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Song Y, Zhou D, Zhang P, Zhu N, Guo R, Wang T, Zhuang F, Sun D. Heparanase accelerates the angiogenesis and inhibits the ferroptosis of p53-mutant non-small cell cancers in VEGF-dependent manner. Cytotechnology 2024; 76:503-517. [PMID: 39188651 PMCID: PMC11344742 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-024-00632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the effects and specific mechanisms of heparanase on angiogenesis and iron deficiency anemia in TP53 mutant cancer. For this purpose, we conducted in vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal experiments respectively. In this study, we first analyzed the differential expression of heparanase in TP53 wild-type and mutant cells, and analyzed its effects on iron removal and angiogenesis in two types of CALU-1 and NCI-H358 cells. Secondly, we validated whether the mechanism of action of heparanase on TP53 mutant cells for iron removal and angiogenesis is related to VEGF. We applied the iron removal agonist erastin and VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab in both in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate the relationship between heparanase and VEGF in the mechanisms of iron removal and angiogenesis. The experimental results show that heparanase is highly expressed in TP53 mutated cancer cells, and has anti-ferroptosis and pro-angiogenic effects. Our experiment also confirmed that the effect of heparanase on TP53 mutant cancer's iron removal and angiogenesis is related to VEGF. In short, heparanase is highly expressed in p53 mutated lung cancer, and the mechanism of ferroptosis tolerance to TP53 mutated cancer is related to VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaobo Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Na Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Ruijuan Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Feifei Zhuang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Dengjun Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000 Shandong Province China
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Emilescu RA, Jinga M, Cotan HT, Popa AM, Orlov-Slavu CM, Olaru MC, Iaciu CI, Parosanu AI, Moscalu M, Nitipir C. The Role of KRAS Mutation in Colorectal Cancer-Associated Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16930. [PMID: 38069251 PMCID: PMC10707331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolic events (VTE) are common in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and represent a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality. Risk stratification is paramount in deciding the initiation of thromboprophylaxis and is calculated using scores that include tumor location, laboratory values, patient clinical characteristics, and tumor burden. Commonly used risk scores do not include the presence of molecular aberrations as a variable. This retrospective study aims to confirm the link between KRAS-activating mutations and the development of VTE in CRC. A total of 166 patients were included in this study. They were split into two cohorts based on KRAS mutational status. We evaluated the frequency and mean time to VTE development stratified by the presence of KRAS mutations. Patients with mutant KRAS had an odds ratio (OR) of 2.758 for VTE compared to KRAS wild-type patients, with an increased risk of thrombosis being maintained in KRAS mutant patients even after adjusting for other known VTE risk factors. Taking into account the results of this study, KRAS mutation represents an independent risk factor for VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Andrei Emilescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.A.E.)
| | - Mariana Jinga
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.A.E.)
| | - Horia Teodor Cotan
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.A.E.)
| | - Ana Maria Popa
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.A.E.)
| | - Cristina Maria Orlov-Slavu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.A.E.)
| | - Mihaela Cristina Olaru
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.A.E.)
| | - Cristian Ion Iaciu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.A.E.)
| | - Andreea Ioana Parosanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.A.E.)
| | - Mihaela Moscalu
- Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cornelia Nitipir
- Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (R.A.E.)
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Schleyer KA, Liu J, Chen Z, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zuo J, Ybargollin AJ, Guo H, Cui L. A Universal and Modular Scaffold for Heparanase Activatable Probes and Drugs. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2290-2298. [PMID: 36346913 PMCID: PMC10897860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is an endo-β-glucuronidase involved in extracellular matrix remodeling in rapidly healing tissues, most cancers and inflammation, and viral infection. Its importance as a therapeutic target warrants further study, but such is hampered by a lack of research tools. To expand the toolkits for probing HPSE enzymatic activity, we report the design of a substrate scaffold for HPSE comprised of a disaccharide substrate appended with a linker, capable of carrying cargo until being cleaved by HPSE. Here exemplified as a fluorogenic, coumarin-based imaging probe, this scaffold can potentially expand the availability of HPSE-responsive imaging or drug delivery tools using a variety of imaging moieties or other cargo. We show that electronic tuning of the scaffold provides a robust response to HPSE while simplifying the structural requirements of the attached cargo. Molecular docking and modeling suggest a productive probe/HPSE binding mode. These results further support the hypothesis that the reactivity of these HPSE-responsive probes is predominantly influenced by the electron density of the aglycone. This universal HPSE-activatable scaffold will greatly facilitate future development of HPSE-responsive probes and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton A Schleyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zixin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zhishen Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Yuzhao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Junxiang Zuo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Alberto Jimenez Ybargollin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Lina Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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4
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Wang Y, Song T, Li K, Liu H, Han Y, Xu T, Cao F, Li Y, Yu Y. Heparanase is a prognostic biomarker independent of tumor purity and hypoxia based on bioinformatics and immunohistochemistry analysis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2022; 20:236. [PMID: 35840985 PMCID: PMC9288057 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02698-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract with a poor prognosis. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is mainly composed of tumor cells, stromal cells, and immune cells and plays an important role in ESCC development. There are substantial differences in tumor purity among different parts of ESCC tissues, consisting of distinct immune and stromal cells and variations in the status of hypoxia. Thus, prognostic models of ESCC based on bioinformatic analysis of tumor tissues are unreliable. Method Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) independent of tumor purity and hypoxia were screened by Spearman correlation analysis of public ESCC cohorts. Subsequently, the DEGs were subjected to Cox regression analysis. Then, we constructed a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of the DEGs using Cytoscape. Intersection analysis of the univariate Cox and PPI results indicated that heparanase (HPSE), an endo-β-D-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains, was a predictive factor. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to reveal the potential function of HPSE, and single-cell sequencing data were analyzed to evaluate the distribution of HPSE in immune cells. Furthermore, a human ESCC tissue microarray was used to validate the expression and prognostic value of HPSE. Result We found that HPSE was downregulated in ESCC tissues and was not correlated with tumor purity or hypoxia status. HPSE is involved in multiple biological processes. ESCC patients with low HPSE expression in cancerous tissues exhibited poor prognosis. Conclusions These results indicate that low HPSE expression in cancerous tissues correlates with poor prognosis in patients with ESCC. HPSE is a novel prognostic biomarker independent of tumor purity and hypoxia status in ESCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-022-02698-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongjun Song
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjun Cao
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuandong Yu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, 442000, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). GAGs can interact with a variety of binding partners and thereby influence cancer progression on multiple levels. GAGs can modulate growth factor and chemokine signaling, invasion and metastasis formation. Moreover, GAGs are able to change the physical property of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Abnormalities in GAG abundance and structure (e.g., sulfation patterns and molecular weight) are found across various cancer types and show biomarker potential. Targeting GAGs, as well as the usage of GAGs and their mimetics, are promising approaches to interfere with cancer progression. In addition, GAGs can be used as drug and cytokine carriers to induce an anti-tumor response. In this review, we summarize the role of GAGs in cancer and the potential use of GAGs and GAG derivatives to target cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Wieboldt
