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Caruso CR, Yang Z. Molecular diagnostics of infectious disease: Detection and characterization of microbial agents in cytology samples. Diagn Cytopathol 2023; 51:68-82. [PMID: 36263664 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytology samples are widely used to diagnose various infectious diseases by detection and identification of causative infectious agents, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The role of cytopathology in infectious disease has expanded tremendously in the past decades with the advances in molecular techniques. Molecular diagnostic methods, compared to conventional methods, have shown improved patient outcome, reduction in cost, and shortened hospital stay times. The aim of this article is to review molecular testing in cytology samples for diagnosis of infectious diseases. METHODS The literature search for molecular testing in common cytology samples for diagnosis of infectious diseases was performed. The findings of the studies were summarized. The common cytology samples included in this article were gynecologic specimens, cerebrospinal fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage, and urine samples. CONCLUSIONS There are a number of molecular diagnostic tests that are available to be used in common cytology samples to detect infectious agents. Each test has its own advantages and limitations. It is our hope that upon reading this review article, the readers will have better understanding of molecular diagnostic testing of infectious diseases utilizing commonly sampled cytology specimens in daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla R Caruso
- Department of Pathology and Anatomic Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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2
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Wakely PE. Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: combining cytopathology with molecular testing to achieve diagnostic accuracy. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2020; 10:293-299. [PMID: 32828707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2020.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in the genetics of soft tissue neoplasia have allowed for the diagnostic recognition of specific tumor types from small biopsy specimens, including those procured using the fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy technique. Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm characterized by NR4A3 and, less specifically, by EWSR1 gene rearrangements. A series of EMC cytologic specimens was examined to demonstrate the diagnostic value of incorporating fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing in cytologic cases of suspected EMC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search was made of our cytopathology and surgical pathology databases for cases diagnosed as EMC. FNA biopsy cytology, exfoliative cytology, imprint cytology, and FISH analysis were performed and examined using standard techniques. RESULTS A total of 16 cases of EMC were retrieved from 15 patients (male/female ratio, 2.8:1; mean age, 62 years). Of the 15 patients, 10 were new patients with primary tumors, 2 had locally recurrent tumors, and 4 had metastases. The sites included the extremities in 10 cases, the trunk in 4, serous effusion in 1, and a mediastinal lymph node in 1 case. The specific cytologic diagnoses were EMC (14 cases; 88%), suspicious for EMC (n = 1), and malignant cells (n = 1). All cases for which FISH testing was successfully used were specifically recognized as EMC. Aspirates and imprint smears consisted of uniformly rounded cells set in an opaque myxoid/chondromyxoid stroma (less abundant and more diaphanous in the effusion sample), sometimes arranged in short anastomosing cords. FNA of 1 case of an EMC cellular variant mimicked a malignant small rounded cell tumor. CONCLUSION EMC can be added to the growing list of soft tissue neoplasms that are specifically recognizable using cytopathology, coupled with judicious application of ancillary molecular testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Wakely
- Department of Pathology, James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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3
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The utilization of cytologic and small biopsy samples for ancillary molecular testing. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:77-85. [PMID: 30600323 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There has recently been an increased emphasis on the utilization of cytologic samples and small biopsies for not only diagnostic purposes but also for ancillary testing. In some instances, the ancillary tests contribute to the diagnosis and in other scenarios, they provide prognostic and theranostic information for the management of patients with advanced stage cancer. These ancillary tests include immunohistochemical biomarker analysis, molecular mutation analysis, and cytogenetic tests. Despite the finite nature of the cellular material procured in cytologic and small tissue biopsies, pathologists are tasked with ordering an increasing number of tests using these limited samples. This requires the pathologists to utilize and triage these samples in an optimal fashion so that as much information can be gleaned from a given specimen. This review will focus on the pre-analytic requirements for ancillary molecular and cytogenetic tests in the context of a discussion of the various preparation methods for cytologic and small biopsy specimens. The goal will be to provide the reader with the necessary concepts that can be utilized to develop optimal specimen selection and triage strategies to maximize the chances of effectively utilizing these samples for comprehensive diagnostic and relevant ancillary testing purposes.
