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Soliman MG, Trinh DN, Ravagli C, Meleady P, Henry M, Movia D, Doumett S, Cappiello L, Prina-Mello A, Baldi G, Monopoli MP. Development of a fast and simple method for the isolation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles protein corona from protein-rich matrices. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:503-519. [PMID: 38184993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The adsorption of proteins onto the surface of nanoparticle (NP) leads to the formation of the so-called "protein corona" as consisting both loosely and tightly bound proteins. It is well established that the biological identity of NPs that may be acquired after exposure to a biological matrix is mostly provided by the components of the hard corona as the pristine surface is generally less accessible for binding. For that reason, the isolation and the characterisation of the NP-corona complexes and identification of the associated biomolecules can help in understanding its biological behaviour. Established methods for the isolation of the NP-HC complexes are time-demanding and can lead to different results based on the isolation method applied. Herein, we have developed a fast and simple method using ferromagnetic beads isolated from commercial MACS column and used for the isolation of superparamagnetic NP following exposure to different types of biological milieu. We first demonstrated the ability to easily isolate superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (IONPs) from different concentrations of human blood plasma, and also tested the method on the corona isolation using more complex biological matrices, such as culture medium containing pulmonary mucus where the ordinary corona methods cannot be applied. Our developed method showed less than 20% difference in plasma corona composition when compared with centrifugation. It also showed effective isolation of NP-HC complexes from mucus-containing culture media upon comparing with centrifugation and MACS columns, which failed to wash out the unbound proteins. Our study was supported with a full characterisation profile including dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, analytical disk centrifuge, and zeta potentials. The biomolecules/ proteins composing the HC were separated by vertical gel electrophoresis and subsequently analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In addition to our achievements in comparing different isolation methods to separate IONPs with corona from human plasma, this is the first study that provides a complete characterisation profile of particle protein corona after exposure in vitro to pulmonary mucus-containing culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud G Soliman
- Chemistry Department, RCSI (Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland), 123 St Stephen Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Duong N Trinh
- Chemistry Department, RCSI (Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland), 123 St Stephen Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Costanza Ravagli
- Research Center Colorobbia, Cericol, Colorobbia Consulting, Via Pietramarina 123, 50053, Vinci, Florence, Italy
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Dania Movia
- Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland; Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity (ARTT), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Saer Doumett
- Research Center Colorobbia, Cericol, Colorobbia Consulting, Via Pietramarina 123, 50053, Vinci, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Cappiello
- Research Center Colorobbia, Cericol, Colorobbia Consulting, Via Pietramarina 123, 50053, Vinci, Florence, Italy
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland; Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Giovanni Baldi
- Research Center Colorobbia, Cericol, Colorobbia Consulting, Via Pietramarina 123, 50053, Vinci, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco P Monopoli
- Chemistry Department, RCSI (Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland), 123 St Stephen Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Landry J, Shows K, Jagdeesh A, Shah A, Pokhriyal M, Yakovlev V. Regulatory miRNAs in cancer cell recovery from therapy exposure and its implications as a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing disease recurrence. Enzymes 2023; 53:113-196. [PMID: 37748835 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The desired outcome of cancer therapies is the eradication of disease. This can be achieved when therapy exposure leads to therapy-induced cancer cell death as the dominant outcome. Theoretically, a permanent therapy-induced growth arrest could also contribute to a complete response, which has the potential to lead to remission. However, preclinical models have shown that therapy-induced growth arrest is not always durable, as recovering cancer cell populations can contribute to the recurrence of cancer. Significant research efforts have been expended to develop strategies focusing on the prevention of recurrence. Recovery of cells from therapy exposure can occur as a result of several cell stress adaptations. These include cytoprotective autophagy, cellular quiescence, a reversable form of senescence, and the suppression of apoptosis and necroptosis. It is well documented that microRNAs regulate the response of cancer cells to anti-cancer therapies, making targeting microRNAs therapeutically a viable strategy to sensitization and the prevention of recovery. We propose that the use of microRNA-targeting therapies in prolonged sequence, that is, a significant period after initial therapy exposure, could reduce toxicity from the standard combination strategy, and could exploit new epigenetic states essential for cancer cells to recover from therapy exposure. In a step toward supporting this strategy, we survey the available scientific literature to identify microRNAs which could be targeted in sequence to eliminate residual cancer cell populations that were arrested as a result of therapy exposure. It is our hope that by successfully identifying microRNAs which could be targeted in sequence we can prevent disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Landry
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Kathryn Shows
- Department of Biology, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, United States
| | - Akash Jagdeesh
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Aashka Shah
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Mihir Pokhriyal
