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Parisi C, Laneri F, Fraix A, Sortino S. Multifunctional Molecular Hybrids Photoreleasing Nitric Oxide: Advantages, Pitfalls, and Opportunities. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39009572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The multifaceted role nitric oxide (NO) plays in human physiology and pathophysiology has opened new scenarios in biomedicine by exploiting this free radical as an unconventional therapeutic against important diseases. The difficulties in handling gaseous NO and the strict dependence of the biological effects on its doses and location have made the light-activated NO precursors, namely NO photodonors (NOPDs), very appealing by virtue of their precise spatiotemporal control of NO delivery. The covalent integration of NOPDs and additional functional components within the same molecular skeleton through suitable linkers can lead to an intriguing class of multifunctional photoactivatable molecular hybrids. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the recent advances in these molecular constructs, emphasizing those merging NO photorelease with targeting, fluorescent reporting, and phototherapeutic functionalities. We will highlight the rational design behind synthesizing these molecular hybrids and critically describe the advantages, drawbacks, and opportunities they offer in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parisi
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Laneri
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Aurore Fraix
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- PhotoChemLab, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
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Ong HC, Coimbra JTS, Ramos MJ, Xing B, Fernandes PA, García F. Beyond the TPP + "gold standard": a new generation mitochondrial delivery vector based on extended PN frameworks. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4126-4133. [PMID: 37063789 PMCID: PMC10094279 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06508h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial targeting represents an attractive strategy for treating metabolic, degenerative and hyperproliferative diseases, since this organelle plays key roles in essential cellular functions. Triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) moieties - the current "gold standard" - have been widely used as mitochondrial targeting vectors for a wide range of molecular cargo. Recently, further optimisation of the TPP+ platform drew considerable interest as a way to enhance mitochondrial therapies. However, although the modification of this system appears promising, the core structure of the TPP+ moiety remains largely unchanged. Thus, this study explored the use of aminophosphonium (PN+) and phosphazenylphosphonium (PPN+) main group frameworks as novel mitochondrial delivery vectors. The PPN+ moiety was found to be a highly promising platform for this purpose, owing to its unique electronic properties and high lipophilicity. This has been demonstrated by the high mitochondrial accumulation of a PPN+-conjugated fluorophore relative to its TPP+-conjugated counterpart, and has been further supported by density functional theory and molecular dynamics calculations, highlighting the PPN+ moiety's unusual electronic properties. These results demonstrate the potential of novel phosphorus-nitrogen based frameworks as highly effective mitochondrial delivery vectors over traditional TPP+ vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- How Chee Ong
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - João T S Coimbra
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre 687, s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre 687, s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Bengang Xing
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre 687, s/n 4169-007 Porto Portugal
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo Avda Julian Claveria 8 33006 Asturias Spain
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
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Kuznetsov KM, Baigildin VA, Solomatina AI, Galenko EE, Khlebnikov AF, Sokolov VV, Tunik SP, Shakirova JR. Polymeric Nanoparticles with Embedded Eu(III) Complexes as Molecular Probes for Temperature Sensing. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248813. [PMID: 36557943 PMCID: PMC9785794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three novel luminescent Eu(III) complexes, Eu1-Eu3, have been synthesized and characterized with CHN analysis, mass-spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The complexes display strong emission in dichloromethane solution upon excitation at 405 and 800 nm with a quantum yield from 18.3 to 31.6%, excited-state lifetimes in the range of 243-1016 ms at 20 °C, and lifetime temperature sensitivity of 0.9%/K (Eu1), 1.9%/K (Eu2), and 1.7%/K (Eu3). The chromophores were embedded into biocompatible latex nanoparticles (NPs_Eu1-NPs_Eu3) that prevented emission quenching and kept the photophysical characteristics of emitters unchanged with the highest temperature sensitivity of 1.3%/K (NPs_Eu2). For this probe cytotoxicity, internalization dynamics and localization in CHO-K1 cells were studied together with lifetime vs. temperature calibration in aqueous solution, phosphate buffer, and in a mixture of growth media and fetal bovine serum. The obtained data were then averaged to give the calibration curve, which was further used for temperature estimation in biological samples. The probe was stable in physiological media and displayed good reproducibility in cycling experiments between 20 and 40 °C. PLIM experiments with thermostated CHO-K1 cells incubated with NPs_Eu2 indicated that the probe could be used for temperature estimation in cells including the assessment of temperature variations upon chemical shock (sample treatment with mitochondrial uncoupling reagent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill M. Kuznetsov
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Vadim A. Baigildin
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Anastasia I. Solomatina
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E. Galenko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Alexander F. Khlebnikov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Victor V. Sokolov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.P.T.); (J.R.S.)
| | - Julia R. Shakirova
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.P.T.); (J.R.S.)
