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He Z, Chen Z, Tan M, Elingarami S, Liu Y, Li T, Deng Y, He N, Li S, Fu J, Li W. A review on methods for diagnosis of breast cancer cells and tissues. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12822. [PMID: 32530560 PMCID: PMC7377933 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has seriously been threatening physical and mental health of women in the world, and its morbidity and mortality also show clearly upward trend in China over time. Through inquiry, we find that survival rate of patients with early‐stage breast cancer is significantly higher than those with middle‐ and late‐stage breast cancer, hence, it is essential to conduct research to quickly diagnose breast cancer. Until now, many methods for diagnosing breast cancer have been developed, mainly based on imaging and molecular biotechnology examination. These methods have great contributions in screening and confirmation of breast cancer. In this review article, we introduce and elaborate the advances of these methods, and then conclude some gold standard diagnostic methods for certain breast cancer patients. We lastly discuss how to choose the most suitable diagnostic methods for breast cancer patients. In general, this article not only summarizes application and development of these diagnostic methods, but also provides the guidance for researchers who work on diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miduo Tan
- Surgery Department of Galactophore, Central Hospital of Zhuzhou City, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Sauli Elingarami
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering (LiSBE), The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Yuan Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Dark Tea and Jin-hua, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hunan City University, Yiyang, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Nongyue He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Juan Fu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
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2
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Zohny SF, Al-Malki AL, Zamzami MA, Choudhry H. p21 Waf1/Cip1: its paradoxical effect in the regulation of breast cancer. Breast Cancer 2018; 26:131-137. [PMID: 30255294 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-018-0913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
p21Waf1/Cip1, the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor belonging to the KIP/CIP family, was initially regarded as a tumor suppressor protein because it was recognized as the chief mediator of p53-dependent cell cycle arrest elicited by DNA damage. Conversely, it has been proposed that p21Waf1/Cip1 may also function as an oncogene because it can inhibit apoptosis. Thus, p21Waf1/Cip1 is regarded as a protein with a dual behavior, as its expression might cause potential benefits or dangerous effects in breast cancer. Consequently, careful planning is required in targeting p21Waf1/Cip1 expression for therapy of breast cancer patients. This review illustrates the discovery and mechanisms of induction of p21Waf1/Cip1. Then, we focus on elucidating the paradoxical effect of p21Waf1/Cip1 expression on human breast carcinogenesis and explaining how the subcellular localization (nuclear or cytoplasmic) of p21Waf1/Cip1 has an impact on both determining its fate as either cell-growth inhibitor or antiapoptotic molecule and, its effect on clinicopathological factors and prognosis of breast cancer patients. Moreover, we explore how the pattern of the p21Waf1/Cip1 could affect the responsiveness of human breast cancer to chemotherapy. Furthermore, the pharmacological approaches to target p21Waf1/Cip1 expression for therapy of breast cancer are clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir F Zohny
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Abdulrahman L Al-Malki
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin A Zamzami
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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3
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Mendoza-Rodríguez M, Arévalo Romero H, Fuentes-Pananá EM, Ayala-Sumuano JT, Meza I. IL-1β induces up-regulation of BIRC3, a gene involved in chemoresistance to doxorubicin in breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 390:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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4
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Jandial DD, Krill LS, Chen L, Wu C, Ke Y, Xie J, Hoang BH, Zi X. Induction of G2M Arrest by Flavokawain A, a Kava Chalcone, Increases the Responsiveness of HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells to Herceptin. Molecules 2017; 22:E462. [PMID: 28335434 PMCID: PMC5547191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2/neu positive breast tumors predict a high mortality and comprise 25%-30% of breast cancer. We have shown that Flavokawain A (FKA) preferentially reduces the viabilities of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines (i.e., SKBR3 and MCF7/HER2) versus those with less HER2 expression (i.e., MCF7 and MDA-MB-468). FKA at cytotoxic concentrations to breast cancer cell lines also has a minimal effect on the growth of non-malignant breast epithelial MCF10A cells. FKA induces G2M arrest in cell cycle progression of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines through inhibition of Cdc2 and Cdc25C phosphorylation and downregulation of expression of Myt1 and Wee1 leading to increased Cdc2 kinase activities. In addition, FKA induces apoptosis in SKBR3 cells by increasing the protein expression of Bim and BAX and decreasing expression of Bcl₂, BclX/L, XIAP, and survivin. FKA also downregulates the protein expression of HER-2 and inhibits AKT phosphorylation. Herceptin plus FKA treatment leads to an enhanced growth inhibitory effect on HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer cell lines through downregulation of Myt1, Wee1, Skp2, survivin, and XIAP. Our results suggest FKA as a promising and novel apoptosis inducer and G2 blocking agent that, in combination with Herceptin, enhances for the treatment of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D Jandial
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Lauren S Krill
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Chunli Wu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Yu Ke
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Bang H Hoang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10476, USA.