- Laboratories for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Laboratories for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Division of Oncology, Department of Theragnostics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Mayfosh AJ, Nguyen TK, Hulett MD. The Heparanase Regulatory Network in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11096. [PMID: 34681753 PMCID: PMC8541136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a structural framework that has many important physiological functions which include maintaining tissue structure and integrity, serving as a barrier to invading pathogens, and acting as a reservoir for bioactive molecules. This cellular scaffold is made up of various types of macromolecules including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). HSPGs comprise a protein core linked to the complex glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS), the remodeling of which is important for many physiological processes such as wound healing as well as pathological processes including cancer metastasis. Turnover of HS is tightly regulated by a single enzyme capable of cleaving HS side chains: heparanase. Heparanase upregulation has been identified in many inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis, fibrosis, and cancer, where it has been shown to play multiple roles in processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Heparanase expression and activity are tightly regulated. Understanding the regulation of heparanase and its downstream targets is attractive for the development of treatments for these diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the regulators of heparanase as well as the enzyme's downstream gene and protein targets, and implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce J. Mayfosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Tien K. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Mark D. Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
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7
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Piperigkou Z, Kyriakopoulou K, Koutsakis C, Mastronikolis S, Karamanos NK. Key Matrix Remodeling Enzymes: Functions and Targeting in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1441. [PMID: 33809973 PMCID: PMC8005147 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue functionality and integrity demand continuous changes in distribution of major components in the extracellular matrices (ECMs) under normal conditions aiming tissue homeostasis. Major matrix degrading proteolytic enzymes are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), plasminogen activators, atypical proteases such as intracellular cathepsins and glycolytic enzymes including heparanase and hyaluronidases. Matrix proteases evoke epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and regulate ECM turnover under normal procedures as well as cancer cell phenotype, motility, invasion, autophagy, angiogenesis and exosome formation through vital signaling cascades. ECM remodeling is also achieved by glycolytic enzymes that are essential for cancer cell survival, proliferation and tumor progression. In this article, the types of major matrix remodeling enzymes, their effects in cancer initiation, propagation and progression as well as their pharmacological targeting and ongoing clinical trials are presented and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece; (K.K.); (C.K.)
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), 265 04 Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kyriakopoulou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece; (K.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Christos Koutsakis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece; (K.K.); (C.K.)
| | | | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece; (K.K.); (C.K.)
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), 265 04 Patras, Greece
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8
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Liu J, Schleyer KA, Bryan TL, Xie C, Seabra G, Xu Y, Kafle A, Cui C, Wang Y, Yin K, Fetrow B, Henderson PKP, Fatland PZ, Liu J, Li C, Guo H, Cui L. Ultrasensitive small molecule fluorogenic probe for human heparanase. Chem Sci 2020; 12:239-246. [PMID: 34163592 PMCID: PMC8178809 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04872k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase (HPA) is a critical enzyme involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and its elevated expression has been linked with diseases such as various types of cancer and inflammation. The detection of heparanase enzymatic activity holds tremendous value in the study of the cellular microenvironment, and search of molecular therapeutics targeting heparanase, however, no structurally defined probes are available for the detection of heparanase activity. Here we present the development of the first ultrasensitive fluorogenic small-molecule probe for heparanase enzymatic activity via tuning the electronic effect of the substrate. The probe exhibits a 756-fold fluorescence turn-on response in the presence of human heparanase, allowing one-step detection of heparanase activity in real-time with a picomolar detection limit. The high sensitivity and robustness of the probe are exemplified in a high-throughput screening assay for heparanase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Kelton A Schleyer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Tyrel L Bryan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Changjian Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Gustavo Seabra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Arjun Kafle
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Chao Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Kunlun Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Benjamin Fetrow
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Paul K P Henderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Peter Z Fatland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Lina Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
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Ostrovsky O, Vlodavsky I, Nagler A. Mechanism of HPSE Gene SNPs Function: From Normal Processes to Inflammation, Cancerogenesis and Tumor Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:231-249. [PMID: 32274712 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) is the substitution of a single nucleotide, stably inherited, highly abundant, and distributed throughout the genome. Up today 9746 SNPs were found in the HPSE gene. During 12 years 21 SNPs were analyzed in normal and pathological samples. The most prominent SNPs are rs4693608, rs11099592, rs4693084, and rs4364254. These SNPs were found in correlation with heparanase mRNA and protein expression among healthy persons. Moreover, an association of the HPSE gene SNPs with inflammatory processes, cancer development and progression was detected. SNP investigation allowed the identification of strong HPSE gene enhancer in the intron 2. In normal leukocytes, heparanase binds to the enhancer region and regulates HPSE gene expression via negative feedback in rs4693608 SNP-dependent manner. In malignant cells, heparanase halted self-regulation of the enhancer region. Instead of heparanase, the helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) binds to the regulatory region. These and subsequent studies will elucidate how modification in the HPSE enhancer region could be applied to develop new approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ostrovsky
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel, Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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10
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Teixeira FCOB, Götte M. Involvement of Syndecan-1 and Heparanase in Cancer and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:97-135. [PMID: 32274708 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan Syndecan-1 acts as an important co-receptor for receptor tyrosine kinases and chemokine receptors, and as an adhesion receptor for structural glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix. It serves as a substrate for heparanase, an endo-β-glucuronidase that degrades specific domains of heparan sulfate carbohydrate chains and thereby alters the functional status of the proteoglycan and of Syndecan-1-bound ligands. Syndecan-1 and heparanase show multiple levels of functional interactions, resulting in mutual regulation of their expression, processing, and activity. These interactions are of particular relevance in the context of inflammation and malignant disease. Studies in animal models have revealed a mechanistic role of Syndecan-1 and heparanase in the regulation of contact allergies, kidney inflammation, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. Moreover, functional interactions between Syndecan-1 and heparanase modulate virtually all steps of tumor progression as defined in the Hallmarks of Cancer. Due to their prognostic value in cancer, and their mechanistic involvement in tumor progression, Syndecan-1 and heparanase have emerged as important drug targets. Data in preclinical models and preclinical phase I/II studies have already yielded promising results that provide a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C O B Teixeira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany.
