening is an in vivo drug-receptor interaction platform that can identify small molecules with recognized activity, improving the likelihood of drug efficacy in the clinic. Here, we report the design of an innovative cell-based bionic screening system using 3D microcarrier cultures to simulate in vivo conditions and facilitate small-molecule drug discovery. Through its combination with HPLC/MS, the method can comprehensively identify small-molecule lead compounds in arbitrarily complex systems in an unbiased manner. In particular, cell-covered microcarriers provide a high-density of cells for affinity performance assessments in the absence of appreciable cell damage and maintain immunogenicity, the 3D structure of which is similar to tissue morphology in vivo, thereby mimicking in vivo drug-receptor interactions. The method is scalable, easy to handle, and requires minimal optimization across a range of different cell lines to realize high-throughput drug screening for the corresponding diseases. This provides a valuable tool for lead compound discovery in more physiologically relevant systems and may address the lack of clinically available drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wei
- Health Science Center, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76# Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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12
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Ghosh P. Novel active pharmaceutical ingredients from India: The issues—part-II. MGM JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/mgmj.mgmj_15_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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13
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Lautre C, Sharma S, Sahu JK. Chemistry, Biological Properties and Analytical Methods of Levonadifloxacin: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:1069-1077. [PMID: 33307757 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1855412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of antibiotics globally has led to the threat of antibiotic resistance; this drove the urge of researchers toward discovering more potent and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Levonadifloxacin (LND) is the very first antibiotic developed by an Indian company Wockhardt. It is S (-) isomer of another broad-spectrum antibiotic Nadifloxacin which is used topically for skin, soft tissue bacterial infection. LND belongs to the benzo quinolizine category which is a subclass of fluoroquinolone, indicated for ABSSIS, CABP, and other infections including diabetic foot infection; formulated as l-arginine salt of levonadifloxacin (WCK177) for IV and l-alanine ester mesylate salt as alalevonadifloxacin (WCK2349) for oral administration. It generally shows dominant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative, and positive bacterial infections, particularly toward methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by dual inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Producing quality product that complies to regulatory requirements is a big concern for pharma industries. To this context, validated analytical methods for routine quality control are essential for quantification of LND as an API alone and together with pharmaceutical formulations. This review suggests therapeutic, pharmacological, and analytical aspects regarding the novel drug LND and particularly focuses on discussing various reported analytical methods present for analytical or bioanalytical estimation of the drug and suggest to develop a simple and validated method which also complies to green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charul Lautre
- SVKM'S NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- SVKM'S NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jagdish K Sahu
- SVKM'S NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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14
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Parvatam S, Bharadwaj S, Radha V, Rao M. The need to develop a framework for human-relevant research in India: Towards better disease models and drug discovery. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Kaur P, Gurjar KK, Kumar V, Gohit S, Gupta V, Kumar R. Metal‐Free Multicomponent Construction of Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐Indole Derivatives via In Situ Generated
ortho
‐Quinonoid Intermediate. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
| | | | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
| | - Sonali Gohit
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
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Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and ethnopharmacology of Colebrookea oppositifolia Smith: a mini-review. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Swaminathan S, Kumar V, Kaul R. Need for alternatives to animals in experimentation: An Indian perspective. Indian J Med Res 2020; 149:584-592. [PMID: 31417025 PMCID: PMC6702685 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2047_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Swaminathan
- Former Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, ICMR, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Rajni Kaul
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, ICMR, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India
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18
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Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Patient-driven initiatives for prioritizing drug discovery for rare diseases. Indian J Med Res 2020; 149:326-328. [PMID: 31249196 PMCID: PMC6607820 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_499_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Bhattacharya
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, National Capital Region, Sonepat 131 029, Haryana, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
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19
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Martin RE. The transportome of the malaria parasite. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:305-332. [PMID: 31701663 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transport proteins, also known as transporters, control the movement of ions, nutrients, metabolites, and waste products across the membranes of a cell and are central to its biology. Proteins of this type also serve as drug targets and are key players in the phenomenon of drug resistance. The malaria parasite has a relatively reduced transportome, with only approximately 2.5% of its genes encoding transporters. Even so, assigning functions and physiological roles to these proteins, and ascertaining their contributions to drug action and drug resistance, has been very challenging. This review presents a detailed critique and synthesis of the disruption phenotypes, protein subcellular localisations, protein functions (observed or predicted), and links to antimalarial drug resistance for each of the parasite's transporter genes. The breadth and depth of the gene disruption data are particularly impressive, with at least one phenotype determined in the parasite's asexual blood stage for each transporter gene, and multiple phenotypes available for 76% of the genes. Analysis of the curated data set revealed there to be relatively little redundancy in the Plasmodium transportome; almost two-thirds of the parasite's transporter genes are essential or required for normal growth in the asexual blood stage of the parasite, and this proportion increased to 78% when the disruption phenotypes available for the other parasite life stages were included in