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Balla A, Hampel KJ, Sharma MK, Cottrell CE, Sidiropoulos N. Comprehensive Validation of Cytology Specimens for Next-Generation Sequencing and Clinical Practice Experience. J Mol Diagn 2018; 20:812-821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Zito Marino F, Rossi G, Brunelli M, Malzone MG, Liguori G, Bogina G, Morabito A, Rocco G, Franco R, Botti G. Diagnosis of anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement in cytological samples through a fluorescence in situ hybridization-based assay: Cytological smears versus cell blocks. Cancer Cytopathol 2017; 125:303-312. [PMID: 28195686 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) status analysis of lung cytological specimens should be successfully encouraged in routine practice because biopsy specimens are not always available. To date, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved both fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) as diagnostic tests for identifying ALK-positive patients eligible for treatment with crizotinib. Although ALK IHC is an optimal diagnostic tool, FISH becomes mandatory in equivocal cases. ALK FISH of paraffin-embedded tissue material is still the gold standard, whereas the cytological specimen assay has not yet been completely standardized. Many controversial data have been reported on the adequacy of cytology cell blocks (CBs) versus conventional smears for FISH testing. This review discusses some critical issues related to ALK FISH of cytological samples, including the triaging of collected specimens to optimize the material, the use of CBs versus conventional smears, and alternative methods for an ALK rearrangement diagnosis. Conventional smears have the advantages of an immediate evaluation, no probe tissue-related artifactual loss, no fixation-related alterations, and usually sufficient material for an analytic preparation. On the other hand, CBs have several advantages, including the appropriate conservation of the tissue architecture, an absence of problems related to cell overlapping, and the ability to evaluate neoplastic cells in a dark field. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:303-312. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zito Marino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulio Rossi
- Unit of Pathologic Anatomy, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Anatomic Pathology Section Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Liguori
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bogina
- Section of Pathologic Anatomy, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morabito
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Thoracic Surgical and Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Rocco
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Thoracic Surgical and Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, Luigi Vanvitelli University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
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Ma X, Liu R, Zhu C, Zhang J, Ling W. Diagnostic Value of Contrast-Enhanced Sonography for Differentiation of Breast Lesions: A Meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2016; 35:2095-2102. [PMID: 27503752 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.15.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to systematically review and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced sonography in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions. METHODS The scientific literature databases PubMed and Embase were comprehensively searched for relevant studies before January 2015. Data were pooled to yield the summary sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio using meta-analysis software. RESULTS A total of 29 studies with 2296 lesions were included in the analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-0.90; inconsistency index [I(2)] = 77.9%) and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.78-0.83; I(2) = 84.0%), respectively. The pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 30.35 (95% CI, 15.75-58.48; I(2)= 82.1%), and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.9115 (SE, 0.0243). CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive results suggest that contrast-enhanced sonography could be a potentially effective method for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, Department of Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongjun Liu
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenjing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwu Ling
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Bridge JA. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction molecular testing of cytology specimens: Pre-analytic and analytic factors. Cancer Cytopathol 2016; 125:11-19. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Bridge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
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Wakely PE, Jin M. Myxoid liposarcoma: Fine-needle aspiration cytopathology in the molecular era. A report of 24 cases. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2016; 5:162-169. [PMID: 31042519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2015.09.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Application of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy to soft tissue tumors remains underutilized in North America. Myxoid liposarcoma (LPS), the second most common subtype of LPS, is characterized primarily by t(12;16)(q13;p11) which is amenable to FISH analysis using a break-apart probe for DDIT3. Little is known regarding FISH testing for DDIT3 on cytologic specimens. We report our FNA experience with myxoid LPS and application of this molecular probe. