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Shroff GS, Sheshadri A, Altan M, Truong MT, Erasmus LT, Vlahos I. Drug-induced Lung Disease in the Oncology Patient: From Cytotoxic Agents to Immunotherapy. Clin Chest Med 2024; 45:325-337. [PMID: 38816091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced lung disease is commonly encountered, especially in the oncology setting. Diagnosis is challenging because clinical and radiologic findings are nonspecific, often overlapping with other lung pathologies in these patients due to underlying neoplasia, infection, or other treatment effects such as radiotherapy. Furthermore, oncology patients often receive multiple antineoplastic agents concurrently, and virtually every agent has an association with lung injury. In this article, we will review a variety of antineoplastic agents that are associated with drug-induced injury and discuss incidence, their typical timing of onset, and imaging features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish S Shroff
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ajay Sheshadri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Unit 1462, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mehmet Altan
- Department of Thoracic Head & Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 0432, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mylene T Truong
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren T Erasmus
- McGill University, 845 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Ioannis Vlahos
- Department of Thoracic Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Unit 1478, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Mouillot P, Favrolt N, Khouri C, Grandvuillemin A, Chaumais MC, Schenesse D, Seferian A, Jais X, Savale L, Beltramo G, Sitbon O, Cracowski JL, Humbert M, Georges M, Bonniaud P, Montani D. Characteristics and outcomes of gemcitabine-associated pulmonary hypertension. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00654-2023. [PMID: 38770007 PMCID: PMC11103709 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00654-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite its known cardiac and lung toxicities, the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine has only rarely been associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH), and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to assess the association between gemcitabine and PH. Methods We identified incident cases of precapillary PH confirmed by right heart catheterisation in patients treated with gemcitabine from the French PH Registry between January 2007 and December 2022. The aetiology, clinical, functional, radiological and haemodynamic characteristics of PH were reviewed at baseline and during follow-up. A pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis was conducted using the World Health Organization (WHO) pharmacovigilance database. Results We identified nine cases of pulmonary arterial hypertension, either induced (in eight patients) or exacerbated (in one patient) by gemcitabine. Patients exhibited severe precapillary PH, with a median mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 40 (range 26-47) mmHg, a cardiac index of 2.4 (1.6-3.9) L·min-1·m-2 and a pulmonary vascular resistance of 6.3 (3.1-12.6) Wood units. The median time from the initiation of gemcitabine to the onset of PH was 7 (4-50) months, with patients receiving a median of 16 (6-24) gemcitabine injections. Six patients showed clinical improvement upon discontinuation of gemcitabine. In the WHO pharmacovigilance database, we identified a significant signal with 109 cases reporting at least one adverse event related to PH with gemcitabine. Conclusion Both clinical cases and pharmacovigilance data substantiate a significant association between gemcitabine use and the onset or worsening of precapillary PH. The observed improvement following the discontinuation of treatment underscores the importance of PH screening in gemcitabine-exposed patients experiencing unexplained dyspnoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mouillot
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Reference Center for Rare Lung Diseases, François Mitterrand Hospital, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM 1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Favrolt
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Reference Center for Rare Lung Diseases, François Mitterrand Hospital, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM 1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Charles Khouri
- Pharmacovigilance Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- Clinical Pharmacology Department INSERM CIC1406, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- HP2 Laboratory, Inserm U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Marie-Camille Chaumais
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pharmacy Department, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999 “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies”, Hospital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Déborah Schenesse
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Reference Center for Rare Lung Diseases, François Mitterrand Hospital, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM 1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Andrei Seferian
- INSERM UMR_S 999 “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies”, Hospital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Pulmonary Hypertension Reference Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Xavier Jais
- INSERM UMR_S 999 “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies”, Hospital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Pulmonary Hypertension Reference Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurent Savale
- INSERM UMR_S 999 “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies”, Hospital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Pulmonary Hypertension Reference Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guillaume Beltramo
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Reference Center for Rare Lung Diseases, François Mitterrand Hospital, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM 1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Olivier Sitbon
- INSERM UMR_S 999 “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies”, Hospital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Pulmonary Hypertension Reference Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Luc Cracowski
- Pharmacovigilance Unit, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
- HP2 Laboratory, Inserm U1300, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- INSERM UMR_S 999 “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies”, Hospital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Pulmonary Hypertension Reference Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marjolaine Georges
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Reference Center for Rare Lung Diseases, François Mitterrand Hospital, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM 1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Bonniaud
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Reference Center for Rare Lung Diseases, François Mitterrand Hospital, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM 1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
- P. Bonniaud and D. Montani contributed equally
| | - David Montani
- INSERM UMR_S 999 “Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies”, Hospital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- AP-HP, Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Pulmonary Hypertension Reference Centre, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- P. Bonniaud and D. Montani contributed equally
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Haag EK, Adjadé G, Dawood H, El Fadli M, Essadi I, Belbaraka R. Severe and fatal interstitial lung disease induced by gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a case report. Oxf Med Case Reports 2023; 2023:omad120. [PMID: 38264204 PMCID: PMC10805609 DOI: 10.1093/omcr/omad120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a cytotoxic drug commonly used in the treatment of several types of cancer. While gemcitabine is generally considered safe and effective, it can cause some side effects, including pulmonary toxicity. Interstitial lung disease is a rare but potentially serious event. We report a case of a 63-year-old patient with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. She received Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on day 1, and day 8, and presented on day 15 of the first cycle with respiratory distress rapidly aggravating. Clinical and radiological findings were concordant with interstitial lung disease. Management consisted of high doses of corticosteroids and oxygen therapy. There was no clinical improvement and the patient passed away after a few days. Despite its low incidence, gemcitabine-induced interstitial lung disease may be responsible for a fatal clinical picture. Clinicians must be aware of this possibility and address respiratory symptoms as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Kelly Haag
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Mohammed VI, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Ganiou Adjadé
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Mohammed VI, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Hospital of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Héba Dawood
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Hospital of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Mohammed El Fadli
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Mohammed VI, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Ismail Essadi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Military Hospital Avicennes, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Rhizlane Belbaraka
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Mohammed VI, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco
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Saito K, Michihata N, Hamada T, Jo T, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Nakai Y, Yasunaga H, Fujishiro M. Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel for pancreatic cancer and interstitial lung disease: A nationwide longitudinal study. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:3996-4005. [PMID: 37547944 PMCID: PMC10551588 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an adverse event associated with gemcitabine administration. Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, which is now a first-line chemotherapy regimen for pancreatic cancer (PC), may increase the risk of ILD; however, large-scale clinical data on this are limited. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the incidence and risk factors of ILD in patients with PC receiving gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel. Through the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, a Japanese nationwide inpatient database with outpatient data, we identified consecutive patients with PC who received gemcitabine-based chemotherapy between July 2010 and March 2019 at 205 hospitals. Competing-risk analysis was used to examine the cumulative incidence and risk factors of ILD. Among the 6163 patients who received gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, we documented 168 patients (2.7%) who developed ILD with cumulative incidence rates (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of 2.0% (1.6%-2.4%), 2.7% (2.2%-3.1%), and 3.1% (2.6%-3.6%) at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Compared with patients with PC who received gemcitabine monotherapy, those who received gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel had an adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) for ILD of 1.93 (95% CI: 1.51-2.47). Older age was associated with a high risk of ILD in patients receiving gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel (adjusted SHR comparing ≥75 to ≤74 years, 1.61; 95% CI: 1.16-2.24). In conclusion, this study demonstrated the clinical course of gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel-associated ILD in patients with PC. When gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel is administered to elderly patients with PC, symptoms associated with ILD must be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal MedicineNihon University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Nobuaki Michihata