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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5
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Diaz Flaqué MC, Vicario R, Proietti CJ, Izzo F, Schillaci R, Elizalde PV. Progestin drives breast cancer growth by inducing p21(CIP1) expression through the assembly of a transcriptional complex among Stat3, progesterone receptor and ErbB-2. Steroids 2013. [PMID: 23178160 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle regulator p21(CIP1) has controversial biological effects in breast cancer since in spite of its role as cell cycle inhibitor and promoter of cellular senescence, it also induces cell proliferation and chemoteraphy resistance. We here explored the molecular mechanisms involved in progestin regulation of p21(CIP1) expression. We also investigated the biological effects of p21(CIP1) in breast cancer cells. We found that the synthetic progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) upregulates p21(CIP1) protein expression via c-Src, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and ErbB-2 phosphorylation. Notably, we also found that ErbB-2 nuclear function plays a key role in MPA-induction of p21(CIP1) expression. Interestingly, we determined that progestin drives p21(CIP1) transcriptional activation via a novel nonclassical transcriptional mechanism in which progesterone receptor is recruited along with Stat3 and ErbB-2 to a Stat3 binding site at p21(CIP1) promoter. Our findings revealed that ErbB-2 functions as a coactivator of Stat3 in progestin induction of p21(CIP1) transcriptional activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that blockage of p21(CIP1) expression strongly inhibited in vitro and in vivo progestin-induced breast cancer cell proliferation. These results further support the hypothesis that according to cell context and type of stimulus, p21(CIP1) is capable of inducing cell cycle progression. Moreover, we provided evidence that Stat3 and nuclear ErbB-2 are key players in progestin-induced p21(CIP1) regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Diaz Flaqué
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
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6
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p21CIP1 mediates reciprocal switching between proliferation and invasion during metastasis. Oncogene 2012; 32:2292-2303.e7. [PMID: 22751124 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and invasion are critical for malignant progression, yet how these processes relate to each other and whether they regulate one another during metastasis is unknown. We show that invasiveness of breast cancer cells is associated with growth arrest due to p21CIP1 upregulation. Knockdown of p21CIP1 increases cell proliferation and suppresses invasion. Since p21CIP1 acts to inhibit cyclin E during cell-cycle progression, we demonstrated that a constitutively active form of cyclin E had similar effects to p21CIP1 inhibition resulting in enhanced cell growth and suppressed invasiveness. We tested these findings in vivo in the Polyoma middle T mammary tumor model in which p21CIP1 was deleted. p21CIP1 knockout mice exhibited dramatic suppression of metastasis, independent of tumor growth, which was rescued by p21CIP1. Metastasis suppression by p21CIP1 ablation was associated with striking cytoskeletal reorganization leading to a non-invasive and highly proliferative state. Thus, p21CIP1 regulates metastasis by mediating reciprocal switching between invasion and proliferation.
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7
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Ünver NU, Acikalin MF, Öner Ü, Ciftci E, Ozalp SS, Colak E. Differential expression of P16 and P21 in benign and malignant uterine smooth muscle tumors. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 284:483-90. [PMID: 20878171 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-010-1690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The diagnosis of benign and malignant uterine smooth muscle tumors depends on morphologic criteria such as nuclear atypia, coagulative tumor cell necrosis and mitotic activity. Most of these tumors are readily classifiable into benign or malignant categories using these criteria. However, the distinction between leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas may at times be problematic. Hence, it would be useful to have additional markers which could help to distinguish these tumors. The aim of the study was to evaluate p16 and p21 expressions in uterine smooth muscle tumors and determine whether p16 and p21 have a potential value in the differential diagnosis of problematic cases. In addition, we evaluated whether the differential expression of p16 and p21 in uterine leiomyosarcomas correlated with tumor recurrence and patient survival. METHODS p16 and p21 expressions were investigated by immunohistochemistry from paraffin-embedded tissues in 53 cases of uterine smooth muscle tumors consisting of 15 cases of leiomyoma, 14 cases of atypical leiomyoma (leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei), 3 cases of smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) and 21 cases of leiomyosarcoma. Cases were evaluated with respect to both staining percentage and intensity. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in p16 and p21 staining percentage and intensity between leiomyosarcomas and the other groups. There was no difference in p16 and p21 expressions between leiomyomas, atypical leiomyomas (leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei) and STUMPs. Multivariate analysis showed that the tumor stage was the only independent significant prognostic factor for overall survival in leiomyosarcomas. Neither p16 nor p21 was correlated with disease-free or overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that p16 and p21 may be of value as an adjunct to conventional morphologic criteria in the assessment of problematic uterine smooth muscle tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Uluskan Ünver
- Department of Pathology, Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskişehir, Turkey
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8