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11
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Nasser NJ, Fox J, Agbarya A. Potential Mechanisms of Cancer-Related Hypercoagulability. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030566. [PMID: 32121387 PMCID: PMC7139427 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between cancer and thrombosis has been known for over a century and a half. However, the mechanisms that underlie this correlation are not fully characterized. Hypercoagulability in cancer patients can be classified into two main categories: Type I and Type II. Type I occurs when the balance of endogenous heparin production and degradation is disturbed, with increased degradation of endogenous heparin by tumor-secreted heparanase. Type II hypercoagulability includes all the other etiologies, with factors related to the patient, the tumor, and/or the treatment. Patients with poor performance status are at higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Tumors can result in VTE through direct pressure on blood vessels, resulting in stasis. Several medications for cancer are correlated with a high risk of thrombosis. These include hormonal therapy (e.g., tamoxifen), chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin, thalidomide and asparaginase), molecular targeted therapy (e.g., lenvatinib, osimertinib), and anti-angiogenesis monoclonal antibodies (e.g., bevacizumab and ramucirumab).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J. Nasser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10467, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jana Fox
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10467, USA;
| | - Abed Agbarya
- Institute of Oncology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa 31048, Israel;
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12
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Cruz LA, Tellman TV, Farach-Carson MC. Flipping the Molecular Switch: Influence of Perlecan and Its Modifiers in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1245:133-146. [PMID: 32266656 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40146-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is rich in matrix components, growth factors, cytokines, and enzymatic modifiers that respond to changing conditions, to alter the fundamental properties of the tumor bed. Perlecan/HSPG2, a large, multi-domain heparan sulfate proteoglycan, is concentrated in the reactive stroma that surrounds tumors. Depending on its state in the TME, perlecan can either prevent or promote the progression of cancers to metastatic disease. Breast, prostate, lung, and renal cancers all preferentially metastasize to bone, a dense, perlecan-rich environment that is initially a "hostile" niche for cancer cells. Driven by inflammation, production of perlecan and its enzyme modifiers, which include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), sulfatases (SULFs), and heparanase (HPSE), increases in the reactive stroma surrounding growing and invading tumors. MMPs act upon the perlecan core protein, releasing bioactive fragments of the protein, primarily from C-terminal domains IV and V. These fragments influence cell adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis. Sulfatases and heparanases act directly upon the heparan sulfate chains, releasing growth factors from reservoirs to reach receptors on the cancer cell surface. We propose that perlecan modifiers, by promoting the degradation of the perlecan-rich stroma, "flip the molecular switch" and convert the "hostile" stroma into a welcoming one that supports cancer dissemination and metastasis. Targeted therapies that prevent this molecular conversion of the TME should be considered as potential new therapeutics to limit metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette A Cruz
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tristen V Tellman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Götte M, Kovalszky I. Extracellular matrix functions in lung cancer. Matrix Biol 2018; 73:105-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Loka RS, Yu F, Sletten ET, Nguyen HM. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of heparan sulfate mimicking glycopolymers for inhibiting heparanase activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:9163-9166. [PMID: 28766595 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04156j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an enzyme which cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides of the extracellular matrix. It is a regulator of tumor behavior, plays a key role in kidney related diseases and autoimmune diabetes. We report herein the use of computational studies to extract the natural HS-heparanase interactions as a template for the design of HS mimicking glycopolymers. Upon evaluation, a glycopolymer with 12 repeating units was determined to be the most potent inhibitor and to have tight-binding characteristics. This glycopolymer also lacks anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Loka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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15
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Patient derived xenografts (PDX) predict an effective heparanase-based therapy for lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19294-19306. [PMID: 29721203 PMCID: PMC5922397 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate (HS) degrading endoglycosidase, regulates multiple biological activities that enhance tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Heparanase accomplishes this by degrading HS and thereby facilitating cell invasion and regulating the bioavailability of heparin-binding proteins. HS mimicking compounds that inhibit heparanase enzymatic activity were examined in numerous preclinical cancer models. While these studies utilized established tumor cell lines, the current study utilized, for the first time, patient-derived xenografts (PDX) which better resemble the behavior and drug responsiveness of a given cancer patient. We have previously shown that heparanase levels are substantially elevated in lung cancer, correlating with reduced patients survival. Applying patient-derived lung cancer xenografts and a potent inhibitor of heparanase enzymatic activity (PG545) we investigated the significance of heparanase in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. PG545 was highly effective in lung cancer PDX, inhibiting tumor growth in >85% of the cases. Importantly, we show that PG545 was highly effective in PDX that did not respond to conventional chemotherapy (cisplatin) and vice versa. Moreover, we show that spontaneous metastasis to lymph nodes is markedly inhibited by PG545 but not by cisplatin. These results reflect the variability among patients and strongly imply that PG545 can be applied for lung cancer therapy in a personalized manner where conventional chemotherapy fails, thus highlighting the potential benefits of developing anti-heparanase treatment modalities for oncology.
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16
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Yang S, Liao Y, Zhao Q, Xie Y, Zheng A, Wan H. Heparanase Is a Critical Regulator of Mitotic Spindles Required for Maintaining Chromosome Stability. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:291-297. [PMID: 29431512 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Chengdu Newgenegle Biotech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Chengdu Newgenegle Biotech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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17
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Nagarajan A, Malvi P, Wajapeyee N. Heparan Sulfate and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Cancer Initiation and Progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:483. [PMID: 30197623 PMCID: PMC6118229 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) are complex unbranched carbohydrate chains that are heavily modified by sulfate and exist either conjugated to proteins or as free, unconjugated chains. Proteins with covalently bound Heparan sulfate chains are termed Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs). Both HS and HSPGs bind to various growth factors and act as co-receptors for different cell surface receptors. They also modulate the dynamics and kinetics of various ligand-receptor interactions, which in turn can influence the duration and potency of the signaling. HS and HSPGs have also been shown to exert a structural role as a component of the extracellular matrix, thereby altering processes such as cell adhesion, immune cell infiltration and angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that HS are deregulated in a variety of solid tumors and hematological malignancies and regulate key aspects of cancer initiation and progression. HS deregulation in cancer can occur as a result of changes in the level of HSPGs or due to changes in the levels of HS biosynthesis and remodeling enzymes. Here, we describe the major cell-autonomous (proliferation, apoptosis/senescence and differentiation) and cell-non-autonomous (angiogenesis, immune evasion, and matrix remodeling) roles of HS and HSPGs in cancer. Finally, we discuss therapeutic opportunities for targeting deregulated HS biosynthesis and HSPGs as a strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvindhan Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Parmanand Malvi
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Narendra Wajapeyee
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18