- Department of Health Services Research, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic MedicineThe Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyoJapan
| | - Taisuke Jo
- Department of Health Services Research, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroki Matsui
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public HealthThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kiyohide Fushimi
- Department of Health Informatics and Policy, Graduate School of MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yousuke Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Endoscopy and Endoscopic SurgeryThe University of Tokyo HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Hideo Yasunaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public HealthThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Türkel A, Özdemir M, Kurtuluş A, Doğan M. Gemcitabine-associated digital necrosis in metastatic breast cancer. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2023; 29:1770-1775. [PMID: 37309162 DOI: 10.1177/10781552231182356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog antimetabolite used in various malignancies, including metastatic breast cancer. Objective response rates in its use as a single agent in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer are not to be underestimated. Cutaneous, hematological, pulmonary, and vascular side effects are well-known side effects. Venous thromboembolism may occur with antineoplastics, such as platinum compounds. Arterial thromboembolism is rare in cancer, almost rare with chemotherapy. Here, we present a metastatic breast cancer patient who had digital necrosis due to arterial occlusion with gemcitabine monotherapy. CASE REPORT A 54-year-old metastatic breast cancer female patient had digital ischemia and necrosis in the left hand's fifth finger after the second course of single-agent gemcitabine as the fourth line setting. Gemcitabine was discontinued, and medical treatment was started. Thrombus was detected in the left subclavian artery digital angiography. Balloon angioplasty and stenting were applied. However, digital amputation had to be performed since tissue necrosis had not regressed despite radiological interventions and medical treatment. MANAGEMENT AND OUTCOME Gemcitabine was discontinued. Low molecular weight heparin and acetylsalicylic acid were started. The distal phalanx was amputated due to necrosis during follow-up. Gemcitabine was permanently stopped. DISCUSSION Gemcitabine-related vascular events, including arterial thrombosis, may also occur in cancer patients, especially those with higher tumor burden. Therefore, predisposing factors for hypercoagulability and vascular occlusion should be questioned in more detail even before starting antineoplastics which are known to have a lower risk for thrombosis, such as gemcitabine monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Türkel
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dr Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özdemir
- Department of Radiology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aziz Kurtuluş
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dr Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Doğan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dr Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Jennane S, Ababou M, El Haddad M, Ait Sahel O, Mahtat EM, El Maaroufi H, Doudouh A, Doghmi K. Bleomycin-Induced Lung Toxicity in Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Risk Factors in the Positron Emission Tomography Era. Cureus 2022; 14:e23993. [PMID: 35419251 PMCID: PMC8994685 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bleomycin is a major antimitotic agent in the first-line treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma. The main limitation of its use is its pulmonary toxicity. The objectives of this study are to find out the risk factors for the occurrence of bleomycin-induced lung toxicity in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma and, on the other hand, to determine if positron emission tomography scan is a reliable means of early detection of this toxicity. Methods This is a retrospective study conducted in the clinical Hematology Department of Mohammed V Military Instruction Hospital, Rabat, Morocco. All patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma and treated with a bleomycin-based chemotherapy were included. The impact of different clinical and biological factors on the risk of bleomycin-induced lung toxicity occurrence was assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The benefit of positron emission tomography, usually performed as part of the re-assessment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma after two and four cycles, has been evaluated in the detection of bleomycin-induced lung toxicity. Results Among 124 patients included in the study, 18 (14.5%) patients experienced bleomycin-induced lung toxicity. On multivariate analysis, smoking (p = 0.038) and the use of the ABVD regimen (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) compared to the escalated BEACOPPe regimen (bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) (p = 0.018) were statistically significant risk factors. After two and four courses of therapy, the positron emission tomography was able to predict the occurrence of bleomycin-induced lung toxicity before the appearance of clinical symptoms only in 36.4 % and 12.5% of patients, respectively. Conclusion Studies to identify risk factors for the development of bleomycin-induced lung toxicity are crucial to reduce toxicity in the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, two- and four-cycle positron emission tomography scans cannot be considered as a reliable means of early detection of this toxicity.
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A Review of Treatment-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity in Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 22:1-9. [PMID: 34226162 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the available literature that describes the incidence, diagnosis, mechanism, symptoms, and management of pulmonary toxicity induced by radiation therapy and current systemic medications used to treat breast cancer. An extensive literature search was conducted via Ovid Medline to identify all potentially relevant articles written in English from 2010 through January 2020. Additional relevant articles outside the time frame were included as needed. Although the risk of pulmonary toxicity from various breast cancer treatments is small in most instances, it can be fatal. Due to the high prevalence of breast cancer and the range of treatment options, healthcare providers should be aware of the risk of pulmonary toxicity from those treatments and how to prevent or manage complications.
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Zhou XM, Wu C, Gu X. Intravesically instilled gemcitabine-induced lung injury in a patient with invasive urothelial carcinoma: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:4652-4659. [PMID: 33083430 PMCID: PMC7559683 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i19.4652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemcitabine is a chemotherapy agent with relatively low toxicities, as a valid option for elderly patients with underlying diseases. Gemcitabine-induced pulmonary toxicities are rare and various, ranging from self-limited episodes of bronchospasm to fatal, progressive, severe, interstitial pneumonitis and respiratory failure. Intravesical gemcitabine instillations are commonly used to reduce recurrence or progression for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer or urothelial cancer. Few severe toxicities have been reported for the intravesical instillation is assumed to be completely separated from the systemic circulation.
CASE SUMMARY A 67-year-old patient received 30 cycles of intravesical gemcitabine instillation after transurethral resection and developed a 1-wk fever, cough, hemoptysis, and dyspnea. After a thorough checkup, bilateral consolidation and infiltration of the lungs were documented and a percutaneous lung biopsy confirmed organizing pneumonia after treatment with broad-spectrum empirical antibiotics failed. Tapered corticosteroids were administered, and pulmonary toxicity gradually resolved.
CONCLUSION Gemcitabine-induced pulmonary toxicities present with various manifestations. In spite of the rare pulmonary involvement by the intravesical gemcitabine instillation, health care professionals who administer gemcitabine chemotherapy in this way should monitor for gemcitabine-induced pulmonary toxicities, particularly in patients with high-risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Cen Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiu Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
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Shen J, Chung SY, Azimi-Nekoo E, Jose J, Saif MW. A Rare Case of Gemcitabine-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:1-3. [PMID: 32104721 PMCID: PMC7043207 DOI: 10.17140/prrmoj-5-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Context Gemcitabine is the backbone of systemic treatment of locally advanced and metastatic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In recent literature, gemcitabine has been linked to various pulmonary side effects. Case Report We report a case of an 82-year-old male who developed acute pulmonary hypertension after receiving one cycle of gemcitabine for metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. His symptoms began with fatigue associated with shortness of breath and cough that worsened despite dose reduction. He developed new onset bilateral pulmonary effusions and an echocardiogram revealed findings consistent with pulmonary hypertension. A computed tomography (CT) angiogram was negative for pulmonary thromboembolism. Although he was promptly treated with diuretics and steroids, the patient could not tolerate any further therapy. Conclusion Gemcitabine-induced pulmonary hypertension is rare and can be challenging to diagnose, as it remains a diagnosis of exclusion. However, physicians should be vigilant of new pulmonary symptoms, as delayed treatment can cause significant patient morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Shen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Monter Cancer Center, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Su Yun Chung
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Monter Cancer Center, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Elham Azimi-Nekoo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Monter Cancer Center, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Jyothi Jose
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Monter Cancer Center, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad W Saif
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.,Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Monter Cancer Center, Lake Success, NY, USA.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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10
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Grade 4 Pneumonitis in a Patient Treated with a Combination of Gemcitabine and Docetaxel for Recurrent Leiomyosarcoma of the Uterus. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2020; 2020:4629452. [PMID: 32089916 PMCID: PMC7029286 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4629452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine and docetaxel combination chemotherapy is the standard of care for patients with unresectable recurrent or metastatic leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. Although they are generally well-tolerated agents, they can also cause severe and life-threatening pulmonary toxicities. Here, we describe a case of grade 4 pneumonitis due to gemcitabine and docetaxel in a 74-year-old woman with recurrent, metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma. Despite early recognition of chemotherapy-induced lung injury and early administration of corticosteroid, she developed noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. She required multiple intubations and a tracheostomy. Physicians should not only be aware of gemcitabine and docetaxel’s potential to cause life-threatening pulmonary injuries but also recognize the variability in clinical presentations and treatment responses, the radiographic findings of these lung toxicities, and the need for early corticosteroid therapy in these cases.