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens retrieved from our cytology database used search codes for myxoid LPS. Tissue files were searched for any cases with corresponding FNA biopsies. FNA biopsy was performed using a standard technique. RESULTS From 24 FNA cases of myxoid LPS (mean age = 52 years), a specific diagnosis was made in 87.5%. Two cases were diagnosed as spindle/round cell neoplasm, and 1 as suspicious for myxoid LPS. There were 2 false positive diagnoses and no false negatives. Nearly all cases arose in the extremities; thigh being most common. Principal cytologic features consisted of discrete myxocellular microfragments, a plexiform capillary pattern, and variable number of univacuolated lipoblasts. Uniformly banal ovoid nuclei were randomly scattered within myxocellular microfragments. FISH analysis for DDIT3 rearrangement from unstained smears and/or cell-block was positive in 13 cases, and unsuccessful in 3, with no false positive/false negative results. CONCLUSION Myxoid LPS is diagnosable in a high percentage of cases using FNA biopsy alone. Confirmatory FISH analysis for DDIT3 is not only possible, but also valuable for correctly recognizing this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Wakely
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Ave., Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 410 W. 10th Ave., Columbus, Ohio
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9
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Roy-Chowdhuri S, Chow CW, Kane MK, Yao H, Wistuba II, Krishnamurthy S, Stewart J, Staerkel G. Optimizing the DNA yield for molecular analysis from cytologic preparations. Cancer Cytopathol 2015; 124:254-60. [PMID: 26630358 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytology smears and cytospin preparations are increasingly being used for molecular testing. With these limited samples, optimizing tissue extraction to maximize the DNA yield is, therefore, critical. This study examined 2 common methods of tissue extraction and compared DNA yields from different types of glass slides. METHODS The H226 lung cancer cell line and 5 clinical samples of cellular effusions were used to prepare Diff-Quik-stained cytospins on 4 types of glass slides: fully frosted (FF), nonfrosted (NF), positively charged (PC), and silane-coated (SC). Tissue extraction was performed by either scalpel-blade scraping or cell lifting with the Pinpoint Slide DNA Isolation System (Zymo Research). DNA was extracted with the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen) and was quantified with the Quant-iT PicoGreen Kit (Life Technologies). RESULTS The DNA yield in cell-line cytospins was significantly lower from FF slides versus NF, PC, and SC slides with both scraping and cell-lifting methods. In addition, scraping yielded significantly more DNA than cell lifting (P = .005). DNA yields from 5 clinical effusion cases with FF and NF slides showed results similar to the results for cell-line samples, with scraping consistently yielding more DNA than cell lifting and with NF slides outperforming FF slides. CONCLUSIONS Optimizing the DNA yield extracted from cytology specimens maximizes the chances of successful molecular testing and is critical in cases of low or marginal cellularity. This study demonstrates the following: 1) scraping yields more DNA than cell lifting, and 2) NF slides yield more DNA than FF slides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinchita Roy-Chowdhuri
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chi-Wan Chow
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary K Kane
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hui Yao
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Savitri Krishnamurthy
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John Stewart
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gregg Staerkel
- Cytopathology Section, Department of Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Canberk S, Longatto-Filho A, Schmitt F. Molecular diagnosis of infectious diseases using cytological specimens. Diagn Cytopathol 2015; 44:156-64. [PMID: 26620694 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pathologists have an important role in the diagnosis of infectious disease (ID). In many cases, a definitive diagnosis can be made using cytopathology alone. However, several ancillary techniques can be used on cytological material to reach a specific diagnosis by identifying the causative agent and consequently defining the management of the patient. This review aims to present the effectiveness of the application of molecular studies on cytological material to diagnose IDs and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various molecular techniques according to the type of cytological specimen and the infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Canberk
- Department of Pathology-Cytopathology, Haydarpasa Numune Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM) 14, Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo University, FMUSP, São Paulo, Brazil.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Molecular Oncology Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Schmitt
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, Laboratoire National De Sante, Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Instituto De Patologia E Imunologia Molecular Da Universidade Do Porto (IPATIMUP) E Faculdade De Medicina Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Oh SY, Lee HT. Efficiency of EGFR mutation analysis for small microdissected cytological specimens using multitech DNA extraction solution. Cancer Cytopathol 2015; 123:401-12. [PMID: 25964184 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microdissection method has greatly facilitated the isolation of pure cell populations for accurate analysis of mutations. However, the absence of coverslips in these preparations leads to poor resolution of cellular morphological features. In the current study, the authors developed the MultiTech DNA extraction solution to improve the visualization of cell morphology for microdissection and tested