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Mesquita B, Rothwell DG, Burt DJ, Chemi F, Fernandez‐Gutierrez F, Slane‐Tan D, Antonello J, Carter M, Carter L, Parry M, Franklin L, Marais R, Blackhall F, Dive C, Brady G. Molecular analysis of single circulating tumour cells following long-term storage of clinical samples. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1687-1697. [PMID: 28741788 PMCID: PMC5709616 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CellSearch® semiautomated CTC enrichment and staining system has been established as the 'gold standard' for CTC enumeration with CellSearch® CTC counts recognized by the FDA as prognostic for a number of cancers. We and others have gone on to show that molecular analysis of CellSearch® CTCs isolated shortly after CellSearch® enrichment provides another valuable layer of information that has potential clinical utility including predicting response to treatment. Although CellSearch® CTCs can be readily isolated after enrichment, the process of analysing a single CellSearch® patient sample, which may contain many CTCs, is both time-consuming and costly. Here, we describe a simple process that will allow storage of all CellSearch® -enriched cells in glycerol at -20 °C for up to 2 years without any measurable loss in the ability to retrieve single cells or in the genome integrity of the isolated cells. To establish the suitability of long-term glycerol storage for single-cell molecular analysis, we isolated individual CellSearch® -enriched cells by DEPArray™ either shortly after CellSearch® enrichment or following storage of matched enriched cells in glycerol at -20 °C. All isolated cells were subjected to whole-genome amplification (WGA), and the efficacy of single-cell WGA was evaluated by multiplex PCR to generate a Genome Integrity Index (GII). The GII results from 409 single cells obtained from both 'spike-in' controls and clinical samples showed no statistical difference between values obtained pre- and postglycerol storage and that there is no further loss in integrity when DEPArray™-isolated cells are then stored at -80 °C for up to 2 years. In summary, we have established simple yet effective 'stop-off' points along the CTC workflow enabling CTC banking and facilitating selection of suitable samples for intensive analysis once patient outcomes are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mesquita
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Dominic G. Rothwell
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Deborah J Burt
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Francesca Chemi
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | | | - Daniel Slane‐Tan
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Jenny Antonello
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Mathew Carter
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Louise Carter
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer SciencesUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Marina Parry
- Molecular Oncology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Lynsey Franklin
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
| | - Fiona Blackhall
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of ManchesterUK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of ExcellenceUK
| | - Caroline Dive
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of ExcellenceUK
| | - Ged Brady
- Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology GroupCRUK Manchester InstituteUniversity of ManchesterUK
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19
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Spyrou A, Kundu S, Haseeb L, Yu D, Olofsson T, Dredge K, Hammond E, Barash U, Vlodavsky I, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Inhibition of Heparanase in Pediatric Brain Tumor Cells Attenuates their Proliferation, Invasive Capacity, and In Vivo Tumor Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1705-1716. [PMID: 28716813 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Curative therapy for medulloblastoma and other pediatric embryonal brain tumors has improved, but the outcome still remains poor and current treatment causes long-term complications. Malignant brain tumors infiltrate the healthy brain tissue and, thus despite resection, cells that have already migrated cause rapid tumor regrowth. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), modulate the activities of a variety of proteins. The major enzyme that degrades HS, heparanase (HPSE), is an important regulator of the ECM. Here, we report that the levels of HPSE in pediatric brain tumors are higher than in healthy brain tissue and that treatment of pediatric brain tumor cells with HPSE stimulated their growth. In addition, the latent, 65 kDa form of HPSE (that requires intracellular enzymatic processing for activation) enhanced cell viability and rapidly activated the ERK and AKT signaling pathways, before enzymatically active HPSE was detected. The HPSE inhibitor PG545 efficiently killed pediatric brain tumor cells, but not normal human astrocytes, and this compound also reduced tumor cell invasion in vitro and potently reduced the size of flank tumors in vivo Our findings indicate that HPSE in malignant brain tumors affects both the tumor cells themselves and their ECM. In conclusion, HPSE plays a substantial role in childhood brain tumors, by contributing to tumor aggressiveness and thereby represents a potential therapeutic target. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1705-16. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Spyrou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soumi Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lulu Haseeb
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tommie Olofsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Keith Dredge
- Zucero Therapeutics Pty Ltd., Darra, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edward Hammond
- Zucero Therapeutics Pty Ltd., Darra, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Čunderlíková B. Clinical significance of immunohistochemically detected extracellular matrix proteins and their spatial distribution in primary cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 105:127-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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21
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Kundu S, Xiong A, Spyrou A, Wicher G, Marinescu VD, Edqvist PHD, Zhang L, Essand M, Dimberg A, Smits A, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Li JP, Forsberg-Nilsson K. Heparanase Promotes Glioma Progression and Is Inversely Correlated with Patient Survival. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1243-1253. [PMID: 27565180 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant glioma continues to be fatal, despite improved insight into its underlying molecular mechanisms. The most malignant form, glioblastoma (GBM), is characterized by aberrant activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and infiltrative growth. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), integral components of the extracellular matrix of brain tumors, can regulate activation of many RTK pathways. This prompted us to investigate heparanase (HPSE), which cleaves HSPGs, for its role in glioma. This hypothesis was evaluated using tissue microarrays, GBM cells derived from patients, murine in vitro and in vivo models of glioma, and public databases. Downregulation of HPSE attenuated glioma cell proliferation, whereas addition of HPSE stimulated growth and activated ERK and AKT signaling. Using HPSE transgenic and knockout mice, it was demonstrated that tumor development in vivo was positively correlated to HPSE levels in the brain. HPSE also modified the tumor microenvironment, influencing reactive astrocytes, microglia/monocytes, and tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, inhibition of HPSE reduces tumor cell numbers, both in vitro and in vivo HPSE was highly expressed in human glioma and GBM cell lines, compared with normal brain tissue. Indeed, a correlation was observed between high levels of HPSE and shorter survival of patients with high-grade glioma. In conclusion, these data provide proof-of-concept for anti-HPSE treatment of malignant glioma, as well as novel insights for the development of HPSE as a therapeutic target. IMPLICATIONS This study aims to target both the malignant brain tumor cells per se and their microenvironment by changing the level of an enzyme, HPSE, that breaks down modified sugar chains on cell surfaces and in the extracellular space. Mol Cancer Res; 14(12); 1243-53. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anqi Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Argyris Spyrou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Grzegorz Wicher
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Voichita D Marinescu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Henrik D Edqvist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Smits