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11
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Baig J, Shokouh-Amiri M, Chan J, Chowdhery R, Danthurthy S, Venepalli NK. The Spectrum of Pulmonary Toxicity in Pancreatic Cancer Patients Receiving Gemcitabine Combination Chemotherapy. Case Rep Oncol 2019; 12:506-512. [PMID: 31341464 PMCID: PMC6639581 DOI: 10.1159/000500242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is widely utilized in the treatment of pancreatic, ovarian, and non small cell lung cancers. Gemcitabine is associated with a wide spectrum of lung toxicities, ranging from dyspnea 25% of patients to severe pulmonary toxicity in up to 5% of patients. There is a dearth of information specific to pulmonary toxicity in the setting of gemcitabine combination chemotherapy. Given the potential severity, it is important to identify it early by excluding more common etiologies. We share two case reports of patients with pancreatic cancer who developed severe pulmonary toxicity during gemcitabine combination chemotherapy. Both cases emphasize the heightened risk of pulmonary toxicity in patients receiving gemcitabine chemotherapy combinations, and a need to be vigilant to initiate appropriate therapies immediately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Baig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mohammad Shokouh-Amiri
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Juliana Chan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rozina Chowdhery
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samaya Danthurthy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Neeta K Venepalli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Li L, Mok H, Jhaveri P, Bonnen MD, Sikora AG, Eissa NT, Komaki RU, Ghebre YT. Anticancer therapy and lung injury: molecular mechanisms. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 18:1041-1057. [PMID: 29996062 PMCID: PMC6290681 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1500180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are two mainstream strategies applied in the treatment of cancer that is not operable. Patients with hematological or solid tumor malignancies substantially benefit from chemotherapeutic drugs and/or ionizing radiation delivered to the site of malignancy. However, considerable adverse effects, including lung inflammation and fibrosis, are associated with the use of these treatment modalities. Areas covered: As we move toward the era of precision health, we are compelled to understand the molecular basis of chemoradiation-induced pathological lung remodeling and to develop effective treatment strategies that mitigate the development of chronic lung disease (i.e. fibrosis) in cancer patients. The review discusses chemotherapeutic agents that are reported to induce or associate with acute and/or chronic lung injury. Expert commentary: There is a need to molecularly understand how chemotherapeutic drugs induce or associate with respiratory toxicities and whether such characteristics are inherently related to their antitumor effect or are collateral. Once such mechanisms have been identified and/or fully characterized, they may be able to guide disease-management decisions including effective intervention strategies for the adverse effects. In the meantime, radiation oncologists should be judicious on the dose of radiation delivered to the lungs, the volume of lung irradiated, and concurrent use of chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Departmet of Endocrinology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Henry Mok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pavan Jhaveri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mark D Bonnen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - N. Tony Eissa
- Department of Medicine, Section on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ritsuko U Komaki
- University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yohannes T Ghebre
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section on Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Faulk KE, Sopfe JM, Campbell K, Liptzin DR, Liu AK, Franklin ARK, Cost CR. Pulmonary toxicity in paediatric patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma receiving brentuximab vedotin. Br J Haematol 2018; 183:251-256. [PMID: 30198571 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Brentuximab vedotin (Bv) is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), with improved outcomes and an overall favourable toxicity profile. However, Bv is associated with severe pulmonary toxicity when combined with bleomycin, suggesting that additive toxicity may be an important consideration. Furthermore, little has been published on tolerability in paediatric patients. We retrospectively evaluated the occurrence of pulmonary toxicity of Bv in 19 paediatric and young adult patients with relapsed or refractory HL. Patient characteristics, baseline health status, treatment regimens including cumulative doses of Bv, bleomycin, gemcitabine, radiation and carmustine, and the occurrence of pulmonary toxicity were collected. Seven (36·8%) of the 19 patients were treated with Bv. The odds of pulmonary toxicity were 4·0-fold higher (95% confidence interval 0·55-29·18) in patients exposed to Bv compared to unexposed patients in univariate analysis (P = 0·17). Similar results were found in multivariable analysis. Pulmonary toxicity occurred frequently in our cohort and was more common in patients who received Bv than in patients who did not receive Bv, although this was not statistically significant. Because patients with HL are exposed to a myriad of therapies with potential for pulmonary toxicity, continuing to evaluate the risk associated with Bv is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Faulk
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jenna M Sopfe
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristen Campbell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deborah R Liptzin
- Paediatric Respiratory Center, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Arthur K Liu
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anna R K Franklin
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carrye R Cost
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Mihailidis V, Anevlavis S, Karpathiou G, Kouliatsis G, Tzouvelekis A, Zarogoulidis P, Ntolios P, Steiropoulos P, Bouros D, Froudarakis ME. Lung function changes after chemoradiation therapy in patients with lung cancer treated by three usual platinum combinations. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:5435-5442. [PMID: 30416792 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.08.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Reports point out lung toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy in cancer patients. The aim of our study was to assess lung function after sequential chemoradiation therapy in patients with lung cancer. Methods Fifteen lung cancer patients participated the study and underwent lung function assessment before and after sequential treatment of chemotherapy with the 3 most applied platinum-based combinations: of vinorelbine (VN) 6 patients, gemcitabine (GEM) 4 patients and etoposide (EP) 5 patients and radiation therapy. Lung function tests were forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), total lung capacity (TLC), diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (Kco). Results Mean patients' age was 58±9.4 years (42-75 years). Male patients were 14 (93.3%), all smokers. Overall, after chemoradiation treatment significant changes were noted in FEV1 (P=0.012), FVC (P=0.046), TLC (P=0.04) from baseline. The drop from baseline was more significant after chemoradiation therapy in DLCO (P=0.002) and KCO (P=0.008). Conclusions According to our results, sequential chemoradiation causes significant changes in lung function parameters in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Mihailidis
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Stavros Anevlavis
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgia Karpathiou
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Kouliatsis
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Argyrios Tzouvelekis
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Paul Zarogoulidis
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Paschalis Ntolios
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Paschalis Steiropoulos
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Bouros
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Marios E Froudarakis
- Departments of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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An Extremely Rapid Case of Pneumonitis with the Use of Nivolumab for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Case Rep Oncol Med 2018; 2018:6314392. [PMID: 29808141 PMCID: PMC5902098 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6314392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cancer death in the United States despite comprising a small percentage of the total number of cancer cases. The estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) for patients with distant metastatic disease is approximately 3%. New treatment options are an unmet need and remain an area of active investigation. A 53-year-old male with metastatic pancreatic cancer presented to the hospital with acute-on-chronic respiratory failure approximately 24 hours after receiving a novel therapeutic combination. Chest imaging showed marked changes as concerning for pneumonitis. Infectious workup was negative. The patient had initial clinical improvement after receiving initial intravenous steroids and oxygen support but eventually deteriorated later opting for supportive measures only. With infection ruled out, drug-induced pneumonitis was felt to be the likely cause of the radiologic and clinical changes. The rapidity of onset of symptoms is the aspect being highlighted in this case.