it for the preservation of morphological properties of cells, quality of DNA, and ability to detect mutations. METHODS A total of 121 cytological samples, including fine-needle aspirates, sputum, pleural fluid, and bronchial washings, were selected from hospital archives. DNA extracted from microdissected cells was evaluated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation analysis using pyrosequencing, Sanger sequencing, and peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-mediated real-time polymerase chain reaction clamping. Morphological features of cells as well as DNA quality and quantity were analyzed in several cytological samples to assess the performance of the MultiTech DNA extraction solution. The results were compared with previous EGFR mutation tests. RESULTS The MultiTech DNA extraction solution improved the morphology of archived stained cells before microdissection and provided a higher DNA yield than the commercial QIAamp DNA Mini Kit in samples containing a minimal number of cells (25-50 cells). The authors were able to detect identical EGFR mutations by using different analysis platforms and consistently identified these mutations in samples comprising as few as 25 microdissected cells. CONCLUSIONS The MultiTech DNA extraction solution is a reliable medium that improves the resolution of cell morphology during microdissection. It was particularly useful in EGFR mutations of samples containing a small number of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Oh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Taek Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Qiu X, De Jesus J, Pennell M, Troiani M, Haun JB. Microfluidic device for mechanical dissociation of cancer cell aggregates into single cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:339-350. [PMID: 25377468 PMCID: PMC4301619 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01126k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumors tissues house a diverse array of cell types, requiring powerful cell-based analysis methods to characterize cellular heterogeneity and identify rare cells. Tumor tissue is dissociated into single cells by treatment with proteolytic enzymes, followed by mechanical disruption using vortexing or pipetting. These procedures can be incomplete and require significant time, and the latter mechanical treatments are poorly defined and controlled. Here, we present a novel microfluidic device to improve mechanical dissociation of digested tissue and cell aggregates into single cells. The device design includes a network of branching channels that range in size from millimeters down to hundreds of microns. The channels also contain flow constrictions that generate well-defined regions of high shear force, which we refer to as "hydrodynamic micro-scalpels", to progressively disaggregate tissue fragments and clusters into single cells. We show using in vitro cancer cell models that the microfluidic device significantly enhances cell recovery in comparison to mechanical disruption by pipetting and vortexing after digestion with trypsin or incubation with EDTA. Notably, the device enabled superior results to be obtained after shorter proteolytic digestion times, resulting in fully viable cells in less than ten minutes. The device could also be operated under enzyme-free conditions that could better maintain expression of certain surface markers. The microfluidic format is advantageous because it enables application of well-defined mechanical forces and rapid processing times. Furthermore, it may be possible to directly integrate downstream processing and detection operations to create integrated cell-based analysis platforms. The enhanced capabilities enabled by our novel device may help promote applications of single cell detection and purification techniques to tumor tissue specimens, advancing the current understanding of cancer biology and enabling molecular diagnostics in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Janice De Jesus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Marissa Pennell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Marco Troiani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jered B. Haun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
- Corresponding Author: Jered B. Haun, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California Irvine 3107 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697 949-824-1243,
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Cozzolino I, Caleo A, Di Crescenzo V, Cinelli M, Carlomagno C, Garzi A, Vitale M. Cytological diagnosis of adult-type fibrosarcoma of the neck in an elderly patient. Report of one case and review of the literature. BMC Surg 2013; 13 Suppl 2:S42. [PMID: 24266985 PMCID: PMC3850999 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2482-13-s2-s42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosarcoma (FS) accounts for about 3% of all soft tissue sarcomas. It may arise in any area of the body, but it is relative rare in the head and neck district. Fine-needle cytology (FNC) is widely used in the diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of soft tissue. This article describes a case of FS of the neck diagnosed by FNC. METHODS FNC was performed in a sub-fascial supraclavicular mass of an elderly patient under ultrasound (US) control. FNC was used to prepare cytological smears that were conventionally and immunocytochemically (ICC) stained. RESULTS Smears showed a monomorphous spindle cell population and were positive at ICC for Vimentin and negative for CKAE1AE3, Actin, S-100, CD68, CT and PAX-8. The cytological diagnosis was confirmed by histological diagnosis. The patient underwent surgical resection and subsequent radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS FNC diagnosis of FS is reliable and accurate and may be conveniently used in the scheduling of surgical procedures, when needed, avoiding the treatment of benign nodules.