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Sharutin VV, Sharutina OK, Mekhanoshina ES. A STUDY OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF ORGANYL-TRIPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM 2,4-DINITROBENZENE SULPHONATES [Ph3PR][OSO2C6H3(NO2)2-2,4], R = CH2OMe, CH2CN, CH2CH = CHCH2PPh3. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476622100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ong HC, Coimbra JTS, Kwek G, Ramos MJ, Xing B, Fernandes PA, García F. Alkyl vs. aryl modifications: a comparative study on modular modifications of triphenylphosphonium mitochondrial vectors. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1643-1650. [PMID: 34977579 PMCID: PMC8637833 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00099c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) moieties are commonly conjugated to drug molecules to confer mitochondrial selectivity due to their positive charge and high lipophilicity. Although optimisation of lipophilicity can be achieved by modifying the length of the alkyl linkers between the TPP+ moiety and the drug molecule, it is not always possible. While methylation of the TPP+ moiety is a viable alternative to increase lipophilicity and mitochondrial accumulation, there are no studies comparing these two separate modular approaches. Thus, we have systematically designed, synthesised and tested a range of TPP+ molecules with varying alkyl chain lengths and degree of aryl methylation to compare the two modular methodologies for modulating lipophilicity. The ability of aryl/alkyl modified TPP+ to deliver cargo to the mitochondria was also evaluated by confocal imaging with a TPP+-conjugated fluorescein-based fluorophore. Furthermore, we have employed molecular dynamics simulations to understand the translocation of these molecules through biological membrane model systems. These results provide further insights into the thermodynamics of this process and the effect of alkyl and aryl modular modifications. Alkyl chain extension and aryl methylation can be employed to enhance mitochondrial uptake in triphenylphosphonium vectors. Here we compare these complementary strategies and their mitochondrial-targeting effects using a modular synthetic approach.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- How Chee Ong
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - João T S Coimbra
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Portugal
| | - Germain Kwek
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Maria J Ramos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Portugal
| | - Bengang Xing
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Portugal
| | - Felipe García
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
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Mironov VF, Nemtarev AV, Tsepaeva OV, Dimukhametov MN, Litvinov IA, Voloshina AD, Pashirova TN, Titov EA, Lyubina AP, Amerhanova SK, Gubaidullin AT, Islamov DR. Rational Design 2-Hydroxypropylphosphonium Salts as Cancer Cell Mitochondria-Targeted Vectors: Synthesis, Structure, and Biological Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:6350. [PMID: 34770759 PMCID: PMC8588467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown for a wide range of epoxy compounds that their interaction with triphenylphosphonium triflate occurs with a high chemoselectivity and leads to the formation of (2-hydroxypropyl)triphenylphosphonium triflates 3 substituted in the 3-position with an alkoxy, alkylcarboxyl group, or halogen, which were isolated in a high yield. Using the methodology for the disclosure of epichlorohydrin with alcohols in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate, followed by the substitution of iodine for chlorine and treatment with triphenylphosphine, 2-hydroxypropyltriphenylphosphonium iodides 4 were also obtained. The molecular and supramolecular structure of the obtained phosphonium salts was established, and their high antitumor activity was revealed in relation to duodenal adenocarcinoma. The formation of liposomal systems based on phosphonium salt 3 and L-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC) was employed for improving the bioavailability and reducing the toxicity. They were produced by the thin film rehydration method and exhibited cytotoxic properties. This rational design of phosphonium salts 3 and 4 has promising potential of new vectors for targeted delivery into mitochondria of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir F. Mironov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Andrey V. Nemtarev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Olga V. Tsepaeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Mudaris N. Dimukhametov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Igor A. Litvinov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Alexandra D. Voloshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Tatiana N. Pashirova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Eugenii A. Titov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Anna P. Lyubina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Syumbelya K. Amerhanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Aidar T. Gubaidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Daut R. Islamov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 8 Arbuzov St., 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.V.N.); (O.V.T.); (M.N.D.); (I.A.L.); (A.D.V.); (T.N.P.); (A.P.L.); (S.K.A.); (A.T.G.); (D.R.I.)
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Sodano F, Gazzano E, Rolando B, Marini E, Lazzarato L, Fruttero R, Riganti C, Gasco A. Tuning NO release of organelle-targeted furoxan derivatives and their cytotoxicity against lung cancer cells. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104911. [PMID: 33901795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a study on a set of hybrid compounds in which 3-R-substituted furoxan moieties (R = CH3, CONH2, CN, SO2C6H5), endowed with varying NO-releasing capacities, are joined to a mitochondrial probe, rhodamine B. Each product has been investigated for its ability to release NO both in physiological solution, in the presence of cysteine, and in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of all the products against the aforementioned cancer cells has been assessed, including the structurally related compounds with no mitochondrial targeting, which were taken as a reference. In the case of the models bearing the -CH3 and -CONH2 groups at the 3-position on the furoxan, only the targeted models showed a significant cytotoxic activity, and only at the highest concentrations, in accordance with their weak NO-releasing properties. On the contrary, the presence of the strong electron-withdrawing groups, as -CN and -SO2C6H5, at the 3-position gave rise to anticancer agents, likely because of the high NO-releasing and of their capability of inhibiting cellular proteins by covalent binding. In detail, the rhodamine hybrid containing the 3-SO2C6H5 substituted furoxan moiety emerged as the most interesting product as it showed high cytotoxicity over the entire concentration range tested. This substructure was also linked to a phenothiazine scaffold that is able to accumulate in lysosomes. Nevertheless, mitochondrial targeting for these NO-donor furoxan substructures was found to be the most efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sodano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Gasco
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Duskey JT, Ottonelli I, Da Ros F, Vilella A, Zoli M, Kovachka S, Spyrakis F, Vandelli MA, Tosi G, Ruozi B. Novel peptide-conjugated nanomedicines for brain targeting: In vivo evidence. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 28:102226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Therapeutic Strategies for Regulating Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010083. [PMID: 31948035 PMCID: PMC7023101 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many reports on the relationship between mitochondrial oxidative stress and various types of diseases. This review covers mitochondrial targeting photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy as a therapeutic strategy for inducing mitochondrial oxidative stress. We also discuss other mitochondrial targeting phototherapeutic methods. In addition, we discuss anti-oxidant therapy by a mitochondrial drug delivery system (DDS) as a therapeutic strategy for suppressing oxidative stress. We also describe cell therapy for reducing oxidative stress in mitochondria. Finally, we discuss the possibilities and problems associated with clinical applications of mitochondrial DDS to regulate mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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