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Yang Z, Liu F, Yang ZL. BRMS1 and HPA as Progression, Clinical Biological Behaviors, and Poor Prognosis–related Biomarkers for Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liao BY, Wang Z, Hu J, Liu WF, Shen ZZ, Zhang X, Yu L, Fan J, Zhou J. PI-88 inhibits postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma via disrupting the surge of heparanase after liver resection. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2987-98. [PMID: 26415733 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphomannopentaose sulfate (PI-88), an effective inhibitor of heparanase (HPSE), exhibited anti-recurrence and anti-metastasis activity in preliminary clinical trials of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. Our aim was to reveal the mechanism by which PI-88 inhibits recurrence and intrahepatic metastasis. A tissue microarray containing samples from 352 HCC patients was used to determine HPSE expression. We performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect plasma levels of HPSE in 40 HCC patients. We also used quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical staining to assess HPSE expression of HCC cell lines and tissues. The in vitro effects of PI-88 were examined by cell proliferation and migration assays. In vivo PI-88 activity was assessed using murine orthotopic HCC models. Intratumoral HPSE was an independent prognostic marker for postsurgical overall survival (P = 0.001) and time to recurrence (P < 0.001) of HCC patients with hepatectomy. Elevated levels of HPSE were detected both in postsurgical plasma of HCC patients and an orthotopic mouse model after hepatectomy. PI-88 inhibited tumor recurrence and metastasis after liver resection in the mouse model. In vitro expression of HPSE was up-regulated by overexpression of early growth response 1 (EGR1), which is induced after hepatectomy. Up-regulation of HPSE enhanced the sensitivity of HCC cells to PI-88 and the inhibitive effect of PI-88 on cell proliferation and migration. Our data show that PI-88 effectively inhibits postoperative recurrence and intrahepatic metastasis of HCC, providing an experimental basis for the clinical application of PI-88 in HCC patients who have undergone hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zao-Zhuo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Lemjabbar-Alaoui H, McKinney A, Yang YW, Tran VM, Phillips JJ. Glycosylation alterations in lung and brain cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 126:305-44. [PMID: 25727152 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in glycosylation are common in cancer and are thought to contribute to disease. Lung cancer and primary malignant brain cancer, most commonly glioblastoma, are genetically heterogeneous diseases with extremely poor prognoses. In this review, we summarize the data demonstrating that glycosylation is altered in lung and brain cancer. We then use specific examples to highlight the diverse roles of glycosylation in these two deadly diseases and illustrate shared mechanisms of oncogenesis. In addition to alterations in glycoconjugate biosynthesis, we also discuss mechanisms of postsynthetic glycan modification in cancer. We suggest that alterations in glycosylation in lung and brain cancer provide novel tumor biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Lemjabbar-Alaoui
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew McKinney
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Yang
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vy M Tran
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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25
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Zeng C, Chen L, Yang Z, Sun S. The close correlation between heparanase and COX-2 expression in lymphangiogenesis of cervical cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 31:314. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Fernandes dos Santos TC, Gomes AM, Paschoal MEM, Stelling MP, Rumjanek VMBD, Junior ADR, Valiante PM, Madi K, Pereira de Souza HS, Pavão MSG, Castelo-Branco MTL. Heparanase expression and localization in different types of human lung cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2599-608. [PMID: 24747732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparanase is the only known mammalian glycosidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate chains. The expression of this enzyme has been associated with tumor development because of its ability to degrade extracellular matrix and promote cell invasion. METHODS We analyzed heparanase expression in lung cancer samples to understand lung tumor progression and malignancy. Of the samples from 37 patients, there were 14 adenocarcinomas, 13 squamous cell carcinomas, 5 large cell carcinomas, and 5 small cell carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was performed to ascertain the expression and localization of heparanase. RESULTS All of the tumor types expressed heparanase, which was predominantly localized within the cytoplasm and nucleus. Significant enzyme expression was also observed in cells within the tumor microenvironment, such as fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Adenocarcinomas exhibited the strongest heparanase staining intensity and the most widespread heparanase distribution. Squamous cell carcinomas, large cell carcinomas, and small cell carcinomas had a similar subcellular distribution of heparanase to adenocarcinomas but the distribution was less widespread. Heparanase expression tended to correlate with tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging in non-small cell lung carcinoma. CONCLUSION In this study, we showed that heparanase was localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus of tumor cells and to cells within the microenvironment in different types of lung cancer. This enzyme exhibited a differential distribution based on the type of lung tumor. General significance Elucidating the heparanase expression patterns in different types of lung cancer increased our understanding of the crucial role of heparanase in lung cancer biology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Matrix-mediated cell behaviour and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angélica Maciel Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Eduardo Machado Paschoal
- Instituto de Doenças do Tórax, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Paranhos Stelling
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vivian Mary Barral Dodd Rumjanek
- Laboratório de Imunologia Tumoral, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alyson do Rosário Junior
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcos Valiante
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kalil Madi
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor Siffert Pereira de Souza
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauro Sergio Gonçalves Pavão
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Ruan J, Trotter TN, Nan L, Luo R, Javed A, Sanderson RD, Suva LJ, Yang Y. Heparanase inhibits osteoblastogenesis and shifts bone marrow progenitor cell fate in myeloma bone disease. Bone 2013; 57:10-7. [PMID: 23895995 PMCID: PMC3786009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A major cause of morbidity in patients with multiple myeloma is the development and progression of bone disease. Myeloma bone disease is characterized by rampant osteolysis in the presence of absent or diminished bone formation. Heparanase, an enzyme that acts both at the cell-surface and within the extracellular matrix to degrade polymeric heparan sulfate chains, is upregulated in a variety of human cancers including multiple myeloma. We and others have shown that heparanase enhances osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. However, increased osteolysis is only one element of the spectrum of myeloma bone disease. In the present study, we hypothesized that heparanase would also affect mesenchymal cells in the bone microenvironment and investigated the effect of heparanase on the differentiation of osteoblast/stromal lineage cells. Using a combination of molecular, biochemical, cellular and in vivo approaches, we demonstrated that heparanase significantly inhibited osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, and reduced bone formation in vivo. In addition, heparanase shifts the differentiation potential of osteoblast progenitors from osteoblastogenesis to adipogenesis. Mechanistically, this shift in cell fate is due, at least in part, to heparanase-enhanced production and secretion of the Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor DKK1 by both osteoblast progenitors and myeloma cells. Collectively, these data provide important new insights into the role of heparanase in all aspects of myeloma bone disease and strongly support the use of heparanase inhibitors in the treatment of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ruan
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Timothy N. Trotter
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Li Nan
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Rongcheng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amjad Javed
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Larry J. Suva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Zhang X, Xu S, Tan Q, Liu L. High expression of heparanase-2 is an independent prognostic parameter for favorable survival in gastric cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:1010-3. [PMID: 24139593 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Heparanase-2 expression has been suggested to up-regulate in several types of human cancers. However, the expression patterns of heparanase-2 in gastric cancer and its effect on prognosis of gastric cancer patients are unclear. METHODS In this study, the methods of tissue microarray, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and western blot were used to investigate heparanase-2 expression in gastric cancer and the adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Heparanase-2 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 95 clinicopathologically characterized gastric cancer cases. In addition Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to analyze the results. RESULTS High expression of cytoplasmic heparanase-2 was observed in 70.5% (67/95) of gastric cancer, when compared with its normal counterpart. Overexpression of heparanase-2 was correlated with tumor size and differentiation (P<0.05). Further analysis showed that a significant correlation between high expression of heparanase-2 and favorable prognosis (P<0.05). In multivariate analysis, high expression of heparanase-2 was evaluated as an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest for the first time that the high expression of heparanase-2 is associated significantly with tumor growth and differentiation. Importantly, heparanase-2 may be a potential molecular marker for predicting prognosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Zhang
- Institute for the Study of Liver Diseases, The Third Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213000, China.