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Murphy DJ, Gill RR. Overview of treatment related complications in malignant pleural mesothelioma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:235. [PMID: 28706903 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.03.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive malignant neoplasm of the pleura related to asbestos exposure. Despite recent advances in therapy for MPM, the prognosis remains poor, with considerable treatment associated morbidity. Radiological assessment plays a central role in the timely identification and subsequent management of treatment related complications in MPM. This review highlights common and uncommon complications associated with and encountered in the post treatment phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Murphy
- Division of Thoracic Radiology, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ritu R Gill
- Division of Thoracic Radiology, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Despite significant recent progress in precision medicine and immunotherapy, conventional chemotherapy remains the cornerstone of the treatment of most cancers. Chemotherapy-induced lung toxicity represents a serious diagnostic challenge for health care providers and requires careful consideration because it is a diagnosis of exclusion with significant impact on therapeutic decisions. This review aims to provide clinicians with a valuable guide in assessing their patients with possible chemotherapy-induced lung toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Leger
- Division of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, T1218 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Fabien Maldonado
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, T1218 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA.
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Successful treatment of gemcitabine-induced acute interstitial pneumonia with imatinib mesylate: a case report. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:793. [PMID: 27733144 PMCID: PMC5059971 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemcitabine is currently the standard chemotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer. This chemotherapeutic agent is generally well-tolerated, myelosuppression and gastrointestinal toxicity being common side effects. Nevertheless, gemcitabine-induced pulmonary toxicity has been rarely reported. Despite its low incidence, the spectrum of pulmonary injury is wide, including potentially fatal conditions. We report a case of acute interstitial pneumonia related to gemcitabine, completely solved with Imatinib Mesylate (IM). CASE PRESENTATION The patient was a 69-year-old man, who developed a hypoxemic respiratory distress during adjuvant treatment with gemcitabine for stage IIA pancreatic cancer. The nonspecific diffuse alveolar involvement found on computed tomography (CT), together with the negative tests for infectious aetiology and the continuing severe respiratory failure despite a long course of broad-spectrum therapy, suggested gemcitabine-induced acute pneumonia as the most likely diagnosis. Thus, after the failure of steroids and all other conventional therapies, the patient was treated with imatinib mesylate on the basis of its activity in the management of graft-versus-host-induced lung fibrosis. A follow-up CT scan of chest one month later showed complete resolution of pneumonia. CONCLUSION Despite the low frequency of serious pulmonary toxicity, gemcitabine widespread use warns clinicians to consider this life-threatening toxicity. The favourable clinical outcome with IM treatment was remarkable, warranting additional study of IM in the treatment of lung fibrosis.
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Hama Y. Exacerbation of gemcitabine-related pneumonia during radiotherapy for extrapulmonary lesion. Int Cancer Conf J 2016; 6:35-37. [PMID: 31149466 DOI: 10.1007/s13691-016-0267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset gemcitabine pulmonary toxicity is rare and association between pulmonary toxicity and radiotherapy to the extrapulmonary sites is controversial. Here, we report a case of acute exacerbated fatal interstitial pneumonia during radiotherapy to the extrapulmonary site. A 73-year-old woman with pelvic lymph node metastases from urothelial carcinoma underwent palliative radiotherapy after failure of gemcitabine-containing and gemcitabine-non-containing chemotherapy. Gemcitabine-containing chemotherapy had finished 13 months prior to the radiotherapy due to grade 3 pulmonary toxicity. During the course of radiotherapy to the pelvic lesion, she was complicated with fatal acute interstitial pneumonia even though the lung tissue was not irradiated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of fatal gemcitabine-related pulmonary toxicity during radiotherapy for extrapulmonary lesion. Although the association between late-onset pulmonary toxicity and radiotherapy is controversial, caution should be paid to a patient with a history of gemcitabine-related pulmonary toxicity who will undergo radiotherapy even though the lung volume is not irradiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Hama
- Tokyo-Edogawa Cancer Center, Edogawa Hospital, 2-24-18 Higashikoiwa, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, 133-0052 Japan
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20
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Hamada T, Yasunaga H, Nakai Y, Isayama H, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Koike K. Interstitial lung disease associated with gemcitabine: A Japanese retrospective cohort study. Respirology 2015; 21:338-43. [PMID: 26775618 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a widely recognized adverse consequence of gemcitabine administration, but data on gemcitabine-associated ILD are limited. This study aimed to elucidate the incidence and risk factors for this adverse event. METHODS Patients who underwent gemcitabine-based chemotherapy between July 2010 and March 2013 were retrospectively identified using a Japanese nationwide administrative database. ILD was defined according to the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision, codes: J70.2-70.4, J84.1 and J84.9. The cumulative incidence and risk factors for ILD were evaluated using a competing risk analysis. RESULTS In total, 25 924 patients who underwent gemcitabine-based chemotherapy were identified from 331 hospitals (primary cancer; pancreatic, urothelial, biliary tract, lung, ovarian and breast, in 9070, 5578, 4803, 4388, 1339 and746 patients, respectively). ILD was observed in 428 patients (1.7%), and the cumulative incidence was estimated at 1.1% (95% CI: 1.0-1.2%), 1.5% (95% CI: 1.4-1.7%) and 1.9% (95% CI: 1.7-2.1%) at 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. In the multivariable regression model, age >80 years and lung cancer were the strongest predictors for ILD (subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR), 2.61; 95% CI: 1.69-4.02 and SHR, 2.81; 95% CI: 2.16-3.65, respectively). Other significant risk factors included heavy smoking, prior chemotherapy and advanced cancer stage. CONCLUSION This study successfully demonstrated the clinical course of gemcitabine-associated ILD. Clinical oncologists should stratify individual patients for risk of ILD based on identified risk factors and fully consider the indication for gemcitabine-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasunaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yousuke Nakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsui
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Fushimi
- Department of Health Care Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Turco C, Jary M, Kim S, Moltenis M, Degano B, Manzoni P, Nguyen T, Genet B, Rabier MBV, Heyd B, Borg C. Gemcitabine-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity: A Case Report of Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2015; 9:75-9. [PMID: 26380562 PMCID: PMC4559186 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s26537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gemcitabine is a chemotherapeutic agent frequently used by for the treatment of several malignancies both in the adjuvant and metastatic setting. Although myelosuppression is the most adverse event of this therapy, gemcitabine might induce severe pulmonary toxicities. We describe a case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) related to gemcitabine. CASE PRESENTATION The patient was an 83-year-old man with a metastatic pancreatic cancer who was treated by gemcitabine as first-line therapy. He was in good health and received no other chemotherapy. A dose of 1000 mg/m(2) of gemcitabine was administered over a 30-minute intravenous infusion on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. After a period of 6 months, a complete response was observed. Nevertheless, the patient developed a severe dyspnea, with arterial hypoxemia and very low lung diffusion for carbon monoxide. A CT scan showed diffuse ground glass opacities with septal lines, bilateral pleural effusion, and lymph node enlargement. On echocardiography, there was a suspicion of pulmonary hypertension with elevated systolic pulmonary artery pressure and normal left ventricular pressures. Right heart catheterization confirmed pulmonary hypertension and normal pulmonary artery occlusion pressure. Diagnosis of PVOD was made, and a gemcitabine-induced toxicity was suspected. A symptomatic treatment was started. At last follow-up, patient was in functional class I with near-normal of CT scan, arterial blood gases, and echocardiography. A gemcitabine-induced PVOD is the more likely diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Turco
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France. ; Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France. ; INSERM, Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Marine Jary
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France. ; INSERM, Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Stefano Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Mélanie Moltenis
- Regional center of Pharmacovigilance, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Bruno Degano
- Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Manzoni
- Radiology and Interventional Pain Management Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Thierry Nguyen
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Bruno Genet
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | | | - Bruno Heyd
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Borg