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Betka J, Hovorka O, Boucek J, Ulbrich K, Etrych T, Rihova B. Fine needle aspiration biopsy proves increased T-lymphocyte proliferation in tumor and decreased metastatic infiltration after treatment with doxorubicin bound to PHPMA copolymer carrier. J Drug Target 2013; 21:648-61. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.792345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Lee R, Cousins DJ, Ortiz-Zapater E, Breen R, McLean E, Santis G. Gene expression profiling of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-derived cytological fine needle aspirates from hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes in non-small cell lung cancer. Cytopathology 2012; 24:351-5. [PMID: 23216930 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) allows minimally invasive sampling of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes and has an established role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) diagnosis and staging. Molecular biomarkers are being explored increasingly in lung cancer research. Gene expression profiling (GEP) is a microarray-based technology that comprehensively assesses genome-wide changes in gene expression that can provide tumour-specific molecular signatures with the potential to predict prognosis and treatment responsiveness. We assessed the feasibility of using EBUS-derived aspirates from benign and tumour-infiltrated lymph nodes for GEP. METHODS RNA was extracted from EBUS-directed transbronchial fine needle aspiration samples in routine clinical practice. GEP was subsequently performed in six patients with NSCLC, three of whom had tumour-infiltrated nodes and three who had benign lymph nodes; the differences in gene expression were then compared. RESULTS RNA was successfully extracted in 29 of 32 patients, 12 of whom were diagnosed with NSCLC. RNA yield (median, 12.1 μg) and RNA integrity (median, 6.3) were sufficient after amplification for GEP. Benign and malignant nodes in adenocarcinoma were discriminated by principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering with different expression patterns between malignant and benign nodes. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the feasibility of RNA extraction and GEP on EBUS-derived transbronchial fine needle aspirates from benign and tumour-infiltrated lymph nodes in patients with known NSCLC in routine clinical practice. Further studies on larger patient cohorts are required to identify expression profiles that robustly differentiate benign from malignant lymph nodes in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lee
- Department of Asthma Allergy and Respiratory Science, King's College LondonDivision of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, King's College London, London, UKMRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UKDepartment of Respiratory MedicineDepartment of Cellular Pathology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Wang P, Yu XM. A primary nipple lymphoma diagnosed by a modified fine-needle aspiration method. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 40:719-23. [PMID: 22988573 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Primary breast lymphomas are uncommon. All reported primary breast lymphomas were in the breast parenchyma. Here we reported the first case of primary nipple lymphoma in a 76-year-old woman initially diagnosed using a modified fine-needle aspiration method. The aspirated material by this method had yielded adequate material for both cytomorphologic and flowcytometric analysis, as well as for molecular analysis of light chain rearrangement. In smears the atypical lymphocytes were predominantly middle-sized with irregular nuclei. Scattered large centroblast or immunoblast-like cells, a few reactive lymphocytes,histocytes, and few plasma cells were also observed. These findings suggested a low-grade lymphoma that was further confirmed by flow cytometry (CD19+/CD3-, positive for cytoplasmic kappa light chain but negative for lambda light chain) and molecular analysis (monoclonal rearrangement of immunoglobulin kappa chain). Immunohistochemical stains performed on the excised specimen showed that the tumor cells were positive forCD20 and CD79a but negative for cytokeratin, CD3, CD5,CD10, CD23, CD43, CD45RO, bcl-6, and cyclin-D1. The Ki-67 proliferation index was less than 20%. Taking these together, the case was diagnosed as a primary MALT lymphoma of the nipple.FNA usually provides a better cell morphology than tissue sections, but pathologists have to face the sampling error and lack of immunophenotype information when subtyping lymphoma issues using FNA. With the help of flow cytometry and molecular analysis, more and more trials have proved the accuracy of FNA in diagnosis of lymphomas. Therefore, FNA could play an informative and diagnostic role in diagnosis of lymphoma
