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Usman M, Marcus A, Fatima A, Aslam B, Zaid M, Khattak M, Bashir S, Masood S, Rafaque Z, Dasti JI. Synergistic Effects of Gentamicin, Cefepime, and Ciprofloxacin on Biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:5887-5898. [PMID: 37692466 PMCID: PMC10485136 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s426111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen involved in number of hospital-acquired infections such as catheter-associated urinary tract infections, bacteremia, septicemia, skin infections, and ventilator-associated pneumoniae. Biofilm formation is an important trait implicated in chronic infections, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic pulmonary obstruction. We evaluated effects of gentamicin, cefepime, and ciprofloxacin on biofilm of P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods A total of 266 isolates were collected from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP). Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed by double disk synergy testing. ESBL and carbapenemase detection was performed by phenotypic testing. Molecular screening of the genes was done by PCR. Micro-dilution broth method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. Biofilm formation was done by micro-titer plate assay. Results Overall, 20% of the P. aeruginosa isolates were extensively drug-resistant (XDR-PA), and 25% were multi-drug-resistant (MDR-PA). Likewise, 43% of the isolates were ESBL producers, and carbapenemase production was detected in 40% of the isolates. Molecular analysis confirmed occurrence of different resistant factors in ESBL-positive isolates; 67% carried blaTEM, 62% blaCTXM-15, 41% blaSHV, 34% blaCTXM-14, and 33% blaOXA-1. In addition, 68% of the carbapenem-resistant isolates were positive for blaNDM-1, 25% for blaOXA-48, and 22% for blaKPC-2. Biofilm formation was assessed for 234 isolates, out of which 28% were strong biofilm formers. Moderate and weak biofilm formers constituted 46% and 23%, respectively. Overall, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and cefepime showed inhibitory effects on P. aeruginosa biofilms. Antibiotics in combination showed strong synergistic effects (ciprofloxacin and cefepime), while gentamicin and cefepime resulted in complete eradication of P. aeruginosa biofilm. Conclusion We confirm strong synergistic effects of gentamicin and cefepime that completely eradicated P. aeruginosa biofilm. We further confirm inhibitory effects of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and cefepime on P. aeruginosa biofilms. Hence, combination therapy can be more effective against biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Arooj Marcus
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aimen Fatima
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Aslam
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Zaid
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muska Khattak
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Bashir
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Safia Masood
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Zara Rafaque
- Department of Microbiology Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra21120, Pakistan
| | - Javid Iqbal Dasti
- Lab of Microbial Genomics and Epidemiology, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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Konwar B, Mullick P, Das G, Ramesh A. Anthraquinone-Based Ligands as MNase Inhibitors: Insights from Inhibition Studies and Generation of a Payload Nanocarrier for Potential Anti-MRSA Therapy. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200711. [PMID: 37062965 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study highlights the prospect of an anthraquinone-based ligand (C1) as an inhibitor of micrococcal nuclease (MNase) enzyme secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. MNase inhibition rendered by 5.0 μM C1 was ∼96 % and the ligand could significantly distort the β-sheet conformation present in MNase. Mechanistic studies revealed that C1 rendered non-competitive inhibition, reduced the turnover (Kcat ) and catalytic efficiency (Km /Kcat ) of MNase with an IC50 value of 323 nM. C1 could also inhibit nuclease present in the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain. A C1-loaded human serum albumin (HSA)-based nanocarrier (C1-HNC) was developed, which was amicable to protease-triggered release of payload in presence of the CFS of an MRSA strain. Eluates from C1-HNC could effectively reduce the rate of MNase-catalyzed DNA cleavage. The non-toxic nature of C1-HNC in conjunction with the non-competitive mode of MNase inhibition rendered by C1 offers interesting therapeutic prospect in alleviation of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barlina Konwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781038, Assam, India
| | - Priya Mullick
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781038, Assam, India
- Present address: Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis S, t Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Gopal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781038, Assam, India
| | - Aiyagari Ramesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781038, Assam, India