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France. ; INSERM, Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Mayanagi S, Kitago M, Sakurai T, Matsuda T, Fujita T, Higuchi H, Taguchi J, Takeuchi H, Itano O, Aiura K, Hamamoto Y, Takaishi H, Okamoto M, Sunamura M, Kawakami Y, Kitagawa Y. Phase I pilot study of Wilms tumor gene 1 peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination combined with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:397-406. [PMID: 25614082 PMCID: PMC4409883 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of and immune response to Wilms tumor gene 1 (WT1) peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination combined with gemcitabine (DCGEM) as a first-line therapy among patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Ten HLA-A*2402 patients were treated with WT1 peptide-pulsed DC vaccination (1 × 10(7) cells) on days 8 and 22 and gemcitabine (1000 mg/m(2) ) on days 1, 8 and 15. Induction of a WT1-specific immune response was evaluated using the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test, interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot and HLA tetramer assays, along with assays for various immunological factors. DCGEM was well-tolerated, and the relative dose intensity of gemcitabine was 87%. Disease control associated with a low neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was observed in all three patients with DTH positivity; it was also correlated with a low percentage of granulocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells in the pretreatment peripheral blood (P = 0.017). Patients with liver metastases and high levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-8 (IL-8) showed poor survival even though a WT1-specific immune response was induced in them. WT1 peptide-pulsed DCGEM is feasible and effective for inducing anti-tumor T-cell responses. Our results support future investigations for pancreatic cancer patients with non-liver metastases and favorable immunological conditions. This trial was registered with the University hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/ number: UMIN-000004855).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Mayanagi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Tuccori M, Montagnani S, Capogrosso-Sansone A, Mantarro S, Antonioli L, Fornai M, Blandizzi C. Adverse reactions to oncologic drugs: spontaneous reporting and signal detection. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 8:61-75. [PMID: 25363790 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.974555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oncology is one of the areas of medicine with the most active research being conducted on new drugs. New pharmacological entities frequently enter the clinical arena, and therefore, the safety profile of anticancer products deserves continuous monitoring. However, only very severe and (unusual) suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are usually reported, since cancer patients develop ADRs very frequently and some practical selectivity must be used. Notably, a recent study was able to identify 76 serious ADRs reported in updated drug labels of oncologic drugs and 50% of them (n = 38) were potentially fatal. Of these, 49 and 58%, respectively, were not described in initial drug labels. The aims of this article are to provide an overview about spontaneous reporting of ADRs of oncologic drugs and to discuss the available methods to analyze the safety of anticancer drugs using databases of spontaneous ADR reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tuccori
- Tuscan Regional Centre of Pharmacovigilance, Pisa, Italy
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Safety and efficacy of gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and prior interstitial lung disease. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 73:1217-25. [PMID: 24696125 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of lung cancer in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) is higher than in the general population; however, the clinical benefit of chemotherapy and the appropriate regimen for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with ILD remain unclear. This study was conducted to elucidate the safety and efficacy of palliative chemotherapy with gemcitabine or pemetrexed, both in combination with a platinum agent in NSCLC patients with ILD. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC and ILD who received gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with a platinum agent as first-line chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical outcomes, including response rate, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS), in addition to the acute exacerbation of ILD after chemotherapy were investigated. RESULTS Between January 2007 and December 2011, 52 patients were analyzed. The median age at chemotherapy was 67. Thirty-two patients (61.5 %) had adenocarcinoma histology. With respect to the types of ILD, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) and non-IIP were observed in 42 (80.8 %) and 10 (19.2 %) patients, respectively. The FEV1 level was less than 80 % of the predicted value in 15 of the 41 patients in whom it was measured. The overall response rate was 42.3 % (95 % CI 28.8-55.9), and the median PFS was 5.4 months (95 % CI 4.6-6.2). The median OS was 7.9 months (95 % CI 5.5-10.3), and the 1-year survival rate was 31.7 % (95 % CI 19.0-44.4). Eight patients (15.4 %) died within 3 months of first-line chemotherapy. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a heavy smoking history (40 or more pack-year smoking history) was an independent adverse prognostic factor for OS. An acute exacerbation of ILD (AE-ILD) caused by first-line chemotherapy was noted in 5.8 % of patients. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that gemcitabine or pemetrexed in combination with platinum agents could be a feasible option for advanced NSCLC with ILD with some risk of AE-ILD or early death. To establish the efficacy of palliative chemotherapy for patients with NSCLC and ILD, further well-controlled prospective studies are needed.
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McKoy JM, Fisher MJ, Courtney DM, Raisch DW, Edwards BJ, Scheetz MH, Belknap SM, Trifilio SM, Samaras AT, Liebling DB, Nardone B, Tulas KM, West DP. Results from the first decade of research conducted by the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) project. Drug Saf 2014; 36:335-47. [PMID: 23553448 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-013-0042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 1998, a multidisciplinary team of investigators initiated the Research on Adverse Drug events And Reports (RADAR) project, a post-marketing surveillance effort that systematically investigates and disseminates information describing serious and previously unrecognized serious adverse drug and device reactions (sADRs). OBJECTIVE Herein, we describe the findings, dissemination efforts, and lessons learned from the first decade of the RADAR project. METHODS After identifying serious and unexpected clinical events suitable for further investigation, RADAR collaborators derived case information from physician queries, published and unpublished clinical trials, case reports, US FDA databases and manufacturer sales figures. STUDY SELECTION All major RADAR publications from 1998 to the present are included in this analysis. DATA EXTRACTION For each RADAR publication, data were abstracted on data source, correlative basic science findings, dissemination and resultant safety information. RESULTS RADAR investigators reported 43 serious ADRs. Data sources included case reports (17 sADRs), registries (5 sADRs), referral centers (8 sADRs) and clinical trial reports (13 sADRs). Correlative basic science findings were reported for ten sADRs. Thirty-seven sADRS were described as published case reports (5 sADRs) or published case-series (32 sADRs). Related safety information was disseminated as warnings or boxed warnings in the package insert (17 sADRs) and/or 'Dear Healthcare Professional' letters (14 sADRs). CONCLUSION An independent National Institutes of Health-funded post-marketing surveillance programme can supplement existing regulatory and pharmaceutical manufacturer-supported drug safety initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- June M McKoy
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Belknap S, Georgopoulos C, Lagman J, Weitzman S, Qualkenbush L, Yarnold P, Edwards B, McKoy J, Trifilio S, West D. Reporting of serious adverse events during cancer clinical trials to the institutional review board: An evaluation by theResearch onAdverseDrug eventsAndReports (RADAR) project. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 53:1334-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Belknap
- Department of Dermatology; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
- Department of Medicine; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - C.H. Georgopoulos
- Department of Dermatology; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - J. Lagman
- Department of Dermatology; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - S.A. Weitzman
- Department of Medicine; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - L. Qualkenbush
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - P.R. Yarnold
- Department of Dermatology; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - B.J. Edwards
- Department of Medicine and Oncology; MD Anderson; Houston TX USA
| | - J.M. McKoy
- Department of Medicine; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - S.M. Trifilio
- Department of Pharmacy; Northwestern Memorial Hospital; Chicago IL USA
| | - D.P. West
- Department of Dermatology; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
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A phase 1b study of trametinib, an oral Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine in advanced solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:2077-85. [PMID: 23583440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase 1b study determined the safety, tolerability, and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) and schedule of trametinib in combination with gemcitabine. Secondary objectives included assessment of clinical activity and steady-state pharmacokinetics. METHODS Adults with advanced solid tumours, adequate organ function and Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) ⩽ 1 were eligible. Once-daily oral trametinib (1mg, 2mg, 2.5mg) was escalated in a 3+3 design with standard gemcitabine dosing (1000 mg/m(2) IV Days 1, 8, and 15 of 28-day cycles). During expansion, trametinib 2mg was combined with gemcitabine. Pharmacokinetics samples were collected on Day 15 pre-dose and 1, 2, 4 and 6h post-dose; tumour assessments were repeated every two cycles. RESULTS Between 8/2009 and 11/2010, 31 patients (pancreas = 11, breast = 6, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) = 4, other = 10) were treated. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) occurred in each cohort, and included febrile neutropenia, transaminase elevation and uveitis. The RP2D was declared as trametinib 2mg daily with standard gemcitabine dosing. Common grade 3/4 toxicities at the RP2D included: neutropenia (38%), thrombocytopenia (19%) and transaminase elevation (14%). Of 10 patients with measurable pancreatic cancer, three partial responses (30%) were documented; two additional patients achieved objective responses (breast, complete response (CR); salivary glands, partial response (PR)). Pharmacokinetics suggested no change in exposures of either drug in combination. CONCLUSION Administration of trametinib at its full monotherapy dose of 2mg daily in combination with standard gemcitabine dosing (1000 mg/m(2) IV Days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days) was feasible. Though most toxicities were manageable, the addition of trametinib may increase gemcitabine-associated myelosuppression. Future studies of this combination will require monitoring to maintain dose and schedule.