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Wang X, Wen W, Wu H, Chen Y, Ren G, Guo W. Heparanase expression correlates with poor survival in oral mucosal melanoma. Med Oncol 2013; 30:633. [PMID: 23794232 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucosal melanoma (OMM) is a lethal cancer with a poor prognosis. Despite the great interest in heparanase (HPSE) as a potential anticancer therapy target, the prognostic role of HPSE in oral mucosal melanoma has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated HPSE expression in OMM tissues and examined its association with clinical outcome. A total of 81 patients with OMM were enrolled in this study. We examined the expression of HPSE in OMM, and its staining extent, intensity and cellular localization were analyzed for clinical significance. HPSE staining was positive in 81 % of tumors (66 of 81 patients) and was negative in the remaining 19 % (15 patients). The median survival time and the 5-year survival rate were 12 months and 7.0 % in the high-heparanase group, 35 months and 36.4 % in the low-heparanase group and 62 months and 53.3 % in the none-heparanase group (P = 0.001). In univariate survival analysis of oral mucosal melanoma, AJCC Stage, heparanase level, heparanase location and tumor size were the clinical parameters related to overall survival. In Cox analysis, overall survival time was significantly dependent on AJCC stage and heparanase level, but not tumor size and heparanase location. Heparanase is frequently expressed in oral mucosal melanoma, and its expression levels inversely correlate with the survival rates of OMM patients, clearly indicating that heparanase is a reliable prognostic factor for this malignancy and an attractive target for anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Unexpected new roles for heparanase in Type 1 diabetes and immune gene regulation. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:228-33. [PMID: 23499527 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (Hpse) is an endo-β-d-glucuronidase that degrades the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) in basement membranes (BMs) to facilitate leukocyte migration into tissues. Heparanase activity also releases HS-bound growth factors from the extracellular matrix (ECM), a function that aids wound healing and angiogenesis. In disease states, the degradation of HS in BMs by heparanase is well recognized as an invasive property of metastatic cancer cells. Recent studies by our group, however, have identified unexpected new roles for heparanase and HS. First, we discovered that in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) (i) HS in the pancreatic islet BM acts as a barrier to invading cells and (ii) high levels of HS within the insulin-producing islet beta cells themselves are critical for beta cell survival, protecting the cells from free radical-mediated damage. Furthermore, catalytically active heparanase produced by autoreactive T cells and other insulitis mononuclear cells was shown to degrade intra-islet HS, increasing the susceptibility of islet beta cells to free radical damage and death. This totally novel molecular explanation for the onset of T1D diabetes opens up new therapeutic approaches for preventing disease progression. Indeed, administration of the heparanase inhibitor, PI-88, dramatically reduced T1D incidence in diabetes-prone NOD mice, preserved islet beta cell HS and reduced islet inflammation. Second, in parallel studies it has been shown that heparanase and HS can be transported to the nucleus of cells where they impact directly or indirectly on gene transcription. Based on ChIP-on-chip studies heparanase was found to interact with the promoters and transcribed regions of several hundred genes and micro-RNAs in activated Jurkat T cells and up-regulate transcription, with many of the target genes/micro-RNAs being involved in T cell differentiation. At the molecular level, nuclear heparanase appears to regulate histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation by influencing the recruitment of demethylases to transcriptionally active genes. These studies have unveiled new functions for heparanase produced by T lymphocytes, with the enzyme mediating unexpected intracellular effects on T cell differentiation and insulin-producing beta cell survival in T cell-dependent autoimmune T1D.
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Qin Q, Niu J, Wang Z, Xu W, Qiao Z, Gu Y. Heparanase induced by advanced glycation end products (AGEs) promotes macrophage migration involving RAGE and PI3K/AKT pathway. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:37. [PMID: 23442498 PMCID: PMC3637127 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), inflammatory-associated macrophage migration and accumulation are crucial for initiation and progression of diabetic vascular complication. Enzymatic activity of heparanase (HPA) is implicated strongly in dissemination of metastatic tumor cells and cells of the immune system. In addition, HPA enhances the phosphorylation of selected signaling molecules including AKT pathway independent of enzymatic activity. However, virtually nothing is presently known the role of HPA during macrophage migration exposed to AGEs involving signal pathway. Methods These studies were carried out in Ana-1 macrophages. Macrophage viability was measured by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays. HPA and AKT protein expression in macrophages are analysed by Western blotting and HPA mRNA expression by real time quantitative RT-PCR. Release of HPA was determined by ELISA. Macrophage migration was assessed by Transwell assays. Results HPA protein and mRNA were found to be increased significantly in AGEs-treated macrophages. Pretreatment with anti-HPA antibody which recognizes the nonenzymatic terminal of HPA prevented AGEs-induced AKT phosphorylation and macrophage migration. LY294002 (PI3k/AKT inhibitor) inhibited AGEs-induced macrophage migration. Furthermore, pretreatment with anti-receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) antibody attenuated AGEs-induced HPA expression, AKT phosphorylation and macrophage migration. Conclusions These data indicate that AGEs-induced macrophage migration is dependent on HPA involving RAGE-HPA-PI3K/AKT pathway. The nonenzymatic activity of HPA may play a key role in AGEs-induced macrophage migration associated with inflammation in diabetic vascular complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaojing Qin
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Peerless Y, Simon E, Sabo E, Ben-Izhak O, Hershkovitz D. Normal colon tissue and colon carcinoma show no difference in heparanase promoter methylation. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 94:309-13. [PMID: 23313782 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate degrading enzyme, has a role in cellular invasion. Accordingly, a large number of studies have demonstrated an association between heparanase expression and tumor stage and patients' prognosis. In colon carcinoma, heparanase shows increased expression in tumor compared to normal tissue and its expression correlates with the presence of metastasis. One of the regulatory mechanisms of heparanase expression is de-methylation on its promoter. In the present study we evaluated the role of heparanase promoter methylation in colon carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Analysis of heparanase promoter methylation was done on 32 samples of colon carcinoma as well as 30 samples of normal colonic mucosa. DNA was extracted from FFPE tissue and subjected to bisulfite conversion. The relative fraction of methylated and unmethylated DNA was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The fraction of methylated DNA was 1 ± 3.4% in the colon carcinoma group, and 2.5 ± 3.3% in the normal colon group (P=0.11). Only one case in the normal group and one case in the tumor group showed more than 10% methylation in the heparanase promoter. CONCLUSION We did not find any significant difference in heparanase promoter methylation between colon carcinoma and normal colonic mucosa, suggesting that heparanase overexpression in colon carcinoma is mediated by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehudit Peerless
- Institute of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Zeng C, Ke ZF, Luo WR, Yao YH, Hu XR, Jie W, Yin JB, Sun SJ. Heparanase overexpression participates in tumor growth of cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo. Med Oncol 2013; 30:403. [PMID: 23288725 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression of heparanase is associated with invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis of a variety of human cancers. However, the roles of heparanase in cervical cancer are not clear. The aim of this study is to determine whether up-regulation of heparanase expression can promote growth of cervical cancer in vitro and in vivo. Heparanase protein expression was analyzed in cervical cancer patients using immunohistochemistry. In addition, expression of heparanase was also examined in cervical cancer cell lines. A series of in vivo and in vitro assays was performed to elucidate the role of heparanase in tumor growth of cervical cancer. Positive rate of heparanase was 63.3 % (38/60) in cervical cancer patients by immunohistochemistry, and it was significantly correlated with tumor size and clinical stage (P < 0.05). Overexpression of heparanase inhibited apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of heparanase in cervical cancer cells promoted proliferation of cervical cancer cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. These results suggest that heparanase participates in tumor growth of cervical cancer by influencing the proliferation and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells, and heparanase could be used as an effective therapeutic target for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China.