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Bhattacharjee B, Basak M, Das G, Ramesh A. Quinoxaline-based membrane-targeting therapeutic material: Implications in rejuvenating antibiotic and curb MRSA invasion in an in vitro bone cell infection model. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 148:213359. [PMID: 36963341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Manifestation of resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) against multiple antibiotics demands an effective strategy to counter the menace of the pathogen. To address this challenge, the current study explores quinoxaline-based synthetic ligands as an adjuvant material to target MRSA in a combination therapy regimen. Amongst the tested ligands (C1-C4), only C2 was bactericidal against the MRSA strain S. aureus 4 s, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 μM. C2 displayed a membrane-directed activity and could effectively hinder MRSA biofilm formation. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that C2 downregulated expression of the regulator gene agrC and reduced the fold change in the expression of adhesin genes fnbA and cnbA in MRSA in a dose-dependent manner. C2 enabled a 4-fold reduction in the MIC of ciprofloxacin (CPX) and in presence of 10 μM C2 and 8.0 μM CPX, growth of MRSA was arrested. Furthermore, a combination of 10 μM C2 and 12 μM CPX could strongly inhibit MRSA biofilm formation and reduce biofilm metabolic activity. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of CPX against S. aureus 4 s biofilm was reduced and a synergy resulted between C2 and CPX. In a combinatorial treatment regimen, C2 could prevent emergence of CPX resistance and arrest growth of MRSA till 360 generations. C2 could also be leveraged in combination treatment (12 μM CPX and 10 μM C2) to target MRSA in an in vitro bone cell infection model, wherein MRSA cell adhesion and invasion onto cultured MG-63 cells was only ~17 % and ~ 0.37 %, respectively. The combinatorial treatment regimen was also biocompatible as the viability of MG-63 cells was high (~ 91 %). Thus, C2 is a promising adjuvant material to counter antibiotic-refractory therapy and mitigate MRSA-mediated bone cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basu Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Megha Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Gopal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Aiyagari Ramesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Koh Jing Jie A, Hussein M, Rao GG, Li J, Velkov T. Drug Repurposing Approaches towards Defeating Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens: Novel Polymyxin/Non-Antibiotic Combinations. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121420. [PMID: 36558754 PMCID: PMC9781023 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens remain an unmet public health threat. In recent times, increased rates of resistance have been reported not only to commonly used antibiotics, but also to the last-resort antibiotics, such as polymyxins. More worryingly, despite the current trends in resistance, there is a lack of new antibiotics in the drug-discovery pipeline. Hence, it is imperative that new strategies are developed to preserve the clinical efficacy of the current antibiotics, particularly the last-line agents. Combining conventional antibiotics such as polymyxins with non-antibiotics (or adjuvants), has emerged as a novel and effective strategy against otherwise untreatable MDR pathogens. This review explores the available literature detailing the latest polymyxin/non-antibiotic combinations, their mechanisms of action, and potential avenues to advance their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Koh Jing Jie
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Maytham Hussein
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gauri G. Rao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Novel Thiadiazole-Based Molecules as Promising Inhibitors of Black Fungi and Pathogenic Bacteria: In Vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113613. [PMID: 35684551 PMCID: PMC9182183 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were synthesized through the reaction of methyl 2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) hydrazine-1-carbodithioate and the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides in the presence of a few drops of diisopropylethylamine. The chemical structure of the newly fabricated compounds was inferred from their microanalytical and spectral data. With the increase in microbial diseases, fungi remain a devastating threat to human health because of the resistance of microorganisms to antifungal drugs. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) and COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM) have higher mortality rates in many populations. The present study aimed to find new antifungal agents using the disc diffusion method, and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were estimated by the microdilution assay. An in vitro experiment of six synthesized chemical compounds exhibited antifungal activity against Rhizopus oryzae; compounds with an imidazole moiety, such as the compound 7, were documented to have energetic antibacterial, antifungal properties. As a result of these findings, this research suggests that the synthesized compounds could be an excellent choice for controlling black fungus diseases. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was achieved on the synthesized compounds, of which compounds 2, 6, and 7 showed the best interactions with the selected protein targets.
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Application of Nanomaterials in the Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040805. [PMID: 35456638 PMCID: PMC9030647 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to differences in geographic surveillance systems, chemical sanitization practices, and antibiotic stewardship (AS) implementation employed during the COVID-19 pandemic, many experts have expressed concerns regarding a future surge in global antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A potential beneficiary of these differences is the Gram-positive bacteria MRSA. MRSA is a bacterial pathogen with a high potential for mutational resistance, allowing it to engage various AMR mechanisms circumventing conventional antibiotic therapies and the host’s immune response. Coupled with a lack of novel FDA-approved antibiotics reaching the clinic, the onus is on researchers to develop alternative treatment tools to mitigate against an increase in pathogenic resistance. Mitigation strategies can take the form of synthetic or biomimetic nanomaterials/vesicles employed in vaccines, rapid diagnostics, antibiotic delivery, and nanotherapeutics. This review seeks to discuss the current potential of the aforementioned nanomaterials in detecting and treating MRSA.