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Tanji N, Fukumoto T, Miura N, Yanagihara Y, Shirato A, Azuma K, Miyauchi Y, Kikugawa T, Shimamoto K, Yokoyama M. Combined chemotherapy with gemcitabine and carboplatin for metastatic urothelial carcinomas in patients with high renal insufficiency. Int J Clin Oncol 2012; 18:910-5. [PMID: 22936563 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-012-0466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This was a retrospective study to evaluate the activity and toxicity of a combined chemotherapeutic regimen of gemcitabine and carboplatin (GCa) in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinomas (UCs) with special regard to patients with highly impaired renal function. METHODS Eleven patients whose creatinine clearance was 30 ml/min or under and who had been diagnosed with metastatic UC were treated with GCa. The patient cohort comprised 4 males and 7 females, with a median age of 74 (range 67-84) years. The median follow-up was 19 (range 1-58) months. RESULTS Five of the 11 patients (45%) showed an objective response, with 2 achieving a clinically complete response and 3 a partial response with GCa. The grade 3/4 toxicity of the regimen was primarily hematological, including anemia (55%), neutropenia (45%), and thrombocytopenia (45%). Four patients (36%) could not complete the treatment in total. Grade 3 pneumonitis was found in one patient, and the treatment was terminated. Grade 4 febrile neutropenia occurred in the patient on hemodialysis, and the patient was forced to discontinue the chemotherapy. Another 2 patients also called off the treatment due to a pulmonary adverse event and an elevation of serum creatinine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS GCa appears to be effective for the treatment of metastatic UCs in patients with impaired renal function, but it is necessary to pay attention to the occurrence of severe adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Tanji
- Department of Urology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan,
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Kido H, Morizane C, Tamura T, Hagihara A, Kondo S, Ueno H, Okusaka T. Gemcitabine-induced Pleuropericardial Effusion in a Patient with Pancreatic Cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2012; 42:845-50. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hys099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hauteville D, Rizzo C, Marques LT, Badis L, Guettier C, Awad S, Moreau T, Guinebretiere JM, Delepine G. Chimiothérapie de rattrapage par gemcitabine et docétaxel dans les sarcomes. Étude rétrospective monocentrique de 14 observations. ONCOLOGIE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-011-2087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huang TT, Hudson MM, Stokes DC, Krasin MJ, Spunt SL, Ness KK. Pulmonary outcomes in survivors of childhood cancer: a systematic review. Chest 2011; 140:881-901. [PMID: 21415131 PMCID: PMC3904488 DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this article is to summarize the literature that documents the long-term impact of cancer treatment modalities on pulmonary function among survivors of cancer and to identify potential areas for further research. METHODS Systematic reviews of clinical trials, observational studies, case series, and review articles were conducted. Articles were limited to the studies that discussed pulmonary toxicity or late effects among pediatric cancer survivors and to follow-up investigations that were conducted a minimum of 2 years after completion of cancer-related treatment or 1 year after hematopoietic stem cell transplant. RESULTS Sixty publications (51 clinical studies/reports and nine reviews) published from January 1970 to June 2010 in PubMed met the inclusion criteria. Data showed an association between radiotherapy, alkylating agents, bleomycin, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and thoracic surgery and pulmonary toxicity, as well as possible interactions among these modalities. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary toxicity is a common long-term complication of exposure to certain anticancer therapies in childhood and can vary from subclinical to life threatening. Pulmonary function and associated loss of optimal exercise capacity may have adverse effects on long-term quality of life in survivors. Lung function diminishes as a function of normal aging, and the effects of early lung injury from cancer therapy may compound these changes. The information presented in this review is designed to provide a stimulus to promote both observational and interventional research that expands our knowledge and aids in the design of interventions to prevent or ameliorate pulmonary late effects among survivors of childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tseng-Tien Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
| | - Melissa M Hudson
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Dennis C Stokes
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Matthew J Krasin
- Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Sheri L Spunt
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Kirsten K Ness
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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Interstitial lung disease associated with gemcitabine treatment in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1469-75. [PMID: 21818557 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although there are several reports concerning gemcitabine-induced interstitial lung disease (ILD), the risk factors for ILD are not well known. In addition, data comparing the incidence and pattern of ILD associated with gemcitabine treatment in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) versus those with pancreatic cancer are scarce. METHODS We reviewed clinical records of 118 patients treated with gemcitabine between November 2004 and November 2010. The radiographic findings and other relevant clinical data were reviewed to identify patients who had developed ILD associated with gemcitabine treatment. RESULTS Out of these 118 patients, we identified 62 patients with NSCLC (group A) and 56 patients with pancreatic cancer (group B), which were then analysed. After gemcitabine administration, ILD was detected in 9 out of the total 118 patients (7.6%). Three patients had grade 2 ILD and 6 patients had grade 3 ILD. Multivariate analysis revealed that prior thoracic radiotherapy (odds ratio: 26.3) and pre-existing pulmonary fibrosis (PF) (odds ratio: 6.5) were correlated with ILD occurrence, but the incidence of ILD was not different between groups A and B. The median dose of gemcitabine administered till the manifestation of ILD tended to be lower in group A than in group B. CONCLUSIONS Prior thoracic radiotherapy and pre-existing PF were correlated with higher ILD rate in gemcitabine-treated patients. ILD incidence did not differ between NSCLC and pancreatic cancer patients, which may be due to the differences in treatment strategy and tumour properties.