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Verbeke S, Meignan S, Lagadec C, Germain E, Hondermarck H, Adriaenssens E, Le Bourhis X. Overexpression of p75(NTR) increases survival of breast cancer cells through p21(waf1). Cell Signal 2010; 22:1864-73. [PMID: 20667470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) plays a critical role in various neuronal and non-neuronal cell types by regulating cell survival, differentiation and proliferation. To evaluate the influence of p75(NTR) in breast cancer development, we have established and characterized breast cancer cells which stably overexpress p75(NTR). We showed that p75(NTR) overexpression per se promoted cell survival to apoptogens with a concomitant slowdown of cell growth. The pro-survival effect is associated with an increased expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1 (c-IAP1), a decrease of TRAIL-induced cleavage of PARP, procaspase 9 and procaspase 3, and a decrease of cytochrome C release from the mitochondria. The anti-proliferative effect is due to a cell accumulation in G0/G1, associated with a decrease of Rb phosphorylation and an increase of p21(waf1). Interestingly, inhibition of p21(waf1) with siRNA not only restores proliferation but also abolishes the pro-survival effect of p75(NTR), indicating the key role of p21(waf1) in the biological functions of p75(NTR). Finally, using a SCID mice xenograft model, we showed that p75(NTR) overexpression favors tumor growth and strongly increases tumor resistance to anti-tumoral treatment. Together, our findings suggest that p75(NTR) overexpression in breast tumor cells could favor tumor survival and contribute to tumor resistance to drugs. This provides a rationale to consider p75(NTR) as a potential target for the future design of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Abdel-Fatah TM, Powe DG, Agboola J, Adamowicz-Brice M, Blamey RW, Lopez-Garcia MA, Green AR, Reis-Filho JS, Ellis IO. The biological, clinical and prognostic implications of p53 transcriptional pathways in breast cancers. J Pathol 2010; 220:419-34. [PMID: 20044801 DOI: 10.1002/path.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that the functional status of p53 transcriptional pathways, rather than p53 protein expression alone, could accurately discriminate between low- and high-risk breast carcinoma (BC) and inform about individuals' tumour biological behaviour. To test this, we studied a well-characterized series of 990 BCs with long-term follow-up, immunohistochemically profiled for p53, its main regulators and downstream genes. Results were validated in an independent series of patients (n = 245) uniformly treated with adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Eleven p53 transcriptional phenotypes were identified with just two main clinical outcomes. (a) Low risk/good prognosis group (active/partially inactive p53 pathways), defined as p53(+/-)/MDM4(+)/MDM2(+/-)/Bcl2(+/-)/p21(+/-), p53(-)/MDM4(-)/MDM2(+)/Bcl2(+)/p21(+/-) and p53(+/-)/MDM4(-)/MMD2(-)/Bcl2(+)/p21(+/-). These tumours had favourable clinicopathological characteristics, including ER(+) and long survival after systemic adjuvant-therapy (AT). (b) High risk/poor prognosis group (completely inactive p53 pathways), defined as p53(+/-)/MDM4(-) MDM2(-)/Bcl2(-)/p21(-), p53(-)/MDM4(-) MDM2(+)/Bcl2(-)/p21(-) and p53(+/-)/MDM4(-)/MDM2(-)/Bcl2(-)/p21(+). These tumours were characterized by aggressive clinicopathological characteristics and showed shortened survival when treated with AT. Completely inactive p53 pathways but intact p21 axis p53(+/-)/MDM4(-)/MDM2(-)/Bcl2(-)/p21(+) had the worst prognosis, particularly patients who received AT. Multivariate Cox regression models, including validated prognostic factors for both test and validation series, revealed that the functional status of p53 transcriptional pathways was an independent prognosticator for BC-specific survival (HR 2.64 and 4.5, p < 0.001, respectively) and disease-free survival (HR 1.93 and 2.5, p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, p53 functional status determined by assessment of p53 regulatory and downstream targets provides independent prognostic value and may help determine more adequate therapeutic regimens for specific subgroups of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Abdel-Fatah
- Division of Pathology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
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Bublik DR, Scolz M, Triolo G, Monte M, Schneider C. Human GTSE-1 regulates p21(CIP1/WAF1) stability conferring resistance to paclitaxel treatment. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:5274-81. [PMID: 20018861 PMCID: PMC2820756 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.045948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
p21(CIP1/WAF1) belongs to the CIP/KIP family of Cdk inhibitors, and its expression is tightly controlled during the cell cycle, mainly by transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. Fine regulation of p21(CIP1/WAF1) levels is critical for cell cycle control and for cellular response to stress. In the present work, we describe a novel mechanism to modulate p21(CIP1/WAF1) levels mediated by the human GTSE-1 (G(2) and S phase-expressed-1) protein. Our results provide evidence that hGTSE-1 protects p21(CIP1/WAF1) from proteasome-dependent degradation as part of a functional complex containing the Hsp90-binding TPR protein WISp39. We further show that the hGTSE-1 N-terminal portion is sufficient for p21(CIP1/WAF1) binding and stabilization. Finally, we demonstrate that hGTSE-1 mediated-p21(CIP1/WAF1) stabilization is clearly involved in the ability of cells to counteract cytotoxicity induced by the microtubule poison paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Rosa Bublik
- From the Laboratorio Nazionale del Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie and
| | - Massimiliano Scolz
- From the Laboratorio Nazionale del Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie and
| | - Gianluca Triolo
- the Genome Stability Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy and
| | - Martín Monte
- From the Laboratorio Nazionale del Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie and
| | - Claudio Schneider
- From the Laboratorio Nazionale del Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Biotecnologie and
- the Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Hirai H, Iwasawa Y, Okada M, Arai T, Nishibata T, Kobayashi M, Kimura T, Kaneko N, Ohtani J, Yamanaka K, Itadani H, Takahashi-Suzuki I, Fukasawa K, Oki H, Nambu T, Jiang J, Sakai T, Arakawa H, Sakamoto T, Sagara T, Yoshizumi T, Mizuarai S, Kotani H. Small-molecule inhibition of Wee1 kinase by MK-1775 selectively sensitizes p53-deficient tumor cells to DNA-damaging agents. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2992-3000. [PMID: 19887545 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Wee1 is a tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates and inactivates CDC2 and is involved in G(2) checkpoint signaling. Because p53 is a key regulator in the G(1) checkpoint, p53-deficient tumors rely only on the G(2) checkpoint after DNA damage. Hence, such tumors are selectively sensitized to DNA-damaging agents by Wee1 inhibition. Here, we report the discovery of a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of Wee1 kinase, MK-1775. This compound inhibits phosphorylation of CDC2 at Tyr15 (CDC2Y15), a direct substrate of Wee1 kinase in cells. MK-1775 abrogates G(2) DNA damage checkpoint, leading to apoptosis in combination with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents such as gemcitabine, carboplatin, and cisplatin selectively in p53-deficient cells. In vivo, MK-1775 potentiates tumor growth inhibition by these agents, and cotreatment does not significantly increase toxicity. The enhancement of antitumor effect by MK-1775 was well correlated with inhibition of CDC2Y15 phosphorylation in tumor tissue and skin hair follicles. Our data indicate that Wee1 inhibition provides a new approach for treatment of multiple human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hirai
- Department of Oncology, Banyu Tsukuba Research Institute, Merck Research Laboratories, Tsukuba, Japan.