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vasily Yakovlev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Soleymani-Goloujeh M, Hosseini S, Baghaban Eslaminejad M. Advanced Nanotechnology Approaches as Emerging Tools in Cellular-Based Technologies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1409:127-144. [PMID: 35816248 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are valuable tools in regenerative medicine because they can generate a wide variety of cell types and tissues that can be used to treat or replace damaged tissues and organs. However, challenges related to the application of stem cells in the scope of regenerative medicine have urged scientists to utilize nanomedicine as a prerequisite to circumvent some of these hurdles. Nanomedicine plays a crucial role in this process and manipulates surface biology, the fate of stem cells, and biomaterials. Many attempts have been made to modify cellular behavior and improve their regenerative ability using nano-based strategies. Notably, nanotechnology applications in regenerative medicine and cellular therapies are controversial because of ethical and legal considerations. Therefore, this review describes nanotechnology in cell-based applications and focuses on newly proposed nano-based approaches. Cutting-edge strategies to engineer biological tissues and the ethical, legal, and social considerations of nanotechnology in regenerative nanomedicine applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Soleymani-Goloujeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Medical Technologies, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Iravani K, Mehrabani D, Doostkam A, Azarpira N, Iranpour P, Bahador M, Mehravar S. Use of MRI to Assess the Regenerative Effects of Adipose Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rabbit Cartilaginous Laryngeal Defect Model. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2022; 97:100682. [PMID: 35959231 PMCID: PMC9361331 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2022.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stenosis and scar formation after repair of laryngeal tissue defects are serious problems that can significantly influence a patient's quality of life. Objective In this study, we evaluated the use of magnetic resonance imaging to assess the efficacy of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) on cartilaginous regeneration in an experimental rabbit model. Methods Ten male white Dutch rabbits each had a 5 mm cartilaginous defect created surgically in the right and left thyroid lamina. On the right side, ASCs labeled with iron oxide particles were infused. As a control, the left side was left untreated. Repair of the defects were then evaluated by direct observation, histological evaluation, and magnetic resonance imaging monitoring done on days 1, 7, 14, and 28. Results Histological examination revealed that compared with control, transplanted ASCs significantly increased cartilage regeneration (P ˂ 0.001), reduced inflammation (P ˂ 0.001), and fibrosis (P = 0.050). Magnetic resonance imaging tracking showed accurate placement and viability of the infused ASCs, as evidenced by low signal intensity onT2 weighted images at the level of the right thyroid cartilage. Conclusions Infusion of ASCs improved laryngeal regeneration of surgically induced cartilaginous defects while decreasing fibrous tissue formation in this in vivo rabbit model. Furthermore, magnetic resonance imaging was shown to be a useful, noninvasive method to track correct ASCs placement and viability in cartilage regeneration in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Iravani
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Address correspondence to: Kamyar Iravani, MD, Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Khalili Hospital, Khalili St, Shiraz, Iran, Postal code: 71936-16641.
| | - Davood Mehrabani
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aida Doostkam
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooya Iranpour
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bahador
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soheila Mehravar
- Otolaryngology Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Taylor A, Sharkey J, Harwood R, Scarfe L, Barrow M, Rosseinsky MJ, Adams DJ, Wilm B, Murray P. Multimodal Imaging Techniques Show Differences in Homing Capacity Between Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Macrophages in Mouse Renal Injury Models. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 22:904-913. [PMID: 31823201 PMCID: PMC7343735 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The question of whether mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) home to injured kidneys remains a contested issue. To try and understand the basis for contradictory findings reported in the literature, our purpose here was to investigate whether MSC homing capacity is influenced by administration route, the type of injury model used, and/or the presence of exogenous macrophages. PROCEDURES To assess the viability, whole-body biodistribution, and intra-renal biodistribution of MSCs, we used a multimodal imaging strategy comprising bioluminescence and magnetic resonance imaging. The effect of administration route (venous or arterial) on the ability of MSCs to home to injured renal tissue, and persist there, was assessed in a glomerular injury model (induced by the nephrotoxicant, Adriamycin) and a tubular injury model induced by ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Exogenous macrophages were used as a positive control because these cells are known to home to injured mouse kidneys. To assess whether the homing capacity of MSCs can be influenced by the presence of exogenous macrophages, we used a dual-bioluminescence strategy that allowed the whole-body biodistribution of the two cell types to be monitored simultaneously in individual animals. RESULTS Following intravenous administration, no MSCs were detected in the kidneys, irrespective of whether the mice had been subjected to renal injury. After arterial administration via the left cardiac ventricle, MSCs transiently populated the kidneys, but no preferential homing or persistence was observed in injured renal tissue after unilateral IRI. An exception was when MSCs were co-administered with exogenous macrophages; here, we observed some homing of MSCs to the injured kidney. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strongly suggest that MSCs do not home to injured kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Taylor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jack Sharkey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachel Harwood