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Knoepp SM, Roh MH. Ancillary techniques on direct-smear aspirate slides: a significant evolution for cytopathology techniques. Cancer Cytopathol 2012; 121:120-8. [PMID: 22786714 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous cytologic techniques aimed at effectively acquiring patient material for molecular testing have been proposed. Such techniques are becoming ever more important in an age of personalized medicine. In this commentary, the authors explored some more commonly proposed techniques to aid in the molecular testing of cytologic specimens. These techniques include the use of cell blocks, direct cytologic smears, filter paper storage, frozen samples, and enriched cellular techniques such as ThinPrep and cytospin preparations. Direct-smeared slides demonstrate excellent preservation of DNA, are easy to prepare, and are amenable to immediate adequacy at the time of the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) procedure as well as effective subsequent tumor purity estimation. Cell block methods cannot be assessed at the time of FNA and often demonstrate insufficiency, whereas filter paper and frozen techniques do not allow for the direct assessment of the presence and purity of tumor cells in the sample. Direct-smeared slides are emerging as the most effective preparation and storage medium of cytologic material to be used for molecular testing. Their cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and reliability have cemented them as the optimal solution for cytopathologists to fulfill the role of providing advanced molecular testing on patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart M Knoepp
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Aisner DL, Sams SB. The role of cytology specimens in molecular testing of solid tumors: Techniques, limitations, and opportunities. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 40:511-24. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.22820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Erickson HS. Measuring molecular biomarkers in epidemiologic studies: laboratory techniques and biospecimen considerations. Stat Med 2012; 31:2400-13. [PMID: 22593027 DOI: 10.1002/sim.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The future of personalized medicine depends on the ability to efficiently and rapidly elucidate a reliable set of disease-specific molecular biomarkers. High-throughput molecular biomarker analysis methods have been developed to identify disease risk, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets in human clinical samples. Currently, high throughput screening allows us to analyze thousands of markers from one sample or one marker from thousands of samples and will eventually allow us to analyze thousands of markers from thousands of samples. Unfortunately, the inherent nature of current high throughput methodologies, clinical specimens, and cost of analysis is often prohibitive for extensive high throughput biomarker analysis. This review summarizes the current state of high throughput biomarker screening of clinical specimens applicable to genetic epidemiology and longitudinal population-based studies with a focus on considerations related to biospecimens, laboratory techniques, and sample pooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi S Erickson
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Monaco SE, Wu Y, Teot LA, Cai G. Assessment of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status in the fine needle aspirates of metastatic breast carcinomas. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 41:308-15. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.21841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an established, highly accurate, and cost-effective method for diagnosing lesions in different organs, including the breast. The method is minimally invasive without unwanted side effects. FNAC forms part of the triple assessment of breast lesions. Despite some shortcomings of the reporting categories, FNAC as part of the triple assessment has proved its value in describing the findings most accurately. The diagnostic impact depends on experience of the operator, quality of preparation, and diagnostic skills of the cytopathologist. The highest accuracy is achieved at centers with a multidisciplinary approach. FNAC is often palpation guided from palpable breast masses, whereas ultrasonography guidance is more widely used on nonpalpable lesions. Inadequate sampling with FNAC is particularly seen in collagenous lesions and in submitted specimens sampled by physicians lacking experience with the FNAC procedure. A diagnostic biopsy is recommended when FNAC provides scant material. FNAC is considered to be a safe method for screening purposes, although moderately less sensitive than core needle biopsy. FNAC is most accurate when experienced cytopathologists are available to assess the adequacy of the aspirated material and advise on additional aspirations for ancillary tests when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasmund Berner