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Gravina GL, Festuccia C, Millimaggi D, Tombolini V, Dolo V, Vicentini C, Bologna M. Bicalutamide demonstrates biologic effectiveness in prostate cancer cell lines and tumor primary cultures irrespective of Her2/neu expression levels. Urology 2009; 74:452-7. [PMID: 19285710 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 01/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of Her2/neu as a molecular marker predictive of the treatment response to bicalutamide in prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS Four PCa cell lines with graded Her2/neu expression levels and 63 primary tumor cultures derived from men with PCa and selected according to Her2/neu tumor levels were used. Primary tumor cultures and PCa cell lines were treated with bicalutamide (0.1-10 microM) in the presence of dehydrotestosterone (10(-12) M) for 4 days. The presence of a significant correlation between Her2/nue expression and drug efficacy was used to define the role of Her2/neu as molecular predictor of bicalutamide effectiveness. As an indicator of drug effectiveness we used the concentration that inhibits 50% values determined after bicalutamide treatment. RESULTS After bicalutamide treatment, no significant differences in the concentration that inhibits 50% were found among the different tumor cell lines (P = .081). In this experimental model, the correlation analysis suggested that the effectiveness of this drug was not influenced by Her2/neu levels (r = 0.053, P = .823). In primary cultures with high Her2/neu levels (43 tumor cultures), the mean value of the concentration that inhibits 50% for bicalutamide was 0.43 +/- 0.13 microM, and in cultures with low Her2/neu levels (20 tumor cultures), the same parameter was 0.5 +/- 0.16 microM (P = .14). The correlation analysis suggested that the effectiveness of this drug was not influenced by Her2/neu levels (r = 0.33, P = .101). CONCLUSIONS Our biologic data seem to indicate that the antitumor effect of bicalutamide is independent of Her2/neu levels in preclinical models of PCa. Bicalutamide could be configured as a pharmacologic option to treat patients with high or low levels of Her2/neu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, San Salvatore Hospital, Italy
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13
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Zhang J, Chen X, Kent MS, Rodriguez CO, Chen X. Establishment of a dog model for the p53 family pathway and identification of a novel isoform of p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:67-78. [PMID: 19147538 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous tumors in the dog offer a unique opportunity as models to study human cancer etiology and therapy. p53, the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers, is found to be altered in dog cancers. However, little is known about the role of p53 in dog tumorigenesis. Here, we found that on exposure to DNA damage agents or MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3, canine p53 is accumulated and capable of inducing its target genes, MDM2 and p21. We also found that on DNA damage, canine p53 is accumulated in the nucleus, followed by MDM2 nuclear translocation and increased 53BP1 foci formation. In addition, we found that canine p63 and p73 are up-regulated by DNA damage agents. Furthermore, colony formation assay showed that canine tumor cells are sensitive to DNA damage agents and nutlin-3 in a p53-dependent manner. Surprisingly, canine p21 is expressed as two isoforms. Thus, we generated multiple canine p21 mutants and found that amino acids 129 to 142 are required, whereas amino acid 139 is one of the key determinants, for the expression of two p21 isoforms. Finally, we showed that although the full-length human p21 cDNA expresses one polypeptide, amino acid 139 seems to play a similar role as that in canine p21 for various migration patterns. Taken together, our results indicate that canine p53 family proteins have biological activities similar to human counterparts. These similarities make the dog an excellent outbred spontaneous tumor model, and the dog can serve as a translation model from benchtop to cage side and then to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Comparative Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Klopfleisch R, Gruber AD. Differential expression of cell cycle regulators p21, p27 and p53 in metastasizing canine mammary adenocarcinomas versus normal mammary glands. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:91-6. [PMID: 19185891 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 are important regulators of cell cycle progression. To analyze their role in the malignant progression of canine mammary tumors expression levels of p27 and p21 and its major regulator p53 were compared in simple adenomas, adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland and lymph node metastases with normal mammary gland. Laser microdissection of tissue samples and real-time PCR were used for quantification of mRNA expression levels. p21 was overexpressed in adenocarcinomas, whereas adenomas and metastases expressed p21 more heterogeneously. Comparison of p21 expression in adenocarcinomas and their metastases revealed a significant decrease in expression in metastases. In contrast, p27 expression was reduced in the adenocarcinomas but heterogeneously expressed in adenomas and metastases. Taken together the results suggest that loss of p21 overexpression is associated with tumor metastasis while reduced cell cycle inhibition by p27 is associated with malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strabe 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Bitomsky N, Wethkamp N, Marikkannu R, Klempnauer KH. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Pdcd4 expression causes upregulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression. Oncogene 2008; 27:4820-9. [PMID: 18427550 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The transformation suppressor gene, programmed cell death gene 4 (Pdcd4), inhibits tumor-promoter-mediated transformation of mouse keratinocytes and has been implicated as a tumor suppressor gene in the development of human cancer. The Pdcd4 protein interacts with translation initiation factors eIF4A and eIF4G and binds to RNA, suggesting that it might be involved in regulating protein translation or other aspects of RNA metabolism. To study the function of Pdcd4 in more detail, we have downregulated Pdcd4 expression in HeLa cells by stable expression of shRNA. We have found that diminished Pdcd4 expression leads to increased expression of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and several other p53-regulated genes. Reporter gene studies demonstrate that Pdcd4 interferes with the activation of p53-responsive promoters genes by p53. Pdcd4 knockdown cells show decreased apoptosis and increased survival after UV irradiation. Taken together, our observations suggest a model in which low Pdcd4 expression after DNA damage favors the survival of cells, which would be eliminated by apoptosis under normal levels of Pdcd4 expression. Our results provide the first evidence that Pdcd4 is important role in the DNA-damage response and suggest that low levels of Pdcd4 expression observed in certain tumor cells contribute to tumorigenesis by affecting the fate of DNA-damaged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bitomsky
- 1Institut für Biochemie, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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16
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Blancafort P, Tschan MP, Bergquist S, Guthy D, Brachat A, Sheeter DA, Torbett BE, Erdmann D, Barbas CF. Modulation of drug resistance by artificial transcription factors. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:688-97. [PMID: 18319335 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of chemotherapeutic treatments in cancer patients is often impaired by the acquisition of drug resistance. Cancer cells develop drug resistance through dysregulation of one or more genes or cellular pathways. To isolate efficient regulators of drug resistance in tumor cells, we have adopted a genome-wide scanning approach based on the screening of large libraries of artificial transcription factors (ATFs) made of three and six randomly assembled zinc finger domains. Zinc finger libraries were linked to a VP64 activation domain and delivered into a paclitaxel-sensitive tumor cell line. Following drug treatment, several ATFs were isolated that promoted drug resistance. One of these ATFs, 3ZF-1-VP, promoted paclitaxel resistance in cell lines having mutated or inactivated p53, such as MDA-MB-435 and Kaposi's sarcoma cell lines. 3ZF-1-VP also induced strong resistance to etoposide, vincristine, and cisplatinum. Linkage of a repression domain to the selected ATF resulted in enhanced sensitivity to multiple drugs, particularly vincristine, cisplatinum, and 5-fluorouracil. Small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of p53 revealed that 3ZF-1-VP activated both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms to promote survival, whereas other ATF required intact p53. Real-time expression analysis and DNA microarrays showed that several ATFs up-regulated targets of p53, such as the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1), and genes participating in the p14(ARF)-MDM2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway, such as hDMP1. Thus, ATF can be used to map genes and pathways involved in drug resistance phenotypes and have potential as novel therapeutic agents to inhibit drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blancafort
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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17
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Heregulin β1 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation through Rac/ERK-dependent induction of cyclin D1 and p21Cip1. Biochem J 2008; 410:167-75. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that heregulins, EGF (epidermal growth factor)-like ligands, promote breast cancer cell proliferation and are involved in the progression of breast cancer towards an aggressive and invasive phenotype. However, there is limited information regarding the molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects. We have recently established that HRG (heregulin β1) promotes breast cancer cell proliferation and migration via cross-talk with EGFR (EGF receptor) that involves the activation of the small GTPase Rac1. In the present paper we report that Rac1 is an essential player for mediating the induction of cyclin D1 and p21Cip1 by HRG in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of Rac function by expressing either the Rac-GAP (GTPase-activating protein) β2-chimaerin or the dominant-negative Rac mutant N17Rac1, or Rac1 depletion using RNAi (RNA interference), abolished the cyclin D1 and p21Cip1 induction by HRG. Interestingly, the proliferative effect of HRG was impaired not only when the expression of Rac1 or cyclin D1 was inhibited, but also when cells were depleted of p21Cip1 using RNAi. Inhibition of EGFR, PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase; kinases required for Rac activation by HRG) or MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase] also blocked the up-regulation of cyclin D1 and p21Cip1 by HRG. In addition, we found that HRG activates NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) in a Rac1- and MEK-dependent fashion, and inhibition of NF-κB abrogates cyclin D1/p21Cip1 induction and proliferation by HRG. Taken together, these findings establish a central role for Rac1 in the control of HRG-induced breast cancer cell-cycle progression and proliferation through up-regulating the expression of cyclin D1 and p21Cip1.