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lauren Scarfe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Sun Z, Jiang J, Chen X. Evaluation of Therapeutic Equivalence for the Follow-On Version of Intravenously Administered Non-Biological Complex Drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 59:995-1004. [PMID: 32328977 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interchangeability evaluation for generic drugs formulated as intravenous injections normally only requires assessments of pharmaceutical equivalence (PE) when the medicinal products are simple small-molecule drugs. However, intravenously administered non-biological complex drugs (NBCDs), such as liposomes, microsphere suspension, or fat emulsion, have inherent passive disposition selectivity due to their special formulations, thereby the in vivo drug performances are improved. Because of the complexity in formulation, the in vitro pharmaceutical investigations of follow-on NBCDs are more complicated than those required for generic small-molecule drugs. In addition to qualitative and quantitative sameness of the active and inactive ingredients, it is required to comparatively study the static and kinetic microscopic particle-related physiochemical properties of the follow-on NBCDs versus the reference products. Moreover, for complex formulations that have a significant impact on the biodistribution of the drug compound, an in vivo bioequivalence (BE) study is also important. Since NBCDs that demonstrated bioequivalence through the conventional BE approach have been found inequivalent in efficacy or safety to the reference products, pivotal BE studies for follow-on NBCDs are required to take both encapsulated/total drug and free drug as the analytes to address release kinetics and biodistribution of the active pharmacological ingredient in the body. This manuscript reviews the 26 U.S. FDA published product-specific guidelines for intravenous injections. In general, these NBCDs can be stratified into four groups according to their release kinetics and ability of bio-membrane penetration. Group 1 consists of seven small-molecule, non-complex drugs; group 2 included four NBCDs with either microscale particle size or rapid dissolution property; group 3 include five loosely packed NBCDs (fat emulsions) and one quickly released ophthalmic liposomal drug; and the last group contains four cytotoxic liposomal or protein-bound NBCDs and five iron carbohydrate complexes. The requirements of the corresponding guidelines range from simple proof of PE between the test and the reference products, to a collection of studies that demonstrate the key manufacturing process (e.g. liposome loading), the particle- or vehicle-wise static and kinetic physiological characterizations, the dissolution test, and BE evaluation of both total/encapsulated drug form and free drug form between the follow-on NBCDs and their reference products. Such studies are challenging in implementation. Therefore, a variety of alternative approaches are proposed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Sun
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.,Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Jiang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China. .,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Targeted magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Preparation, functionalization and biomedical application. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ma Y, Chen T, Iqbal MZ, Yang F, Hampp N, Wu A, Luo L. Applications of magnetic materials separation in biological nanomedicine. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2011-2028. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Zubair Iqbal
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Norbert Hampp
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Aiguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Luo
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai P. R. China
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Dulińska-Litewka J, Łazarczyk A, Hałubiec P, Szafrański O, Karnas K, Karewicz A. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-Current and Prospective Medical Applications. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040617. [PMID: 30791358 PMCID: PMC6416629 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent, fast development of nanotechnology is reflected in the medical sciences. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) are an excellent example. Thanks to their superparamagnetic properties, SPIONs have found application in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and magnetic hyperthermia. Unlike bulk iron, SPIONs do not have remnant magnetization in the absence of the external magnetic field; therefore, a precise remote control over their action is possible. This makes them also useful as a component of the advanced drug delivery systems. Due to their easy synthesis, biocompatibility, multifunctionality, and possibility of further surface modification with various chemical agents, SPIONs could support many fields of medicine. SPIONs have also some disadvantages, such as their high uptake by macrophages. Nevertheless, based on the ongoing studies, they seem to be very promising in oncological therapy (especially in the brain, breast, prostate, and pancreatic tumors). The main goal of our paper is, therefore, to present the basic properties of SPIONs, to discuss their current role in medicine, and to review their applications in order to inspire future developments of new, improved SPION systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dulińska-Litewka
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Łazarczyk
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Hałubiec
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Oskar Szafrański
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Karolina Karnas
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Karewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Ashraf S, Taylor A, Sharkey J, Barrow M, Murray P, Wilm B, Poptani H, Rosseinsky MJ, Adams DJ, Lévy R. In vivo fate of free and encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles after injection of labelled stem cells. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:367-377. [PMID: 36132463 PMCID: PMC9473218 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle contrast agents are useful tools to label stem cells and monitor the in vivo bio-distribution of labeled cells in pre-clinical models of disease. In this context, understanding the in vivo fate of the particles after injection of labelled cells is important for their eventual clinical use as well as for the interpretation of imaging results. We examined how the formulation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) impacts the labelling efficiency, magnetic characteristics and fate of the particles by comparing individual SPIONs with polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules containing SPIONs. At low labelling concentration, encapsulated SPIONs served as an efficient labelling agent for stem cells. The bio-distribution after intra-cardiac injection of labelled cells was monitored longitudinally by MRI and as an endpoint by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The results suggest that, after being released from labelled cells after cell death, both formulations of particles are initially stored in liver and spleen and are not completely cleared from these organs 2 weeks post-injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology (IIB), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Arthur Taylor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Jack Sharkey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Michael Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Harish Poptani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | | | - Dave J Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Raphaël Lévy