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Bhattacharjee B, Das A, Das G, Ramesh A. Urea-Based Ligand as an Efflux Pump Inhibitor: Warhead to Counter Ciprofloxacin Resistance and Inhibit Collagen Adhesion by MRSA. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1710-1720. [PMID: 35344332 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a frontline human pathogen in which efflux pump activity confers high levels of antibiotic-resistance and poses a therapeutic challenge in the clinics. The present study illustrates the potential of urea-based ligand as an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) in order to restore the efficacy of ciprofloxacin (CPX) against MRSA. Among eight structurally varying urea-based ligands, the ligand C8 could significantly inhibit efflux pump activity in the clinical MRSA strain S. aureus 4s and was superior to the known EPI reserpine. In combinatorial treatment, C8 enhanced cellular accumulation of CPX, rendered a 16× decrease in the MIC of CPX, and restored the susceptibility of S. aureus 4s to CPX. Notably, C8 downregulated the expression of norA gene coding for the efflux pump in MRSA and treatment with 10 μM C8 and 2.0 μM CPX prevented emergence of the CPX resistance trait and suppressed MRSA cell growth till 120 generations. For potential anti-MRSA therapy, C8-loaded poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanocarrier (C8-PNC) was generated, which facilitated facile release of C8 in physiologically relevant fluid. C8-PNC (loaded with 50 μM C8) rendered efflux pump inhibition and eliminated MRSA in combination with only 2.0 μM CPX. Treatment with the non-toxic C8-PNC (loaded with 50 μM C8) and CPX (2.0 μM) also hindered MRSA adhesion on collagen manifold higher as compared to cells treated with 32 μM CPX and significantly downregulated norA gene expression in non-adhered MRSA cells. The urea-based ligand presented herein is a promising biocompatible therapeutic material for effective mitigation of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basu Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Asesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Gopal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Aiyagari Ramesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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Gao Y, Chen Y, Cao Y, Mo A, Peng Q. Potentials of nanotechnology in treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 213:113056. [PMID: 33280899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was reported just two years after the clinical use of methicillin, which can cause severe infections with high morbidity and mortality in both community and hospital. The treatment of MRSA infection is greatly challenging since it has developed the resistance to almost all types of antibiotics. As such, it is of great significance and importance to develop novel therapeutic approaches. The fast development of nanotechnology provides a promising solution to this dilemma. Functional nanomaterials and nanoparticles can act either as drug carriers or as antibacterial agents for antibacterial therapy. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the drug resistance mechanisms of MRSA and discuss the potential applications of some functionalized nanomaterials in anti-MRSA therapy. Also, the concerns and possible solutions for the nanomaterials-based anti-MRSA therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yubin Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Anchun Mo
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Feldman M, Smoum R, Mechoulam R, Steinberg D. Potential combinations of endocannabinoid/endocannabinoid-like compounds and antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231583. [PMID: 32294120 PMCID: PMC7159245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus have reached epidemic proportions globally. Our previous study showed antimicrobial effects of anandamide (AEA) and arachidonoyl serine (AraS) against methicillin (MET)-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, proposing the therapeutic potential of these endocannabinoid/endocannabinoid-like (EC/EC-like) agents for the treatment of MRSA. Here, we investigated the potential synergism of combinations of AEA and AraS with different types of antibiotics against MRSA grown under planktonic growth or biofilm formation. The most effective combinations under planktonic conditions were mixtures of AEA and ampicillin (AMP), and of AraS and gentamicin (GEN). The combination with the highest synergy in the biofilm formation against all tested bacterial strains was AEA and MET. Moreover, the combination of AraS and MET synergistically caused default of biofilm formation. Slime production of MRSA was also dramatically impaired by AEA or AraS combined with MET. Our data suggest the novel potential activity of combinations of EC/EC-like agents and antibiotics in the prevention of MRSA biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Feldman
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Reem Smoum
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Liu S, Mai B, Jia M, Lin D, Zhang J, Liu Q, Wang P. Synergistic antimicrobial effects of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy and gentamicin on Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101703. [PMID: 32151763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is generally increasing, which has become a great challenge for treating infectious diseases caused by microbes. Photodynamic antibacterial chemotherapy (PACT) has been considered as a promising method for inactivating bacteria. The combination of antimicrobial agent with PACT may provide efficient way against drug-resistant microbe. This study aims to investigate the synergistic effects of PACT mediated by toluidine blue (TB), combined with gentamicin (GEN) on common pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MDR S. aureus). METHODS Alkaline lysis was used to detect the uptake of TB by S. aureus and MDR S. aureus. Plate counting was applied to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of GEN alone, TB-PACT alone, and work together. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were performed to examine the permeability of bacterial membranes after different treatments. Intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed with the assist of H2DCF-DA and SOSG probes. RESULTS TB-PACT combined with GEN led to more pronounced antibacterial effects in S. aureus and MDR S. aureus, as compared with either alone. TB-PACT treatment permeabilized the bacterial membranes, promoted GEN cellular accumulation and augmented the antibacterial efficiency. The intracellular ROS generation by the combination of TB-PACT and GEN was much higher than that of single treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS TB-PACT decreased the GEN cytotoxic threshold and usage, and the synergy of them significantly enhanced the sterilization of S. aureus and MDR S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bingjie Mai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengqi Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dewu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingdan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Quanhong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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11
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Dey P, Das G, Ramesh A. Interplay between Supramolecular and Coordination Interactions in Synthetic Amphiphiles: Triggering Metal Starvation and Anchorage onto MRSA Cell Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2110-2119. [PMID: 32031818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present work highlights the implications of supramolecular interaction and metal coordination on the self-assembly behavior and bactericidal potential of salicaldehyde-(C1) and napthaldehyde-based (C2) amphiphiles against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). LB trough and atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis indicated the propensity of the amphiphiles to form a monolayer as well as spherical aggregates, with the critical micelle concentration (CMC) for C2 (7.0 μM) being lower than C1 (18.5 μM) in water. Formation of an amphiphile-metal complex was evidenced by ESI-MS, FTIR, FETEM-EDX, and ITC analysis. Growth of S. aureus MRSA 100 cells was remarkably impaired in the presence of 5.0 μM C1 or 20 μM C2 as compared to free cells or cells grown in the presence of equivalent levels of amphiphile-metal complexes, suggesting that the amphiphiles perhaps sequester metal and induce metal starvation in MRSA. C1 and C2 rendered superior membrane damage in MRSA and were less toxic to human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells as compared to their metal complexes. C1 and C2 rendered a dose-dependent inhibition of S. aureus biofilm formation, while revival of biofilm upon Zn(II) addition suggested that zinc starvation rendered by the amphiphiles may induce biofilm inhibition. C1 imposed a concentration-dependent metal starvation response in MRSA as there was an upregulation of the cntL gene and downregulation of cntA gene, which are involved in synthesis of the zincophore staphylopine (Stp) and transport of the Stp-Zn complex, respectively. ITC analysis revealed that binding of C1 and C2 to staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was stronger than the corresponding Zn(II) complexes, which perhaps accounted for the higher bactericidal potency of the amphiphiles. The study provides a fundamental understanding on how the chemistry-driven multimodal interaction of the amphiphile translates into growth inhibition and metal starvation in MRSA and advances the idea of combating drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria through amphiphiles, which are pluri-active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Dey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Gopal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Aiyagari Ramesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
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12
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Wang S, Gao Y, Jin Q, Ji J. Emerging antibacterial nanomedicine for enhanced antibiotic therapy. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6825-6839. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00974a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the different mechanisms of current nano-antibiotic systems for combatting serious antibiotic resistance of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Yifan Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Qiao Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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13
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Russell CC, Stevens A, Young KA, Baker JR, McCluskey SN, Khazandi M, Pi H, Ogunniyi A, Page SW, Trott DJ, McCluskey A. Discovery of 4,6-bis(2-(( E)-benzylidene)hydrazinyl)pyrimidin-2-Amine with Antibiotic Activity. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:896-907. [PMID: 31312589 PMCID: PMC6610448 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Robenidine (E)-N'-((E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylidene)-2-(1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carboximidhydrazide displays methicillin-resistant Staphyoccoccus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) MICs of 2 μg mL-1. Herein we describe the structure-activity relationship development of a novel series of guanidine to 2-aminopyrimidine isosteres that ameliorate the low levels of mammalian cytotoxicity in the lead compound while retaining good antibiotic activity. Removal of the 2-NH2 pyrimidine moiety renders these analogues inactive. Introduction of a central 2-NH2 triazine moiety saw a 10-fold activity reduction. Phenyl to cyclohexyl isosteres were inactive. The 4-BrPh and 4-CH3Ph with MIC values of 2 and 4 μg mL-1, against MRSA and VRE respectively, are promising candidates for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia C. Russell
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghan NSW2308Australia
| | - Andrew Stevens
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghan NSW2308Australia
| | - Kelly A. Young
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghan NSW2308Australia
| | - Jennifer R. Baker
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghan NSW2308Australia
| | - Siobhann N. McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghan NSW2308Australia
| | - Manouchehr Khazandi