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Shiu LY, Liang CH, Huang YS, Sheu HM, Kuo KW. Downregulation of HER2/neu receptor by solamargine enhances anticancer drug-mediated cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells with high-expressing HER2/neu. Cell Biol Toxicol 2007; 24:1-10. [PMID: 17885815 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-007-9010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of HER2/neu is associated with drug resistance and poor outcome in breast cancer. Solamargine (SM), a glycoalkaloid purified from the herb Solanum incanum, exhibits HER2/neu gene modulation of HER2/neu high-expressing human breast cancer cell line ZR-75-1. SM downregulation of HER2/neu gene expression was determined by RT-PCR and Southern hybridization. Additionally, the membrane-bound HER2/neu receptor in highly HER2/neu-expressing breast cancer cells was determined by radioimmunoassay, immunocytochemistry, fluorescent immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry. SM significantly decreased the number of HER2/neu receptors on the cell membrane. Methotrexate (MTX), 5-florouracil (5-Fu), and cisplatin (CDDP) are commonly used for breast carcinoma treatment in clinics; however, patients with HER2/neu overexpression exhibit resistance to these anticancer drugs. Notably, combination of MTX, 5-Fu, and CDDP with SM individually increased the susceptibility of breast cancer cells to these chemotherapeutic agents. Experimental results indicated that downregulation of HER2/neu by SM might be an effective strategy for enhancing drug susceptibility of breast cancer cells expressing high levels of HER2/neu.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Shiu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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19
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Chiang CT, Way TD, Lin JK. Sensitizing HER2-overexpressing cancer cells to luteolin-induced apoptosis through suppressing p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression with rapamycin. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:2127-38. [PMID: 17620442 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HER2 overexpression, which confers resistance to various therapeutic regimens, correlates with a poor clinical prognosis. In this study, we showed that luteolin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, is a potent stimulator of HER2 degradation. Luteolin effectively inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HER2-overexpressing cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that low doses of luteolin up-regulated p21 expression and high doses of luteolin down-regulated its expression. Examination of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling revealed that this signaling was only transiently inhibited by low doses of luteolin, which suggested that the inability to cause sustained Akt/mTOR inhibition may contribute to p21 induction and provide a survival advantage to HER2-overexpressing cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, we showed that the combined use of luteolin and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin prevented low doses of luteolin from inducing p21 expression, and HER2-overexpressing cancer cells would be sensitized toward luteolin-induced apoptosis. In addition, p21 small interfering RNA also increased the luteolin-induced cell death. In nude mice with xenografted SKOV3.ip1-induced tumors, luteolin significantly inhibited HER2 expression and tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner, and rapamycin further enhanced the effect of luteolin with a concomitant p21 inhibition. These results reveal an intriguing finding that suppressing p21 expression might have therapeutic implications and further suggest that combination of mTOR inhibitors may be a promising strategy to help increase the efficacy of preventive or therapeutic compounds against HER2-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Te Chiang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-ai Road, Taipei 10018, Taiwan
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Funasaka T, Hu H, Yanagawa T, Hogan V, Raz A. Down-regulation of phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor results in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition of human lung fibrosarcoma cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4236-43. [PMID: 17483335 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is one of the glycolytic enzymes and is a multifunctional enzyme that functions in glucose metabolism inside the cell while acting as a cytokine outside the cell, with properties that include autocrine motility factor (AMF) regulating tumor cell motility. Although there are many studies indicating that PGI/AMF has been implicated in progression of metastasis, no direct studies of the significance of exogenous PGI/AMF on tumor progression have been reported. Here, we report on the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), which is the reverse phenomenon of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition that is associated with loss of cell polarity, loss of epithelia markers, and enhancement of cell motility essential for tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Mesenchymal human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells, which have naturally high levels of endogenous and exogenous PGI/AMF, were stably transfected with PGI/AMF small interfering RNA (siRNA). The siRNA targeting human PGI/AMF down-regulated the endogenous PGI/AMF expression and completely extinguished the secretion of PGI/AMF in a human fibrosarcoma HT1080, whereas the control siRNA showed no effects. The PGI/AMF siRNA caused cells to change shape dramatically and inhibited cell motility and invasion markedly. Suppression of PGI/AMF led to a contact-dependent inhibition of cell growth. Those PGI/AMF siRNA-transfected cells showed epithelial phenotype. Furthermore, tumor cells with PGI/AMF deficiency lost their abilities to form tumor mass. This study identifies that MET in HT1080 human lung fibrosarcoma cells was initiated by down-regulation of the housekeeping gene product/cytokine PGI/AMF, and the results depicted here suggest a novel therapeutic target/modality for mesenchymal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyoshi Funasaka
- Tumor Progression and Metastasis Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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21
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Sasaki N, Kudoh K, Kita T, Tsuda H, Furuya K, Kikuchi Y. Effect of HER-2/neu overexpression on chemoresistance and prognosis in ovarian carcinoma. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007; 33:17-23. [PMID: 17212661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2007.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of HER-2/neu protein overexpression on chemoresistance and prognosis in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma. METHODS A total of 141 ovarian carcinoma tissues surgically resected between 1987 and 2003 were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The characteristic of the patients and immunohistochemical results were compared by chi2-test. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. RESULTS HER-2/neu overexpression was detected in 18 cases (12.8%). There were no significant differences in histopathological subtypes (P = 0.3550), FIGO stages (P = 0.8858), or residual tumor size at first surgery (P = 0.6607) between the cases with HER-2/neu overexpression and the cases without HER-2/neu overexpression. Among the 58 cases which responded to chemotherapy, only five cases (8.6%) showed HER-2/neu overexpression. However, among the 38 cases which did not respond to chemotherapy, eight cases (21.1%) showed HER-2/neu overexpression. Overexpression of HER-2/neu had a tendency to relate with chemoresistance of epithelial ovarian carcinoma, but there were no statistically significant differences (P = 0.0817). No association was observed between HER-2/neu overexpression and cumulative survival rate (P = 0.4970). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study show that although HER-2/neu overexpression has a tendency to be associated with chemoresistance, it can not be a prognostic factor for the patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.
