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Marriott A, Rioux J, Brewer K. Nonuniform sliding-window reconstruction for accelerated dual contrast agent quantification with MR fingerprinting. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 37:273-282. [PMID: 38217784 PMCID: PMC10994993 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-023-01140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MR fingerprinting (MRF) can enable preclinical studies of cell tracking by quantifying multiple contrast agents simultaneously, but faster scan times are required for in vivo applications. Sliding window (SW)-MRF is one option for accelerating MRF, but standard implementations are not sufficient to preserve the accuracy of T2*, which is critical for tracking iron-labelled cells in vivo. PURPOSE To develop a SW approach to MRF which preserves the T2* accuracy required for accelerated concentration mapping of iron-labelled cells on single-channel preclinical systems. METHODS A nonuniform SW was applied to the MRF sequence and dictionary. Segments of the sequence most sensitive to T2* were subject to a shorter window length, preserving the T2* sensitivity. Phantoms containing iron-labelled CD8+ T cells and gadolinium were used to compare 24× undersampled uniform and nonuniform SW-MRF parameter maps. Dual concentration maps were generated for both uniform and nonuniform MRF and compared. RESULTS Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, compared to gold standard parameter values, was much greater for nonuniform SW-MRF than for uniform SW-MRF. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed no significant difference between nonuniform SW-MRF and gold standards. Nonuniform SW-MRF outperformed the uniform SW-MRF concentration maps for all parameters, providing a balance between T2* sensitivity of short window lengths, and SNR of longer window lengths. CONCLUSIONS Nonuniform SW-MRF improves the accuracy of matching compared to uniform SW-MRF, allowing higher accelerated concentration mapping for preclinical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marriott
- Biomedical MRI Research Laboratory (BMRL), IWK Health Centre, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - James Rioux
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), NS Health, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kimberly Brewer
- Biomedical MRI Research Laboratory (BMRL), IWK Health Centre, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada.
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Abakumova T, Kuzkina A, Koshkin P, Pozdeeva D, Abakumov M, Melnikov P, Ionova K, Gubskii I, Gurina O, Nukolova N, Chekhonin V. Localized Increased Permeability of Blood-Brain Barrier for Antibody Conjugates in the Cuprizone Model of Demyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12688. [PMID: 37628867 PMCID: PMC10454543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new neurotherapeutics depends on appropriate animal models being chosen in preclinical studies. The cuprizone model is an effective tool for studying demyelination and remyelination processes in the brain, but blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in the cuprizone model is still a topic for debate. Several publications claim that the BBB remains intact during cuprizone-induced demyelination; others demonstrate results that could explain the increased BBB permeability. In this study, we aim to analyze the permeability of the BBB for different macromolecules, particularly antibody conjugates, in a cuprizone-induced model of demyelination. We compared the traditional approach using Evans blue injection with subsequent dye extraction and detection of antibody conjugates using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and confocal microscopy to analyze BBB permeability in the cuprizone model. First, we validated our model of demyelination by performing T2-weighted MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, quantitative rt-PCR to detect changes in mRNA expression of myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein, and Luxol fast blue histological staining of myelin. Intraperitoneal injection of Evans blue did not result in any differences between the fluorescent signal in the brain of healthy and cuprizone-treated mice (IVIS analysis with subsequent dye extraction). In contrast, intravenous injection of antibody conjugates (anti-GFAP or non-specific IgG) after 4 weeks of a cuprizone diet demonstrated accumulation in the corpus callosum of cuprizone-treated mice both by contrast-enhanced MRI (for gadolinium-labeled antibodies) and by fluorescence microscopy (for Alexa488-labeled antibodies). Our results suggest that the methods with better sensitivity could detect the accumulation of macromolecules (such as fluorescent-labeled or gadolinium-labeled antibody conjugates) in the brain, suggesting a local BBB disruption in the demyelinating area. These findings support previous investigations that questioned BBB integrity in the cuprizone model and demonstrate the possibility of delivering antibody conjugates to the corpus callosum of cuprizone-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Abakumova
- Department of Synthetic Neurotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anastasia Kuzkina
- Faculty of Medicine, Sechenov First Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of Immunochemistry, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Philipp Koshkin
- Department of Medicine and Biology, Chair of Medical Nanotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Daria Pozdeeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Sechenov First Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of Immunochemistry, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Maxim Abakumov
- Department of Medicine and Biology, Chair of Medical Nanotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Pavel Melnikov
- Department of Immunochemistry, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Klavdia Ionova
- Department of Immunochemistry, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Ilia Gubskii
- Department of Medicine and Biology, Chair of Medical Nanotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Olga Gurina
- Department of Immunochemistry, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Natalia Nukolova
- Department of Immunochemistry, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- Department of Immunochemistry, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Medicine and Biology, Chair of Medical Nanotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