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Borak S, Siegal GP, Reddy V, Jhala N, Jhala D. Metastatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor identified by EUS-FNA in mediastinal lymph nodes with ancillary FISH studies for ALK rearrangement. Diagn Cytopathol 2011; 40 Suppl 2:E118-25. [PMID: 21472870 DOI: 10.1002/dc.21663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Borak
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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Measurement of human epidermal growth factor receptor type-2 extracellular domain and cancer antigen 15-3 levels in needle washout fluid: a potential adjunct to the cytological diagnosis of breast cancer. Virchows Arch 2011; 458:547-59. [PMID: 21437720 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether the measurement of biomarkers in the needle washout fluid after fine needle aspiration cytology could strengthen cytological diagnosis, 29 benign lesions, 26 ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS), and 95 invasive carcinomas of the breast were analyzed. Immediately after the aspiration samples were expelled onto glass slides, the needle was rinsed out with 2 ml of saline. Human epidermal growth factor receptor two extracellular domain (HER2-ECD) and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) in the washout fluid were measured using chemiluminescence. The measuring limit for HER2-ECD (0.5 ng/ml) and that for CA 15-3 (4 U/ml) were used as the cutoff values, respectively. The proportion of patients with positive HER2-ECD values was 6.9% in cases of benign lesions, 26.9% in DCIS, and 10.5% in invasive carcinomas. The proportion of patients with positive CA 15-3 values was 6.9% in cases of benign lesions, 42.3% in DCIS, and 10.5% in invasive carcinomas. The proportion of patients with any biomarker elevation was 6.9% in cases of benign lesions, 46.2% in DCIS, and 15.8% in invasive carcinomas. Thus, biomarker elevation was most frequent in cases of DCIS, followed by invasive carcinomas (P < 0.01). HER2-ECD values over 6 ng/ml or CA 15-3 values over 25 U/ml were seen exclusively in cases of DCIS or invasive ductal carcinomas with an extensive intraductal component. If the biomarker status is included, 5 of 12 cases of DCIS with equivocal cytology categories would be upgraded. Further clinicopathological validation is necessary before applying this new approach to the clinical setting.
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Ladd AC, O'Sullivan-Mejia E, Lea T, Perry J, Dumur CI, Dragoescu E, Garrett CT, Powers CN. Preservation of fine-needle aspiration specimens for future use in RNA-based molecular testing. Cancer Cytopathol 2011; 119:102-10. [PMID: 21287691 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of ancillary molecular testing is becoming more important for the diagnosis and classification of disease. The use of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy as the means of sampling tumors in conjunction with molecular testing could be a powerful combination. FNA is minimally invasive, cost effective, and usually demonstrates accuracy comparable to diagnoses based on excisional biopsies. Quality control (QC) and test validation requirements for development of molecular tests impose a need for access to pre-existing clinical samples. Tissue banking of excisional biopsy specimens is frequently performed at large research institutions, but few have developed protocols for preservation of cytologic specimens. This study aimed to evaluate cryopreservation of FNA specimens as a method of maintaining cellular morphology and ribonucleic acid (RNA) integrity in banked tissues. METHODS FNA specimens were obtained from fresh tumor resections, processed by using a cryopreservation protocol, and stored for up to 27 weeks. Upon retrieval, samples were made into slides for morphological evaluation, and RNA was extracted and assessed for integrity by using the Agilent Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Calif). RESULTS Cryopreserved specimens showed good cell morphology and, in many cases, yielded intact RNA. Cases showing moderate or severe RNA degradation could generally be associated with prolonged specimen handling or sampling of necrotic areas. CONCLUSIONS FNA specimens can be stored in a manner that maintains cellular morphology and RNA integrity necessary for studies of gene expression. In addition to addressing quality control (QC) and test validation needs, cytology banks will be an invaluable resource for future molecular morphologic and diagnostic research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Ladd
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0662, USA.