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He YQ, Sutcliffe EL, Bunting KL, Li J, Goodall KJ, Poon IKA, Hulett MD, Freeman C, Zafar A, McInnes RL, Taya T, Parish CR, Rao S. The endoglycosidase heparanase enters the nucleus of T lymphocytes and modulates H3 methylation at actively transcribed genes via the interplay with key chromatin modifying enzymes. Transcription 2012; 3:130-45. [PMID: 22771948 DOI: 10.4161/trns.19998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation of histones is a fundamental epigenetic process regulating gene expression programs in mammalian cells. Dysregulated patterns of histone methylation are directly implicated in malignant transformation. Here, we report the unexpected finding that the invasive extracellular matrix degrading endoglycosidase heparanase enters the nucleus of activated human T lymphocytes and regulates the transcription of a cohort of inducible immune response genes by controlling histone H3 methylation patterns. It was found that nuclear heparanase preferentially associates with euchromatin. Genome-wide ChIP-on-chip analyses showed that heparanase is recruited to both the promoter and transcribed regions of a distinct cohort of transcriptionally active genes. Knockdown and overexpression of the heparanase gene also showed that chromatin-bound heparanase is a prerequisite for the transcription of a subset of inducible immune response genes in activated T cells. Furthermore, the actions of heparanase seem to influence gene transcription by associating with the demethylase LSD1, preventing recruitment of the methylase MLL and thereby modifying histone H3 methylation patterns. These data indicate that heparanase belongs to an emerging class of proteins that play an important role in regulating transcription in addition to their well-recognized extra-nuclear functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qing He
- Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Huang GL, Li BK, Zhang MY, Wei RR, Yuan YF, Shi M, Chen XQ, Huang L, Zhang HZ, Liu W, Huang BJ, Li H, Zheng XF, Luo XR, Wang HY. Allele loss and down-regulation of heparanase gene are associated with the progression and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44061. [PMID: 22952874 PMCID: PMC3432106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The role of heparanase (HPSE) gene in cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently controversial. This study was aimed at investigating the impact of genetic alteration and expression change of HPSE on the progression and prognosis of HCC. Methods The HPSE gene was studied in three different aspects: (1) loss of heterozygosity (LOH) by a custom SNP microarray and DNA copy number by real-time PCR; (2) mRNA level by qRT-PCR; and (3) protein expression by immunohistochemistry. The clinical significances of allele loss and expression change of HPSE were analyzed. Results Microarray analysis showed that the average LOH frequency for 10 SNPs located within HPSE gene was 31.6%, three of which were significantly correlated with tumor grade, serum HBV-DNA level, and AFP concentration. In agreement with SNP LOH data, DNA copy number loss of HPSE was observed in 38.74% (43/111) of HCC cases. HPSE mRNA level was notably reduced in 74.1% (83/112) of tumor tissues compared with non-tumor liver tissues, which was significantly associated with DNA copy number loss, increased tumor size, and post-operative metastasis. HPSE protein level was also remarkably reduced in 66.3% (53/80) of tumor tissues, which was correlated with tumor grade. Patients with lower expression level of HPSE mRNA or protein had a significantly lower survival rate than those with higher expression. Cox regression analysis suggested that HPSE protein was an independent predictor of overall survival in HCC patients. Conclusions The results in this study demonstrate that genetic alteration and reduction of HPSE expression are associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis of HCCs, suggesting that HPSE behaves like a tumor suppressor gene and is a potential prognostic marker for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin-Kui Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei-Yin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong-Rong Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun-Fei Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Long Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bi-Jun Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Honghua Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert W. Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Feng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert W. Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xian-Rong Luo
- The 458 Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Yun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert W. Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vlodavsky I, Beckhove P, Lerner I, Pisano C, Meirovitz A, Ilan N, Elkin M. Significance of heparanase in cancer and inflammation. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2012; 5:115-32. [PMID: 21811836 PMCID: PMC3399068 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are primary components at the interface between virtually every eukaryotic cell and its extracellular matrix. HSPGs not only provide a storage depot for heparin-binding molecules in the cell microenvironment, but also decisively regulate their accessibility, function and mode of action. As such, they are intimately involved in modulating cell invasion and signaling loops that are critical for tumor growth, inflammation and kidney function. In a series of studies performed since the cloning of the human heparanase gene, we and others have demonstrated that heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate degrading endoglycosidase, is causally involved in cancer progression, inflammation and diabetic nephropathy and hence is a valid target for drug development. Heparanase is causally involved in inflammation and accelerates colon tumorigenesis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Notably, heparanase stimulates macrophage activation, while macrophages induce production and activation of latent heparanase contributed by the colon epithelium, together generating a vicious cycle that powers colitis and the associated tumorigenesis. Heparanase also plays a decisive role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, degrading heparan sulfate in the glomerular basement membrane and ultimately leading to proteinuria and kidney dysfunction. Notably, clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation (IR) upregulate heparanase expression and thereby augment the metastatic potential of pancreatic carcinoma. Thus, combining radiotherapy with heparanase inhibition is an effective strategy to prevent tumor resistance and dissemination in IR-treated pancreatic cancer patients. Also, accumulating evidence indicate that peptides derived from human heparanase elicit a potent anti-tumor immune response, suggesting that heparanase represents a promising target antigen for immunotherapeutic approaches against a broad variety of tumours. Oligosaccharide-based compounds that inhibit heparanase enzymatic activity were developed, aiming primarily at halting tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. Some of these compounds are being evaluated in clinical trials, targeting both the tumor and tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, P. O. Box 9649, Haifa, 31096, Israel,
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Tang XD, Wang GZ, Guo J, Lü MH, Li C, Li N, Chao YL, Li CZ, Wu YY, Hu CJ, Fang DC, Yang SM. Multiple Antigenic Peptides Based on H-2Kb–Restricted CTL Epitopes from Murine Heparanase Induce a Potent Antitumor Immune Response In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1183-92. [PMID: 22442309 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Tang
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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Shafat I, Ben-Arush MW, Issakov J, Meller I, Naroditsky I, Tortoreto M, Cassinelli G, Lanzi C, Pisano C, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Zunino F. Pre-clinical and clinical significance of heparanase in Ewing's sarcoma. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:1857-64. [PMID: 21029368 PMCID: PMC3056168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that specifically cleaves heparan sulphate side chains of heparan sulphate proteoglycans, activity that is strongly implicated in cell migration and invasion associated with tumour metastasis, angiogenesis and inflammation. Heparanase up-regulation was documented in an increasing number of human carcinomas, correlating with reduced post-operative survival rate and enhanced tumour angiogenesis. Expression and significance of heparanase in human sarcomas has not been so far reported. Here, we applied the Ewing's sarcoma cell line TC71 and demonstrated a potent inhibition of cell invasion in vitro and tumour xenograft growth in vivo upon treatment with a specific inhibitor of heparanase enzymatic activity (compound SST0001, non-anticoagulant N-acetylated, glycol split heparin). Next, we examined heparanase expression and cellular localization by immunostaining of a cohort of 69 patients diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma. Heparanase staining was noted in all patients. Notably, heparanase staining intensity correlated with increased tumour size (P = 0.04) and with patients' age (P = 0.03), two prognostic factors associated with a worse outcome. Our study indicates that heparanase expression is induced in Ewing's sarcoma and associates with poor prognosis. Moreover, it encourages the inclusion of heparanase inhibitors (i.e. SST0001) in newly developed therapeutic modalities directed against Ewing's sarcoma and likely other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Shafat