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22
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Falo C, Moreno A, Varela M, Lloveras B, Figueras A, Escobedo A. HER-2/neu status and response to CMF: retrospective study in a series of operable breast cancer treated with primary CMF chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133:423-9. [PMID: 17245595 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-006-0176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Primary chemotherapy brings the opportunity for an early and accurate assessment of response and offers an ideal model to search for new predictors of response. HER-2/neu is one of the most studied genes for this purpose. PATIENTS AND METHODS Her-2/neu was tested in a non-randomized series of 300 patients with operable breast carcinomas treated with primary CMF. Response was assessed by mammography. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated after a mean follow-up of 116 months. Statistical analysis was performed to study the association between HER-2/neu status and response to CMF. RESULTS Overexpression/amplification was found in 23.66% cases. Univariate analysis showed that response was similar in HER-2/neu positive and negative tumors (51.38 vs. 47.36%, P = 0.6). Triple negative tumors (ER, PR and HER-2/neu negative) presented the highest response rate (64.9%). By multivariate analysis, response was significantly correlated to higher nuclear grade and negative estrogen receptor status (P = 0.02 and 0.007, respectively). Patients with HER-2/neu positive tumors presented shorter survival rates (P = 0.06). Patients with response to CMF showed a better survival over non-responders independent of Her-2/neu status. Patients with the combination of response to CMF and Her-2/neu negative tumors presented the best outcome. On the other hand, the association of no response to CMF and positive Her-2/neu score was statistically related to poor DFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS CMF indication is independent of Her-2/neu status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Falo
- Breast Cancer Unit, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
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Weiss RH, Borowsky AD, Seligson D, Lin PY, Dillard-Telm L, Belldegrun AS, Figlin RA, Pantuck AD. p21 is a Prognostic Marker for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Approaches. J Urol 2007; 177:63-8; discussion 68-9. [PMID: 17162001 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Kidney cancer, although relatively rare compared to other malignancies, is the most lethal of the common urological malignancies. Current treatments are inadequate as evidenced by a poor 5-year survival of patients with metastatic disease. Since there exists a significant disparity in the survival of patients with localized vs metastatic disease, efforts are under way to identify molecular markers of progression as well as targets for novel therapeutic approaches. The apoptosis and cell cycle regulatory protein, p21(waf1/cip1), has been investigated as a possible target in other cancers since it is involved in the repair and apoptotic response of normal and malignant cells to DNA damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed immunohistochemical analysis of a tissue array of 366 patients for which we have data on grade, stage and survival. We found that nuclear p21 is most highly expressed in collecting duct carcinoma and lowest in oncocytoma. Cytosolic p21 staining was highest in oncocytoma. RESULTS In clear cell renal cell carcinoma p21 has prognostic value, which is a function of whether patients have localized or metastatic disease at diagnosis, suggesting the existence of 2 discrete classes of this disease. In localized disease higher levels of nuclear p21 were associated with a better prognosis, but in patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis higher levels of nuclear and cytosolic p21 were associated with worse survival. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings p21 may be useful in prognostication, and it may have a role in the differing biological behaviors of localized and metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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24
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Molecular Mechanisms of ErbB2-Mediated Breast Cancer Chemoresistance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 608:119-29. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74039-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Petrov SV, Raskin GA, Khasanov RS. A new hypothesis on the role of c-erbB2 oncogene in the progress of breast cancer. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006; 142:94-7. [PMID: 17369913 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation and the state of adhesion molecules (E-cadherin, galectin-3) and estrogen and progesterone receptors were immunohistochemically analyzed in breast cancer biopsy specimens under conditions of c-erbB2 overexpression with and without gene amplification. It was hypothesized that c-erbB2 overexpression without gene amplification led to suppression of proliferation and "conservation" of tumor cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Petrov
- Clinical Oncological Center, Ministry of Health of Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan.
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26
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Leiser AL, Anderson SE, Nonaka D, Chuai S, Olshen AB, Chi DS, Soslow RA. Apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory markers in uterine leiomyosarcoma. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 101:86-91. [PMID: 16289259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was to investigate the expression of apoptotic and cell cycle regulators p53, p21, p27, bax, and bcl-2 in uterine leiomyosarcoma in order to identify molecular pathways that possibly could be important in the development of leiomyosarcoma. A secondary aim was to examine if the apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory protein expression profile of uterine leiomyosarcoma is potentially useful for clinical prognostic purposes. METHODS A tissue microarray representing 36 uterine leiomyosarcomas and 19 uterine leiomyomas was created with 3 representative cores from each tumor. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for bcl-2, bax, p21, p27, and p53 using standard techniques. Staining was scored 0-12 for each marker, 0-3 being negative and 4-12 positive. Outcome analyses were performed only for leiomyosarcomas. First recurrence was determined from the time of initial diagnosis. Survival was determined from the time of initial diagnosis to last follow-up. RESULTS Associations were found between disease type (leiomyosarcoma vs. leiomyoma) and the positivity status of p21 (43% vs. 0%, P < 0.001), p53 (54% vs. 0%, P < 0.001), and bax (34% vs. 94%, P < 0.001). bcl-2-positive leiomyosarcoma was associated with a longer time to recurrence (P = 0.02) in a univariate analysis. In a multivariate analysis, tumor stage was the only independent significant prognostic factor (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The significant differential expression of apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory proteins in uterine leiomyosarcoma as compared to benign smooth muscle tumors suggests that pathways involving these proteins may be important in the development of malignant disease and, therefore, could be potential targets for molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza L Leiser