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance EcologySchool of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Adelaide, Roseworthy CampusMudla Wirra RoadRoseworthy5371 SAAustralia
| | - Hongfei Pi
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance EcologySchool of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Adelaide, Roseworthy CampusMudla Wirra RoadRoseworthy5371 SAAustralia
| | - Abiodun Ogunniyi
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance EcologySchool of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Adelaide, Roseworthy CampusMudla Wirra RoadRoseworthy5371 SAAustralia
| | | | - Darren J. Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance EcologySchool of Animal and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Adelaide, Roseworthy CampusMudla Wirra RoadRoseworthy5371 SAAustralia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life SciencesThe University of NewcastleUniversity DriveCallaghan NSW2308Australia
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14
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Heck J, Rox K, Lünsdorf H, Lückerath T, Klaassen N, Medina E, Goldmann O, Feldmann C. Zirconyl Clindamycinphosphate Antibiotic Nanocarriers for Targeting Intracellular Persisting Staphylococcus aureus. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8589-8594. [PMID: 31458988 PMCID: PMC6644946 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
[ZrO]2+[CLP]2- (CLP: clindamycinphosphate) inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles (IOH-NPs) represent a novel strategy to treat persisting, recurrent infections with multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus. [ZrO]2+[CLP]2- is prepared in water and contains the approved antibiotic with unprecedented high load (82 wt % CLP per nanoparticle). The IOH-NPs result in 70-150-times higher antibiotic concentrations at difficult-to-reach infection sites, offering new options for improved drug delivery for chronic and difficult-to-treat infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim
G. Heck
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katharina Rox
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Deutsches
Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heinrich Lünsdorf
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lückerath
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Klaassen
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Medina
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claus Feldmann
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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15
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Dey P, Mukherjee S, Das G, Ramesh A. Micellar chemotherapeutic platform based on a bifunctional salicaldehyde amphiphile delivers a "combo-effect" for heightened killing of MRSA. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2116-2125. [PMID: 32254434 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03150e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The devastating infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) coupled with its high resistance towards antibiotics underscores the need for an effective anti-MRSA therapeutic. The present study illustrates the use of a salicylaldehyde based bactericidal amphiphile (C1) in generating a micellar carrier that renders delivery of therapeutic antibiotics. The inherent membrane-targeting activity of C1 present in the micelle could be leveraged to counter the resistance of MRSA and enhance cellular uptake of the released antibiotics, resulting in effective elimination of the pathogen. The inherent bactericidal and antibiofilm activity of C1 was captured in FESEM analysis, solution-based assays and fluorescence microscopy. ANS-based fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) for C1 was 18.5 μM in water. DLS studies and FESEM analysis indicated that the average particle size for micelles based on C1 (C1M) and rifampicin-loaded C1M (C1M- R) was smaller than vancomycin-loaded C1M (C1M- V). C1M- R and C1M- V rendered sustained release of the antibiotics in physiologically relevant fluids. Notably, following interaction with MRSA for 3 h, the relative anti-MRSA activity of C1M- R and C1M- V was nearly 12-fold and 8-fold higher, respectively, as compared to the free antibiotics at equivalent concentration, highlighting the merit of leveraging the activity of C1 and the antibiotic concurrently in the micellar system. The relative cell-free antibiotic was also manifold lower in the case of C1M- R and C1M- V treated MRSA as against treatment with free antibiotics, suggesting that the amphiphilic warhead breached the membrane barrier and enhanced cellular uptake of the released antibiotics. Interestingly, C1M- R and C1M- V exhibited a high therapeutic index, being non-toxic to HEK 293 cells at concentrations higher than their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against MRSA and they could be employed as an antibacterial coating to prevent MRSA biofilm formation on surgical silk sutures. The antibiotic-replete biocompatible micelles based on a self-assembling membrane-targeting amphiphile described herein represent a promising framework to integrate multiple warheads and generate a potent anti-MRSA therapeutic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulomi Dey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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16
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Chauhan P, Dey P, Mukherjee S, Manna U, Das G, Ramesh A. A Cytocompatible Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite Loaded with an Amphiphilic Arsenal for Alleviation of Staphylococcus
Biofilm. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of, Technology Guwahati; Guwahati 781039 Assam India
| | - Poulomi Dey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of, Technology Guwahati; Guwahati 781039 Assam India
| | - Sandipan Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of, Technology Guwahati; Guwahati 781039 Assam India
| | - Utsab Manna
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati 781039 Assam India
| | - Gopal Das
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati 781039 Assam India
| | - Aiyagari Ramesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of, Technology Guwahati; Guwahati 781039 Assam India
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