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Sherrod AM, Brufsky A, Puhalla S. A case of late-onset gemcitabine lung toxicity. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2011; 5:171-6. [PMID: 21695101 PMCID: PMC3117630 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s6643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of a number of malignancies. Although its major dose-limiting side effect is myelosuppression, many pulmonary toxicities have been described with its use. Severe pulmonary toxicity is rare, but symptoms tend to be rapid in onset and potentially deadly. The average time from initiation of chemotherapy to onset of symptoms is less than two months. The most effective therapy is steroid administration, the efficacy of which has been variable. In this report, we describe a unique case of gemcitabine pulmonary toxicity in a patient who did not experience symptoms of pulmonary dysfunction until after 1 year of treatment. Her symptoms did not improve rapidly with steroids, nor did she rapidly decompensate as has been frequently described. To our knowledge, this is one of the first reported descriptions of late-onset gemcitabine lung toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Sherrod
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Hematologic adverse events associated with temozolomide. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 69:107-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nasrallah H, Bar-Sela G, Haim N. Fatal interstitial lung disease associated with gemcitabine and erlotinib therapy for lung cancer. Med Oncol 2011; 29:212-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Azoulay E. Pleuropulmonary Changes Induced by Drugs in Patients with Hematologic Diseases. PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES 2011. [PMCID: PMC7123804 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15742-4_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Patients with hematologic diseases who are being treated with therapy drugs, or receive radiation therapy or blood transfusions may develop a host of potentially fatal infectious and noninfectious pulmonary complications [1]. The increased complexity of multimodality and high-dose treatment regimens with the intended benefit of augmented antineoplastic efficacy and prolonged disease-free survival, the use of a panel of novel drugs to treat malignant and nonmalignant hematologic conditions (e.g., azacytidine, bortezomib, cladribine, dasatinib, fludarabine, imatinib, lenalidomide, rituximab, and thalidomide), total body irradiation (TBI) and hematopietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have increased the incidence of severe sometimes life-threatening pulmonary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Azoulay
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Saint Louis, Avenue Claude Vellefaux 1, Paris, 75010 France
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Aurer I, Eghbali H, Raemaekers J, Khaled HM, Fortpied C, Baila L, van der Maazen RWM. Gem-(R)CHOP versus (R)CHOP: a randomized phase II study of gemcitabine combined with (R)CHOP in untreated aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma--EORTC lymphoma group protocol 20021 (EudraCT number 2004-004635-54). Eur J Haematol 2010; 86:111-6. [PMID: 20942843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent improvements, many patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) ultimately succumb to their disease. Therefore, improvements in front-line chemotherapy of aggressive NHL are needed. Gemcitabine is active in lymphoma. METHODS We performed a randomized phase II trial of the addition of gemcitabine to standard CHOP chemotherapy with or without rituximab [(R)CHOP]. The trial was also designed to determine the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of gemcitabine in this combination. Patients with previously untreated aggressive NHL were randomized to receive either eight cycles of (R)CHOP given every 3 wk or (R)CHOP combined with gemcitabine [Gem-(R)CHOP]. RESULTS Twenty-five patients were enrolled in the trial before early closure. Twelve were randomized to Gem-(R)CHOP and 13 to (R)CHOP. MTD of gemcitabine was 800 mg/m(2) given on days 1 and 8; dose-limiting toxicity was hematologic. Five patients (42%) treated with Gem-(R)CHOP achieved complete response in comparison with 10 (77%) treated with (R)CHOP. Median time to treatment failure was 1.5 yr for Gem-(R)CHOP and 3.1 yr for (R)CHOP. Three patients receiving Gem-(R)CHOP had serious pulmonary toxicity, when compared to none receiving (R)CHOP. One patient died of pneumonitis. CONCLUSIONS In this group of patients, addition of gemcitabine did not seem to improve outcomes. Gem-(R)CHOP in previously untreated patients with aggressive NHL occasionally results in severe, potentially fatal, pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Aurer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Mirza MR, Lund B, Lindegaard JC, Keldsen N, Mellemgaard A, Christensen RD, Bertelsen K. A phase II study of combination chemotherapy in early relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer using gemcitabine and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 119:26-31. [PMID: 20638711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer patients relapsing with a short treatment-free interval (TFI) after prior chemotherapy is unsatisfactory. This phase II trial evaluated the activity and feasibility of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) plus gemcitabine in this setting. METHODS Patients who had received prior platinum and paclitaxel with a TFI 0-12 months received PLD 25 mg/m(2)day 1 plus gemcitabine 800 mg/m(2)day 1, 8 every 21 days. Gemcitabine was dose escalated to 1000 mg/m(2)day 1, 8 from course 2 in the absence of grade 3/4 toxicity. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Patients were stratified according to response to primary chemotherapy. RESULTS Seventy-nine patients (n=26 with CR on prior chemotherapy and TFI 6-12 months; n=20 with CR and TFI 0-6 months; n=33 with PR/SD and TFI 0-12 months) were enrolled. The median age was 59 years (range 31-77 years), and 33 patients had received ≥ 2 prior treatments. A median of five courses was delivered per patient (total 389 courses). Gemcitabine was dose escalated in 124 courses and reduced in 105 courses. No PLD dose reductions occurred. Grade 3/4 toxicities were febrile neutropenia (n=4), PPE (n=2), and mucositis (n=2). One toxic death occurred (pneumonitis/alveolitis). Responses were complete in 5.1%, partial in 27.9%, and stable disease in 55.7%. Median OS and PFS were 12.5 and 6.4 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The PLD-gemcitabine combination is an effective and well-tolerated salvage treatment for relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer and is a valid candidate for evaluation in a phase III trial.
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Antolín S, Calvo L, Dopico D, Quindós M, Reboredo M, Carral A. Locally advanced breast cancer: pulmonary toxicity secondary to gemcitabine. Clin Transl Oncol 2010; 12:450-2. [PMID: 20534401 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-010-0533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is indicated for the treatment of nonmicrocytic lung, breast, pancreatic, bladder and ovarian cancer. Mild dyspnea has been reported but the incidence of severe lung damage is low. We report the case of a 58-year-old woman diagnosed with locally advanced infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast who received gemcitabine as part of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and suffered from severe pulmonary toxicity. We reviewed the cases published in the literature and conclude that although Gemcitabine is generally well tolerated, pulmonary toxicity requires high level of suspicion and prompt treatment to prevent an unfavourable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Antolín
- Oncology Service, A Coruña University Hospital, A Coruña, Spain.
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Galvão FHF, Pestana JOM, Capelozzi VL. Fatal gemcitabine-induced pulmonary toxicity in metastatic gallbladder adenocarcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 65:607-10. [PMID: 19904536 PMCID: PMC2797411 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a chemotherapy agent that may cause unpredictable side effects. In this report, we describe a fatal gemcitabine-induced pulmonary toxicity in a patient with gallbladder metastatic adenocarcinoma. A 72-year-old patient was submitted to an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and a tubular adenocarcinoma in the gallbladder was incidentally diagnosed. CT scan and ultrasound before the surgery did not show any tumor. After the surgery a Pet scan was positive for a hot-spot in the left colon. The colonic lesion was conveniently removed and the histology evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma tubular. The patient was then submitted to three sections of 1,600 mg/m2 of gemcitabine with intervals of 1 week. Three weeks later he developed severe respiratory distress. A helicoidal CT scan showed diffuse and severe interstitial pneumonitis, and lung biopsy confirmed accelerated usual interstitial pneumonia consistent with drug-induced toxicity. The patient presented unfavorable evolution with progressive worsening of respiratory function, hypotension, and renal failure. He died 1 month later in spite of methylprednisolone pulse therapy, large spectrum antimicrobial therapy, and full support of respiratory, hemodynamic and renal systems. Gemcitabine-induced pulmonary toxicity is usually a dramatic condition. Physicians should suspect pulmonary toxicity in patients with respiratory distress after gemcitabine chemotherapy, mainly in elderly patients.