- Developmental Chemotherapy Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Colozza M, Azambuja E, Cardoso F, Sotiriou C, Larsimont D, Piccart MJ. Proliferative markers as prognostic and predictive tools in early breast cancer: where are we now? Ann Oncol 2005; 16:1723-39. [PMID: 15980158 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdi352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, proliferative markers have been broadly evaluated as prognostic and predictive factors for early stage breast cancer patients. Several papers evaluating one or more markers have been published, often with contradictory results. As a consequence, there is still uncertainty about the role of these proliferative markers. The present paper critically reviews the current knowledge about the following markers: thymidine labeling index, S phase fraction/flow cytometry, Ki 67, thymidine kinase (TK), cyclins E, cyclin D, the cyclin inhibitors p27 and p21, and topoisomerase IIalpha. For each marker, the prognostic and predictive role was separately analyzed. Only papers published in English in peer-reviewed journals before June 2004 that include at least 100 evaluable patients were selected. In addition, the prognostic and predictive role of the proliferative markers had to be assessed through multivariate analyses. One hundred and thirty-two papers fulfilled these criteria and 159 516 patients were analyzed. Unfortunately, several methodological problems in the research to date prevent us from including any one of these proliferative markers among the standard prognostic and predictive factors. Early incorporation of translational research and new technologies with clinical trials are needed to prospectively validate biological markers and allow their use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Colozza
- S. C. Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera, San Sisto 06132 Perugia, Italy
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28
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Zhou X, Tan M, Stone Hawthorne V, Klos KS, Lan KH, Yang Y, Yang W, Smith TL, Shi D, Yu D. Activation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin/4E-BP1 pathway by ErbB2 overexpression predicts tumor progression in breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:6779-88. [PMID: 15501954 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/4E-BP1 pathway is considered to be a central regulator of protein synthesis, involving the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The inhibitors of mTOR as anticancer reagents are undergoing active evaluation in various malignancies including breast cancer. However, the activation status of the Akt/mTOR/4E-BP1 pathway and its potential roles in breast cancers remain unknown. Thus, we examined 165 invasive breast cancers with specific antibodies for the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and 4E-BP1 by immunohistochemistry and compared them with normal breast epithelium, fibroadenoma, intraductal hyperplasia, and ductal carcinoma in situ. We discovered that the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and 4E-BP1 increased progressively from normal breast epithelium to hyperplasia and abnormal hyperplasia to tumor invasion. Phosphorylated Akt, mTOR, and 4E-BP1 were positively associated with ErbB2 overexpression. Survival analysis showed that phosphorylation of each of these three markers was associated with poor disease-free survival independently. In vitro, we further confirmed the causal relationship between ErbB2 overexpression and mTOR activation, which was associated with enhanced invasive ability and sensitivity to a mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin. Our results, for the first time, demonstrate the following: (a) high levels of phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and 4E-BP1 in breast cancers, indicating activation of the Akt/mTOR/4E-BP1 pathway in breast cancer development and progression; (b) a link between ErbB2 and the Akt/mTOR/4E-BP1 pathway in breast cancers in vitro and in vivo, indicating the possible role of Akt/mTOR activation in ErbB2-mediated breast cancer progression; and (c) a potential role for this pathway in predicting the prognosis of patients with breast cancer, especially those treated with mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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29
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Khandwala HM, Mirchandani D, Chibbar R, Chow V. Case 1. Metastatic breast cancer presenting with panhypopituitarism. J Clin Oncol 2005; 22:4851-3. [PMID: 15570089 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hasnain M Khandwala
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Pahotlogy and Radiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
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30
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Wang XF, Witting PK, Salvatore BA, Neuzil J. Vitamin E analogs trigger apoptosis in HER2/erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells by signaling via the mitochondrial pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 326:282-9. [PMID: 15582575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) is a redox-silent vitamin E (VE) analog with high pro-apoptotic and anti-neoplastic activity. Here we investigated whether alpha-TOS and several novel VE analogs kill breast cancer cells over-expressing the anti-apoptotic receptor protein HER2/erbB2. The agents induced apoptosis at comparable levels in both erbB2-low and -high cells. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) preceded mitochondrial destabilization and execution of apoptosis, as evidenced by the anti-apoptotic effects of exogenous superoxide dismutase and mitochondrially targeted coenzyme Q. Dissipation of DeltaPsi(m) was followed by cytochrome c and Smac/Diablo re-localization and caspase-dependent cleavage of death substrate. A resistance to apoptosis for the corresponding rho(0) counterparts confirmed a critical dependency for mitochondria during the induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells mediated by VE analogs and linked apoptosis to generation of radicals as judged by the delayed accumulation of ROS in the cybrid cell types. We conclude that alpha-TOS causes efficient apoptosis in breast cancer cells independent of their erbB2 status. Since erbB2 is frequently over-expressed in breast cancers and renders the neoplastic disease resistant to established treatment, our findings are of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Wang
- Apoptosis Research Group, School of Health Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
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31
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Vega S, Morales AV, Ocaña OH, Valdés F, Fabregat I, Nieto MA. Snail blocks the cell cycle and confers resistance to cell death. Genes Dev 2004; 18:1131-43. [PMID: 15155580 PMCID: PMC415638 DOI: 10.1101/gad.294104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Snail zinc-finger transcription factors trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), endowing epithelial cells with migratory and invasive properties during both embryonic development and tumor progression. During EMT, Snail provokes the loss of epithelial markers, as well as changes in cell shape and the expression of mesenchymal markers. Here, we show that in addition to inducing dramatic phenotypic alterations, Snail attenuates the cell cycle and confers resistance to cell death induced by the withdrawal of survival factors and by pro-apoptotic signals. Hence, Snail favors changes in cell shape versus cell division, indicating that with respect to oncogenesis, although a deregulation/increase in proliferation is crucial for tumor formation and growth, this may not be so for tumor malignization. Finally, the resistance to cell death conferred by Snail provides a selective advantage to embryonic cells to migrate and colonize distant territories, and to malignant cells to separate from the primary tumor, invade, and form metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Vega
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cieutificas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Abstract
The cyclin kinase inhibitor p21, originally described as a universal inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, has since been shown to have additional functions other than CDK inhibition. It is likely that a key role of p21 is to keep cells alive after DNA damage and subsequent p53 induction, in order for the cell to effect repairs. Thus, the increase in p21 seen in some cancers may impart these cells with a survival advantage. Here we discuss how this antiapoptotic aspect of p21 makes it an attractive target for cancer therapy; attenuation of p21 in malignant cells may subvert the normal repair process induced by DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents and thus make such drugs more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cancer Center University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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