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Wu Z, Dai L, Tang K, Ma Y, Song B, Zhang Y, Li J, Lui S, Gong Q, Wu M. Advances in magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents for glioblastoma-targeting theranostics. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab062. [PMID: 34868634 PMCID: PMC8634494 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant brain tumour, with a median survival of 3 months without treatment and 15 months with treatment. Early GBM diagnosis can significantly improve patient survival due to early treatment and management procedures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using contrast agents is the preferred method for the preoperative detection of GBM tumours. However, commercially available clinical contrast agents do not accurately distinguish between GBM, surrounding normal tissue and other cancer types due to their limited ability to cross the blood–brain barrier, their low relaxivity and their potential toxicity. New GBM-specific contrast agents are urgently needed to overcome the limitations of current contrast agents. Recent advances in nanotechnology have produced alternative GBM-targeting contrast agents. The surfaces of nanoparticles (NPs) can be modified with multimodal contrast imaging agents and ligands that can specifically enhance the accumulation of NPs at GBM sites. Using advanced imaging technology, multimodal NP-based contrast agents have been used to obtain accurate GBM diagnoses in addition to an increased amount of clinical diagnostic information. NPs can also serve as drug delivery systems for GBM treatments. This review focuses on the research progress for GBM-targeting MRI contrast agents as well as MRI-guided GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lixiong Dai
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yiqi Ma
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Song
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Marriott A, Bowen C, Rioux J, Brewer K. Simultaneous quantification of SPIO and gadolinium contrast agents using MR fingerprinting. Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 79:121-129. [PMID: 33774098 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Develop a magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) methodology with R2∗ quantification, intended for use with simultaneous contrast agent concentration mapping, particularly gadolinium (Gd) and iron labelled CD8+ T cells. METHODS Variable-density spiral SSFP MRF was used, modified to allow variable TE, and with an exp.(-TE·R2∗) dictionary modulation. In vitro phantoms containing SPIO labelled cells and/or gadolinium were used to validate parameter maps, probe undersampling capacity, and verify dual quantification capabilities. A C57BL/6 mouse was imaged using MRF to demonstrate acceptable in vivo resolution and signal at 8× undersampling necessary for a 25-min scan. RESULTS Strong agreement was found between conventional and MRF-derived values for R1, R2, and R2∗. Expanded MRF allowed quantification of iron-loaded CD8+ T cells. Results were robust to 8× undersampling and enabled recreation of relaxation profiles for both a Gd agent and iron labelled cells simultaneously. In vivo data demonstrated sufficient SNR in undersampled data for parameter mapping to visualise key features. CONCLUSION MRF can be expanded to include R1, R2, and R2∗ mapping required for simultaneous quantification of gadolinium and SPIO in vitro, allowing for potential implementation of a variety of future in vivo studies using dual MR contrast agents, including molecular imaging of labelled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marriott
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Chris Bowen
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - James Rioux
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kimberly Brewer
- Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada; Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Diaferia C, Gianolio E, Accardo A. Peptide-based building blocks as structural elements for supramolecular Gd-containing MRI contrast agents. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3157. [PMID: 30767370 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most important clinic diagnostic tool used to obtain high-quality body images. The administration of low-molecular-weight Gd complex-based MRI contrast agents (CAs) permits to increase the 1 H relaxation rate of nearby water molecules, thus modulating signal intensity and contrast enhancement. Even if highly accurate, MRI modality suffers from its low sensitivity. Moreover, low-molecular-weight CAs rapidly equilibrate between the intravascular and extravascular spaces after their administration. In order to improve their sensitivity and limit the extravasation phenomenon, several macromolecular and supramolecular multimeric gadolinium complexes (dendrimers, polymers, carbon nanostructures, micelles, and liposomes) have been designed until now. Because of their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, low cost, and easy synthetic modification, peptides are attractive building blocks for the fabbrication of novel materials for biomedical applications. We report on the state of the art of supramolecular CAs obtained by self-assembly of three different classes of building blocks containing a peptide sequence, a gadolinium complex, and, if necessary, a third functional portion achieving the organization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Raucher D, Dragojevic S, Ryu J. Macromolecular Drug Carriers for Targeted Glioblastoma Therapy: Preclinical Studies, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Front Oncol 2018; 8:624. [PMID: 30619758 PMCID: PMC6304427 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common, aggressive brain tumor, ranks among the least curable cancers-owing to its strong tendency for intracranial dissemination, high proliferation potential, and inherent tumor resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Current glioblastoma treatment strategies are further hampered by a critical challenge: adverse, non-specific treatment effects in normal tissue combined with the inability of drugs to penetrate the blood brain barrier and reach the tumor microenvironment. Thus, the creation of effective therapies for glioblastoma requires development of targeted drug-delivery systems that increase accumulation of the drug in the tumor tissue while minimizing systemic toxicity in healthy tissues. As demonstrated in various preclinical glioblastoma models, macromolecular drug carriers have the potential to improve delivery of small molecule drugs, therapeutic peptides, proteins, and genes to brain tumors. Currently used macromolecular drug delivery systems, such as liposomes and polymers, passively target solid tumors, including glioblastoma, by capitalizing on abnormalities of the tumor vasculature, its lack of lymphatic drainage, and the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. In addition to passive targeting, active targeting approaches include the incorporation of various ligands on the surface of macromolecules that bind to cell surface receptors expressed on specific cancer cells. Active targeting approaches also utilize stimulus responsive macromolecules which further improve tumor accumulation by triggering changes in the physical properties of the macromolecular carrier. The stimulus can be an intrinsic property of the tumor tissue, such as low pH, or extrinsic, such as local application of ultrasound or heat. This review article explores current preclinical studies and future perspectives of targeted drug delivery to glioblastoma by macromolecular carrier systems, including polymeric micelles, nanoparticles, and biopolymers. We highlight key aspects of the design of diverse macromolecular drug delivery systems through a review of their preclinical applications in various glioblastoma animal models. We also review the principles and advantages of passive and active targeting based on various macromolecular carriers. Additionally, we discuss the potential disadvantages that may prevent clinical application of these carriers in targeting glioblastoma, as well as approaches to overcoming these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drazen Raucher