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology (IIB), University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
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11
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Scarfe L, Taylor A, Sharkey J, Harwood R, Barrow M, Comenge J, Beeken L, Astley C, Santeramo I, Hutchinson C, Ressel L, Smythe J, Austin E, Levy R, Rosseinsky MJ, Adams DJ, Poptani H, Park BK, Murray P, Wilm B. Non-invasive imaging reveals conditions that impact distribution and persistence of cells after in vivo administration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:332. [PMID: 30486897 PMCID: PMC6264053 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell-based regenerative medicine therapies are now frequently tested in clinical trials. In many conditions, cell therapies are administered systemically, but there is little understanding of their fate, and adverse events are often under-reported. Currently, it is only possible to assess safety and fate of cell therapies in preclinical studies, specifically by monitoring animals longitudinally using multi-modal imaging approaches. Here, using a suite of in vivo imaging modalities to explore the fate of a range of human and murine cells, we investigate how route of administration, cell type and host immune status affect the fate of administered cells. Methods We applied a unique imaging platform combining bioluminescence, optoacoustic and magnetic resonance imaging modalities to assess the safety of different human and murine cell types by following their biodistribution and persistence in mice following administration into the venous or arterial system. Results Longitudinal imaging analyses (i) suggested that the intra-arterial route may be more hazardous than intravenous administration for certain cell types, (ii) revealed that the potential of a mouse mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) line to form tumours depended on administration route and mouse strain and (iii) indicated that clinically tested human umbilical cord (hUC)-derived MSCs can transiently and unexpectedly proliferate when administered intravenously to mice. Conclusions In order to perform an adequate safety assessment of potential cell-based therapies, a thorough understanding of cell biodistribution and fate post administration is required. The non-invasive imaging platform used here can expose not only the general organ distribution of these therapies, but also a detailed view of their presence within different organs and, importantly, tumourigenic potential. Our observation that the hUC-MSCs but not the human bone marrow (hBM)-derived MSCs persisted for a period in some animals suggests that therapies with these cells should proceed with caution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1076-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Scarfe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Arthur Taylor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jack Sharkey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachel Harwood
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joan Comenge
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lydia Beeken
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cai Astley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ilaria Santeramo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claire Hutchinson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Raphael Levy
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Harish Poptani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Brian K Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
| | - Bettina Wilm
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,Centre for Preclinical Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
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12
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Rodrigues GR, López-Abarrategui C, de la Serna Gómez I, Dias SC, Otero-González AJ, Franco OL. Antimicrobial magnetic nanoparticles based-therapies for controlling infectious diseases. Int J Pharm 2018; 555:356-367. [PMID: 30453018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, the antimicrobial resistance against antibiotics has become a serious health issue, arise as global threat. This has generated a search for new strategies in the progress of new antimicrobial therapies. In this context, different nanosystems with antimicrobial properties have been studied. Specifically, magnetic nanoparticles seem to be very attractive due to their relatively simple synthesis, intrinsic antimicrobial activity, low toxicity and high versatility. Iron oxide NPs (IONPs) was authorized by the World Health Organization for human used in biomedical applications such as in vivo drug delivery systems, magnetic guided therapy and contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging have been widely documented. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of different magnetic nanoparticles has recently been demonstrated. This review elucidates the recent progress of IONPs in drug delivery systems and focuses on the treatment of infectious diseases and target the possible detrimental biological effects and associated safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Regina Rodrigues
- Center for Biochemical and Proteomics Analyses, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Inés de la Serna Gómez
- Center for Biochemical and Proteomics Analyses, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Simoni Campos Dias
- Center for Biochemical and Proteomics Analyses, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- Center for Biochemical and Proteomics Analyses, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Post-Graduate in Biotechnology, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.