the analysis. These observations, together with the finding that 22% of the transportome is implicated in the parasite's resistance to existing antimalarials and/or drugs within the development pipeline, indicate that transporters are likely to serve, or are already serving, as drug targets. Integration of the different biological and bioinformatic data sets also enabled the selection of candidates for transport processes known to be essential for parasite survival, but for which the underlying proteins have thus far remained undiscovered. These include potential transporters of pantothenate, isoleucine, or isopentenyl diphosphate, as well as putative anion-selective channels that may serve as the pore component of the parasite's 'new permeation pathways'. Other novel insights into the parasite's biology included the identification of transporters for the potential development of antimalarial treatments, transmission-blocking drugs, prophylactics, and genetically attenuated vaccines. The syntheses presented herein set a foundation for elucidating the functions and physiological roles of key members of the Plasmodium transportome and, ultimately, to explore and realise their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena E Martin
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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20
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Choudhury MC, Saberwal G. The work, goals, challenges, achievements, and recommendations of orphan medicinal product organizations in India: an interview-based study. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:241. [PMID: 31684990 PMCID: PMC6829914 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orphan medicinal products (OMPs) are intended for the diagnosis, prevention, management or treatment of rare diseases (RDs). Each RD affects only a small fraction of the population, and therefore, historically, industry hesitated to undertake relevant research and development (R&D). In response, the governments of many countries came up with orphan drug policies and RD policies which were hugely successful in incentivizing companies to do so. In India, in the absence of any such policy until recently, there are very few organizations involved in RD R&D. OBJECTIVES We wished to understand (i) the OMP Organizations' (OMPOs') areas of work and the nature of their work, (ii) their goals, (iii) the challenges they faced and how they were overcoming them, (iv) their achievements, and (v) their recommendations to the government to help their R&D, their success as commercial entities (where applicable), and patients' access to their products or services. RESULTS Ten of the 14 OMPOs are companies, whereas four are not-for-profit organizations. Almost all of the OMPOs are heavily into R&D. Six have already made their products or services available to patients. Four plan to out-license their products after the pre-clinical phase or phase 1 trials, eight plan to cater to patients directly and two of the OMPOs have been established only recently and thus do not yet have any product or service to offer patients. Nine OMPOs import about 90% of the components in the production process, which comprises either capital or recurrent expenditure. For most, locally manufactured alternatives are not available or are of inadequate quality. Most of the OMPOs have had productive collaborations with local or foreign academics or hospitals for R&D, animal efficacy studies, clinical trials or providing services to patients. The main challenges for the OMPOs are the lack of adequate funding, supportive government policies, and a conducive ecosystem. CONCLUSIONS These OMPOs are pioneers in their respective fields in India, and despite the challenges, have achieved new levels of innovation. With suitable government policies, they could scale up and provide relevant products and services to the large number of RD patients in the country whose medical needs are largely unmet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohua Chakraborty Choudhury
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560100, India
| | - Gayatri Saberwal
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560100, India.
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21
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Unleashing biotech's crouching tiger. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:373. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Sun F, Zhang H, Gonzales GB, Zhou J, Li Y, Zhang J, Jin Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Cao X, Zhang S, Yang S. Unraveling the Metabolic Routes of Retapamulin: Insights into Drug Development of Pleuromutilins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e02388-17. [PMID: 29358298 PMCID: PMC5913982 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02388-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retapamulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivative, is exclusively used for the topical short-term medication of impetigo and staphylococcal infections. In the present study, we report that retapamulin is adequately and rapidly metabolized in vitro via various metabolic pathways, such as hydroxylation, including mono-, di-, and trihydroxylation, and demethylation. Like tiamulin and valnemulin, the major metabolic routes of retapamulin were hydroxylation at the 2β and 8α positions of the mutilin moiety. Moreover, in vivo metabolism concurred with the results of the in vitro assays. Additionally, we observed significant interspecies differences in the metabolism of retapamulin. Until now, modifying the side chain was the mainstream method for new drug discovery of the pleuromutilins. This approach, however, could not resolve the low bioavailability and short efficacy of the drugs. Considering the rapid metabolism of the pleuromutilins mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, we propose that blocking the active metabolic site (C-2 and C-8 motif) or administering the drug in combination with cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors is a promising pathway in the development of novel pleuromutilin drugs with slow metabolism and long efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhen Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jin
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Differding E. The Drug Discovery and Development Industry in India-Two Decades of Proprietary Small-Molecule R&D. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:786-818. [PMID: 28464443 PMCID: PMC5488177 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive survey of proprietary drug discovery and development efforts performed by Indian companies between 1994 and mid-2016. It is based on the identification and detailed analysis of pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and contract research companies active in proprietary new chemical entity (NCE) research and development (R&D) in India. Information on preclinical and clinical development compounds was collected by company, therapeutic indication, mode of action, target class, and development status. The analysis focuses on the overall pipeline and its evolution over two decades, contributions by type of company, therapeutic focus, attrition rates, and contribution to Western pharmaceutical pipelines through licensing agreements. This comprehensive analysis is the first of its kind, and, in our view, represents a significant contribution to the understanding of the current state of the drug discovery and development industry in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond Differding
- Differding Consulting s.p.r.l.Route de Blocry 551348Louvain-la-NeuveBelgium
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