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Sonja Dragojevic
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Jungsu Ryu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS, United States
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Connexins and Pannexins: Important Players in Tumorigenesis, Metastasis and Potential Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061645. [PMID: 29865195 PMCID: PMC6032133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their characterization more than five decades ago, gap junctions and their structural proteins-the connexins-have been associated with cancer cell growth. During that period, the accumulation of data and molecular knowledge about this association revealed an apparent contradictory relationship between them and cancer. It appeared that if gap junctions or connexins can down regulate cancer cell growth they can be also implied in the migration, invasion and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. Interestingly, in all these situations, connexins seem to be involved through various mechanisms in which they can act either as gap-junctional intercellular communication mediators, modulators of signalling pathways through their interactome, or as hemichannels, which mediate autocrine/paracrine communication. This complex involvement of connexins in cancer progression is even more complicated by the fact that their hemichannel function may overlap with other gap junction-related proteins, the pannexins. Despite this complexity, the possible involvements of connexins and pannexins in cancer progression and the elucidation of the mechanisms they control may lead to use them as new targets to control cancer progression. In this review, the involvements of connexins and pannexins in these different topics (cancer cell growth, invasion/metastasis process, possible cancer therapeutic targets) are discussed.
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Dong H, Zhou XW, Wang X, Yang Y, Luo JW, Liu YH, Mao Q. Complex role of connexin 43 in astrocytic tumors and possible promotion of glioma‑associated epileptic discharge (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7890-7900. [PMID: 28983585 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexin (Cx)43 is a multifunction protein which forms gap junction channels and hemi‑channels. It also contains abundant binding domains which possess the ability to interact with certain Cx43‑associated proteins and therefore serve a fundamental role in various physiological and pathological functions. However, the understanding of the association between cancer and Cx43 along with Cx43‑gap junctions (GJ) remains unclear. All available data illustrate that Cx43 and its associated GJ serve important functions in cancers. The expression levels of Cx43 demonstrate a downward trend and an increase in the levels of malignancy, particularly in astrocytomas. The GJ intercellular communication activity in glioma cells can be adjusted via Cx43 phosphorylation and through the combination of Cx43 and its associated protein. Available evidence reveals Cx43 as a tumor‑inhibiting factor that suppresses glioma growth and proliferation. However, its mechanism is also regarded as complicated and ambiguous. Furthermore, it is apparent that Cx43‑GJ and the carboxyl tail may contribute to glioma growth and proliferation too. However, this valuable role could be weakened by its effects on migration and invasiveness. The detailed mechanism remains unclear and full of controversies. Cx43 can enhance the motor ability and invasiveness of astrocytic glioma cells. It is also able to influence glioma cells to detach from the tumor core to the peritumoral neocortex. This peritumoral region has recently been regarded as the basic focus of glioma‑associated seizure. Thus, Cx43 may take part in the onset and development of glioma‑associated epileptic discharge. In addition, change and increase of Cx43 expression in GJs has been observed in seizure perilesional tissue, which is associated with brain tumors. Cx43 or GJ/hemi‑channels exert enduring effects in the promotion of glioma‑associated epileptic release through direct mass effects and change of the tumor microenvironment. However, there are still a number of issues concerning this aspect that require further exploration. Cx43, as a potential treatment target against this incurable disease and its common symptom of epilepsy, requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Wang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Wen Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qing Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Dual Contrast - Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (DC-MRF): A Platform for Simultaneous Quantification of Multiple MRI Contrast Agents. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8431. [PMID: 28814732 PMCID: PMC5559598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Injectable Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) contrast agents have been widely used to provide critical assessments of disease for both clinical and basic science imaging research studies. The scope of available MRI contrast agents has expanded over the years with the emergence of molecular imaging contrast agents specifically targeted to biological markers. Unfortunately, synergistic application of more than a single molecular contrast agent has been limited by MRI's ability to only dynamically measure a single agent at a time. In this study, a new Dual Contrast - Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (DC - MRF) methodology is described that can detect and independently quantify the local concentration of multiple MRI contrast agents following simultaneous administration. This "multi-color" MRI methodology provides the opportunity to monitor multiple molecular species simultaneously and provides a practical, quantitative imaging framework for the eventual clinical translation of molecular imaging contrast agents.
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