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13
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Pai AB, Pai MP, Meyer DE, Bales BC, Cotero VE, Zheng N, Jiang W. In vitro and in vivo DFO-chelatable labile iron release profiles among commercially available intravenous iron nanoparticle formulations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:17-23. [PMID: 29857115 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) iron formulations are complex colloidal suspensions of iron oxide nanoparticles. Small changes in formulation can allow more labile iron to be released after injection causing toxicity. Thus, bioequivalence (BE) evaluation of generic IV iron formulations remains challenging. We evaluated labile iron release in vitro and in vivo using a high performance liquid chromatography chelatable iron assay to develop a relational model to support BE. In vitro labile iron release and in vivo labile iron pharmacokinetics were evaluated for Venofer®, Ferrlecit®, generic sodium ferric gluconate complex, InFeD®, Feraheme® and a pre-clinical formulation GE121333. Labile iron release profiles were studied in vitro in 150 mM saline and a biorelevant matrix (rat serum) at 0.952 mgFe/mL. In vivo plasma labile iron concentration-time profiles (t0-240 min) were studied in rats after a 40 mgFe/kg IV dose. In vitro labile iron release in saline was significantly higher compared to rat serum, especially with InFeD®. An in vitro release constant (iKr) was calculated which correlated well with maximal plasma concentrations in the in vivo rat PK model (R2 = 0.711). These data suggest an in vitro to in vivo correlation model of labile iron release kinetics could be applied to BE. Other generic IV iron formulations need to be studied to validate this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Barton Pai
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Manjunath P Pai
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dan E Meyer
- General Electric Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, 12309, USA
| | - Brian C Bales
- General Electric Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, 12309, USA
| | - Victoria E Cotero
- General Electric Global Research Center, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, 12309, USA
| | - Nan Zheng
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Food and Drug Administration, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, USA
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14
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Mahara A, Enmi JI, Hsu YI, Kobayashi N, Hirano Y, Iida H, Yamaoka T. Superfine Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature Using Self-Assembled Branched Polyethylene Glycol-Gd Contrast Agent. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1700391. [PMID: 29665311 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance angiography is an attractive method for the visualization of the cerebrovasculature, but small-sized vessels are hard to visualize with the current clinically approved agents. In this study, a polymeric contrast agent for the superfine imaging of the cerebrovasculature is presented. Eight-arm polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of ≈17 000 Da conjugated with a Gd chelate and fluorescein (F-8-arm PEG-Gd) is used. The relaxivity rate is 9.3 × 10-3 m-1 s-1 , which is threefold higher than that of free Gd chelate. Light scattering analysis reveals that F-8-arm PEG-Gd is formed by self-assembly. When the F-8-arm PEG-Gd is intravenously injected, cerebrovasculature as small as 100 µm in diameter is clearly visualized. However, signals are not enhanced when Gd chelate and Gd chelate-conjugated 8-arm PEG are injected. Furthermore, small vasculature around infarct region in rat stroke model can be visualized. These results suggest that F-8-arm PEG-Gd enhances the MR imaging of cerebrovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Mahara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Enmi
- Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yu-I Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita, Osaka, 565-8680, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hirano
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita, Osaka, 565-8680, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Iida
- Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yamaoka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
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15
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Barrow M, Taylor A, Fuentes-Caparrós AM, Sharkey J, Daniels LM, Mandal P, Park BK, Murray P, Rosseinsky MJ, Adams DJ. SPIONs for cell labelling and tracking using MRI: magnetite or maghemite? Biomater Sci 2017; 6:101-106. [PMID: 29188240 PMCID: PMC5793703 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00515f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although there is extensive literature covering the biomedical applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), the phase of the iron oxide core used is not often taken into account when cell labelling and tracking studies for regenerative medicine are considered. Here, we use a co-precipitation reaction to synthesise particles of both magnetite- (Fe3O4) and maghemite- (γ-Fe2O3) based cores and consider whether the extra synthesis step to make maghemite based particles is advantageous for cell tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Barrow
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK . ;
| | - Arthur Taylor
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging , Institute of Translational Medicine , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | | | - Jack Sharkey
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging , Institute of Translational Medicine , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Luke M. Daniels
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK . ;
| | - Pranab Mandal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK . ;
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | - Patricia Murray
- Centre for Preclinical Imaging , Institute of Translational Medicine , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