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Features of gemcitabine-related severe pulmonary toxicity: patients with pancreatic or biliary tract cancer. Pancreas 2009; 38:838-40. [PMID: 19893461 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181ad97cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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Dorr DA, Burdon R, West DP, Lagman J, Georgopoulos C, Belknap SM, McKoy JM, Djulbegovic B, Edwards BJ, Weitzman SA, Boyle S, Tallman MS, Talpaz M, Sartor O, Bennett CL. Quality of reporting of serious adverse drug events to an institutional review board: a case study with the novel cancer agent, imatinib mesylate. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3850-5. [PMID: 19458059 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Serious adverse drug event (sADE) reporting to Institutional Review Boards (IRB) is essential to ensure pharmaceutical safety. However, the quality of these reports has not been studied. Safety reports are especially important for cancer drugs that receive accelerated Food and Drug Administration approval, like imatinib, as preapproval experience with these drugs is limited. We evaluated the quality, accuracy, and completeness of sADE reports submitted to an IRB. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN sADE reports submitted to an IRB from 14 clinical trials with imatinib were reviewed. Structured case report forms, containing detailed clinical data fields and a validated causality assessment instrument, were developed. Two forms were generated for each ADE, the first populated with data abstracted from the IRB reports, and the second populated with data from the corresponding clinical record. Completeness and causality assessments were evaluated for each of the two sources, and then compared. Accuracy (concordance between sources) was also assessed. RESULTS Of 115 sADEs reported for 177 cancer patients to the IRB, overall completeness of adverse event descriptions was 2.4-fold greater for structured case report forms populated with information from the clinical record versus the corresponding forms from IRB reports (95.0% versus 40.3%, P < 0.05). Information supporting causality assessments was recorded 3.5-fold more often in primary data sources versus IRB adverse event descriptions (93% versus 26%, P < 0.05). Some key clinical information was discrepant between the two sources. CONCLUSIONS The use of structured syndrome-specific case report forms could enhance the quality of reporting to IRBs, thereby improving the safety of pharmaceuticals administered to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dorr
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Hensley ML, Blessing JA, Degeest K, Abulafia O, Rose PG, Homesley HD. Fixed-dose rate gemcitabine plus docetaxel as second-line therapy for metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group phase II study. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 109:323-8. [PMID: 18394689 PMCID: PMC2692926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Doxorubicin-based treatment is standard therapy for metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma. There is no standard second-line therapy. We determined activity of fixed-dose rate gemcitabine plus docetaxel as second-line treatment for metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma. METHODS Eligible women with unresectable uterine leiomyosarcoma progressing after prior cytotoxic therapy were treated with gemcitabine 900 mg/m(2) days one and eight over 90 min, plus docetaxel 100 mg/m(2) on day 8 of a 21-day cycle with granulocyte growth factor. Patients with prior pelvic radiation received lower doses. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) response was assessed by computed tomography (CT). RESULTS Forty-eight of 51 women were evaluable for response (one wrong histology, two never treated). Prior therapy was doxorubicin-based in 90%, and ifosfamide-based in 6%. The overall objective response rate is 27%, with complete response in 6.3% (3/48), and partial response in 20.8% (10/48). An additional 50% (24/48) had stable disease (median duration 5.4 months). The median number of cycles per patient was 5.5 (range 1-22); 73% of patients remained progression-free at 12 weeks and 52% at 24 weeks. The predominant toxicity was uncomplicated myelosuppression: thrombocytopenia grade 3 (29%), grade 4 (10.4%); neutropenia grade 3 (12.5%), grade 4 (8.3%) anemia grade 3 (20.8%), grade 4 (4.2%). While pulmonary toxicity was reported, no patient had drug-related pneumonitis/hypoxia-type toxicity. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.6+ months (range 0.7-27+ months). The median duration of objective response was 9+ months (range 3.9-24.5+ months). CONCLUSION Fixed-dose rate gemcitabine plus docetaxel is active second-line therapy for uterine leiomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martee L Hensley
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Hensley ML, Blessing JA, Mannel R, Rose PG. Fixed-dose rate gemcitabine plus docetaxel as first-line therapy for metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group phase II trial. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 109:329-34. [PMID: 18534250 PMCID: PMC2504727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fixed-dose rate gemcitabine plus docetaxel is active as second-line therapy for metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma. We sought to determine the activity of this regimen as first-line treatment. METHODS Eligible women with advanced uterine leiomyosarcoma were treated with gemcitabine 900 mg/m(2) over 90 min, on days one and eight, plus docetaxel 100 mg/m(2) on day eight, with granulocyte growth factor support on day nine of a 21-day cycle. Patients with prior pelvic radiation received lower doses. Patients were treated until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Response was assessed every other cycle by RECIST. RESULTS Forty-two women enrolled, with 39 evaluable for response. Objective responses were observed in 15 of 42 patients (35.8% overall; complete response 4.8%, partial response 31%, 90% confidence interval 23.5 to 49.6%), with an additional 11 (26.2%) having stable disease. Nineteen of 38 (50%) received six or more cycles of study treatment. Myelosuppression was the major toxicity: neutropenia grade 3 in 5%, grade 4 in 12%; anemia grade 3 in 24%; thrombocytopenia grade 3 in 9.5%, grade 4 in 5%. One patient had a grade 3 allergic reaction, 17% had grade 3 fatigue. One possibly-related grade 4 pulmonary toxicity was observed. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.4 months (range 0.4 to 37.2+ months). Among 15 women with objective response, median response duration was 6 months (range 2.1 to 33.4+ months). Median overall survival was 16+ months (range:.4-41.3 months). CONCLUSION Fixed-dose rate gemcitabine plus docetaxel achieves high objective response rates as first-line therapy in metastatic uterine leiomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martee L Hensley
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Boeck S, Hausmann A, Reibke R, Schulz C, Heinemann V. Severe lung and skin toxicity during treatment with gemcitabine and erlotinib for metastatic pancreatic cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:1109-11. [PMID: 17704662 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3281ceabec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine in combination with the oral epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib is a new treatment option for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. The nonhematological side effects of this regimen mainly include diarrhea and skin rash. For each of these drugs, gemcitabine and erlotinib, lung toxicities have been described previously. In this report, we present the first case of a nonlung cancer patient experiencing not only acne-like skin toxicity, but subsequently also severe interstitial lung disease during therapy with gemcitabine and erlotinib. Both therapeutic agents were suspected as a possible cause of this adverse event. An interaction between gemcitabine and erlotinib might have also contributed to the pathogenesis of this pulmonary toxicity. Treatment with high-dose steroids was, however, very effective in our patient and a complete recovery appeared within a few days. Thus, pulmonary side effects should be regarded carefully in pancreatic cancer patients receiving palliative therapy with gemcitabine and erlotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Boeck
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany.
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Nakanishi Y, Harada T, Takayama K. [Major drug-induced lung diseases: adverse effects of anti-neoplastic agents in general]. NIHON NAIKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2007; 96:1123-8. [PMID: 17607987 DOI: 10.2169/naika.96.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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Veltkamp SA, Meerum Terwogt JM, van den Heuvel MM, van Boven HH, Schellens JHM, Rodenhuis S. Severe pulmonary toxicity in patients with leiomyosarcoma after treatment with gemcitabine and docetaxel. Invest New Drugs 2007; 25:279-81. [PMID: 17221305 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-006-9030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan A Veltkamp
- Division of Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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