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Mohammadi A, Rosa M, Masood S. The use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy samples for the assessment of basal phenotype in triple negative breast cancer patients: A correlative study. Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 39:1-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.21312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rosa M, Mohammadi A, Masood S. The value of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and prognostic assessment of palpable breast lesions. Diagn Cytopathol 2010; 40:26-34. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.21497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kumagai A, Motoi T, Tsuji K, Imamura T, Fukusato T. Detection of SYT and EWS gene rearrangements by dual-color break-apart CISH in liquid-based cytology samples of synovial sarcoma and Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134:323-31. [PMID: 20660338 DOI: 10.1309/ajcptlsm15xkpddu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve cytologic diagnostic accuracy for translocation-associated sarcomas, we explored dual-color break-apart (dc) chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) on liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples of 2 prototypic sarcomas: synovial sarcoma (SS) and Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (ES/PNET). LBC samples of 10 cases of SS and 9 cases of ES/PNET were subjected to dc-CISH using probes for the specifically rearranged genes in each tumor entity: SYT in SS and EWS in ES/PNET. Rearranged SYT was successfully detected in all SSs but not in any ES/PNETs. In contrast, EWS rearrangement was identified in all ES/PNETs but not in any SSs. These results were validated by dc-fluorescence in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. dc-CISH on LBC samples is a reliable modality to detect gene rearrangements in sarcomas. This system has a clear advantage over other methods, enabling simultaneous visualization of the genetic abnormality and well-preserved, nonoverlapping cytomorphologic features with clear background under bright-field microscope.
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Clark DP. Seize the opportunity: underutilization of fine-needle aspiration biopsy to inform targeted cancer therapy decisions. Cancer 2009; 117:289-97. [PMID: 19711468 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas P Clark
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Buergy D, Weber T, Maurer GD, Mudduluru G, Medved F, Leupold JH, Brauckhoff M, Post S, Dralle H, Allgayer H. Urokinase receptor, MMP-1 and MMP-9 are markers to differentiate prognosis, adenoma and carcinoma in thyroid malignancies. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:894-901. [PMID: 19480010 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of high-risk patients with thyroid cancer and the preoperative differentiation between follicular adenoma and carcinoma remain clinically challenging. Our study was conducted to analyze whether the quantification of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR) and transcription factor binding to the u-PAR promoter improve prognostic predictability and differential diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Tumor/normal tissue was collected from 69 prospectively followed patients with thyroid carcinomas (papillary, medullary, follicular and anaplastic, PTC, MTC, FTC and ATC) or follicular adenomas. U-PAR, MMP-1, MMP-7 and MMP-9 amounts were determined by ELISA, and transcription factor binding was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Binding of transcription factors to the u-PAR promoter was observed, but not associated with u-PAR expression. Carcinomas except MTC expressed significantly more u-PAR/MMPs than adenomas/normal tissues, this being associated with advanced pT- or M-stages. MMP-1 and MMP-9 were significantly higher in follicular carcinomas than in adenomas. In carcinomas, high u-PAR-gene expression correlated significantly with high MMP-9, the latter being associated with MMP-7 in normal tissues. Poor survival in differentiated tumors was associated in trend (p = 0.07); poor survival of all patients (p = 0.043) and especially of patients with carcinomas of follicular origin (including ATC), but not medullary carcinomas, were significantly associated with high u-PAR-protein (p = 0.015). Quantification of u-PAR is of prognostic relevance in thyroid carcinomas of non-c-cell origin, and u-PAR in part may be regulated nontranscriptionally in thyroid cancers. This is the first study to suggest MMP-1/-9 as significant differentiation markers between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Buergy
- Department of Experimental Surgery and Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Mannheim Faculty, University of Heidelberg, and DKFZ Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Allen TC, Cagle PT, Popper HH. Basic Concepts of Molecular Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:1551-6. [DOI: 10.5858/2008-132-1551-bcomp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Craig Allen
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (Dr Allen); the Department of Pulmonary Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Tex (Dr Cagle); and the Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (Dr Popper)
| | - Philip T. Cagle
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (Dr Allen); the Department of Pulmonary Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Tex (Dr Cagle); and the Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (Dr Popper)
| | - Helmut H. Popper
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler (Dr Allen); the Department of Pulmonary Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Tex (Dr Cagle); and the Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria (Dr Popper)
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Pohar-Marinšek Ž. Difficulties in diagnosing small round cell tumours of childhood from fine needle aspiration cytology samples. Cytopathology 2008; 19:67-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2008.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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