| | | | - Dave J. Adams
- Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK . ;
- School of Chemistry , College of Science and Engineering , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , G12 8QQ , UK
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16
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Pai AB. Complexity of intravenous iron nanoparticle formulations: implications for bioequivalence evaluation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1407:17-25. [PMID: 29027212 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous iron formulations are a class of complex drugs that are commonly used to treat a wide variety of disease states associated with iron deficiency and anemia. Venofer® (iron-sucrose) is one of the most frequently used formulations, with more than 90% of dialysis patients in the United States receiving this formulation. Emerging data from global markets outside the United States, where many iron-sucrose similars or copies are available, have shown that these formulations may have safety and efficacy profiles that differ from the reference listed drug. This may be attributable to uncharacterized differences in physicochemical characteristics and/or differences in labile iron release. As bioequivalence evaluation guidance evolves, clinicians should be educated on these potential clinical issues before a switch to the generic formulation is made in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Barton Pai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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17
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Sharkey J, Starkey Lewis PJ, Barrow M, Alwahsh SM, Noble J, Livingstone E, Lennen RJ, Jansen MA, Carrion JG, Liptrott N, Forbes S, Adams DJ, Chadwick AE, Forbes SJ, Murray P, Rosseinsky MJ, Goldring CE, Park BK. Functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles provide highly efficient iron-labeling in macrophages for magnetic resonance-based detection in vivo. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:555-569. [PMID: 28214127 PMCID: PMC5357746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Tracking cells during regenerative cytotherapy is crucial for monitoring their safety and efficacy. Macrophages are an emerging cell-based regenerative therapy for liver disease and can be readily labeled for medical imaging. A reliable, clinically applicable cell-tracking agent would be a powerful tool to study cell biodistribution. METHODS Using a recently described chemical design, we set out to functionalize, optimize and characterize a new set of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to efficiently label macrophages for magnetic resonance imaging-based cell tracking in vivo. RESULTS A series of cell health and iron uptake assays determined that positively charged SPIONs (+16.8 mV) could safely label macrophages more efficiently than the formerly approved ferumoxide (-6.7 mV; Endorem) and at least 10 times more efficiently than the clinically approved SPION ferumoxytol (-24.2 mV; Rienso). An optimal labeling time of 4 h at 25 µg/mL was demonstrated to label macrophages of mouse and human origin without any adverse effects on cell viability whilst providing substantial iron uptake (>5 pg Fe/cell) that was retained for 7 days in vitro. SPION labeling caused no significant reduction in phagocytic activity and a shift toward a reversible M1-like phenotype in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Finally, we show that SPION-labeled BMDMs delivered via the hepatic portal vein to mice are localized in the hepatic parenchyma resulting in a 50% drop in T2* in the liver. Engraftment of exogenous cells was confirmed via immunohistochemistry up to 3 weeks posttransplantation. DISCUSSION A positively charged dextran-coated SPION is a promising tool to noninvasively track hepatic macrophage localization for therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Sharkey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Safety and Efficacy Hub, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Starkey Lewis
- UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Safety and Efficacy Hub, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Little France Drive, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Barrow
- UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Safety and Efficacy Hub, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Salamah M Alwahsh
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Little France Drive, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - June Noble
- Cardiovascular Sciences, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eilidh Livingstone
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Little France Drive, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ross J Lennen
- Edinburgh Preclinical Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maurits A Jansen
- Edinburgh Preclinical Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Neill Liptrott
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; European Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory (EU-NCL), Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Shareen Forbes
- Cardiovascular Sciences, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dave J Adams
- UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Safety and Efficacy Hub, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Safety and Efficacy Hub, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Safety and Efficacy Hub, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Little France Drive, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Safety and Efficacy Hub, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Rosseinsky
- UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Safety and Efficacy Hub, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Goldring
- UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Safety and Efficacy Hub, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - B Kevin Park
- UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Safety and Efficacy Hub, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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