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Teoh-Fitzgerald MLT, Fitzgerald MP, Jensen TJ, Futscher BW, Domann FE. Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of extracellular superoxide dismutase promotes an invasive phenotype in human lung cancer by disrupting ECM homeostasis. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 10:40-51. [PMID: 22064654 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD) is an important superoxide scavenger in the lung in which its loss, sequence variation, or abnormal expression contributes to lung diseases; however, the role of EcSOD in lung cancer has yet to be studied. We hypothesized that EcSOD loss could affect malignant progression in lung, and could be either genetic or epigenetic in nature. To test this, we analyzed EcSOD expression, gene copy number, promoter methylation, and chromatin accessibility in normal lung and carcinoma cells. We found that normal airway epithelial cells expressed abundant EcSOD and had an unmethylated promoter, whereas EcSOD-negative lung cancer cells displayed aberrant promoter hypermethylation and decreased chromatin accessibility. 5-aza-dC induced EcSOD suggesting that cytosine methylation was causal, in part, to silencing. In 48/50 lung tumors, EcSOD mRNA was significantly lower as early as stage I, and the EcSOD promoter was hypermethylated in 8/10 (80%) adenocarcinomas compared with 0/5 normal lung samples. In addition, 20% of the tumors showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of EcSOD. Reexpression of EcSOD attenuated the malignant phenotype of lung carcinoma cells by significantly decreasing invasion and survival. Finally, EcSOD decreased heparanase and syndecan-1 mRNAs in part by reducing NF-κB. By contrast, MnSOD and CuZnSOD showed no significant changes in lung tumors and had no effect on heparanase expression. Taken together, the loss of EcSOD expression is unique among the superoxide dismutases in lung cancer and is the result of EcSOD promoter methylation and LOH, suggesting that its early loss may contribute to ECM remodeling and malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L T Teoh-Fitzgerald
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of Medicine and The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Yang Y, Ren Y, Ramani VC, Nan L, Suva LJ, Sanderson RD. Heparanase enhances local and systemic osteolysis in multiple myeloma by upregulating the expression and secretion of RANKL. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8329-38. [PMID: 20978204 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Excessive bone destruction is a major cause of morbidity in myeloma patients. However, the biological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of myeloma-induced bone disease are not fully understood. Heparanase, an enzyme that cleaves the heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans, is upregulated in a variety of human tumors, including multiple myeloma. We previously showed that heparanase promotes robust myeloma tumor growth and supports spontaneous metastasis of tumor cells to bone. In the present study, we show, for the first time, that the expression of heparanase by myeloma tumor cells remarkably enhances bone destruction locally within the tumor microenvironment. In addition, enhanced heparanase expression in the primary tumor also stimulated systemic osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis, thus mimicking the systemic osteoporosis often seen in myeloma patients. These effects occur, at least in part, as the result of a significant elevation in the expression and secretion of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) by heparanase-expressing myeloma cells. Moreover, analysis of bone marrow biopsies from myeloma patients reveals a positive correlation between the level of expression of heparanase and RANKL. Together, these discoveries reveal a novel and key role for heparanase in promoting tumor osteolysis and show that RANKL is central to the mechanism of heparanase-mediated osteolysis in myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Leiser Y, Abu-El-Naaj I, Sabo E, Akrish S, Ilan N, Ben-Izhak O, Peled M, Vlodavsky I. Prognostic value of heparanase expression and cellular localization in oral cancer. Head Neck 2010; 33:871-7. [PMID: 20859999 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastases formation depends on the ability of tumor cells to invade basement membranes in a process involving enzymes capable of degrading extracellular matrix components. METHODS We examined the expression of heparanase in oral carcinomas and correlated its staining extent, intensity, and cellular localization with patients' outcome. RESULTS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed over 4-fold increase in heparanase levels in oral carcinomas compared to adjacent normal tissue. Normal oral epithelium was found negative for heparanase, while all oral carcinomas stained positively for heparanase. Heparanase staining was associated with Ki67 staining, a measure of cell proliferation. Notably, whereas cytoplasmic localization of heparanase was associated with high-grade carcinomas, nuclear localization of the enzyme was found primarily in low-grade, well-differentiated tumors, and in all oral verrucous carcinomas. CONCLUSION Expression level and cellular localization of heparanase could serve as an important diagnostic marker in patients with oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Leiser
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rambam Medical Center, Post Office Box 9602, Haifa, Israel
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DAMPening inflammation by modulating TLR signalling. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20706656 PMCID: PMC2913853 DOI: 10.1155/2010/672395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) include endogenous intracellular molecules released by activated or necrotic cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that are upregulated upon injury or degraded following tissue damage. DAMPs are vital danger signals that alert our immune system to tissue damage upon both infectious and sterile insult. DAMP activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induces inflammatory gene expression to mediate tissue repair. However, DAMPs have also been implicated in diseases where excessive inflammation plays a key role in pathogenesis, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), cancer, and atherosclerosis. TLR activation by DAMPs may initiate positive feedback loops where increasing tissue damage perpetuates pro-inflammatory responses leading to chronic inflammation. Here we explore the current knowledge about distinct signalling cascades resulting from self TLR activation. We also discuss the involvement of endogenous TLR activators in disease and highlight how specifically targeting DAMPs may yield therapies that do not globally suppress the immune system.
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Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play vital roles in every step of tumor progression allowing cancer cells to proliferate, escape from immune response, invade neighboring tissues, and metastasize to distal sites away from the primary site. Several cancers including breast, lung, brain, pancreatic, skin, and colorectal cancers show aberrant modulation of several key HS biosynthetic enzymes such as 3-O Sulfotransferase and 6-O Sulfotransferase, and also catabolic enzymes such as HSulf-1, HSulf-2 and heparanase. The resulting tumor specific HS fine structures assist cancer cells to breakdown ECM to spread, misregulate signaling pathways to facilitate their proliferation, promote angiogenesis to receive nutrients, and protect themselves against natural killer cells. This review focuses on the changes in the expression of HS biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes in several cancers, the resulting changes in HS fine structures, and the effects of these tumor specific HS signatures on promoting invasion, proliferation, and metastasis. It is possible to retard tumor progression by modulating the deregulated biosynthetic and catabolic pathways of HS chains through novel chemical biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Raman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Brun R, Naroditsky I, Waterman M, Ben-Izhak O, Groisman G, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase expression by Barrett's epithelium and during esophageal carcinoma progression. Mod Pathol 2009; 22:1548-54. [PMID: 19749739 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic activity responsible for the cleavage of heparan sulfate, commonly known as heparanase, is abundant in tumor-derived cells. Heparanase cleaves heparan sulfate side chains, presumably at sites of low sulfation, thus facilitating structural alterations of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane underlying epithelial and endothelial cells. Traditionally, heparanase activity was correlated with the metastatic potential of tumor-derived cells, attributed to enhanced cell dissemination as a consequence of heparan sulfate cleavage and remodeling of the extracellular matrix barrier. More recently, heparanase upregulation was documented in an increasing number of human carcinomas and hematological malignancies, correlating with increased tumor metastasis, vascular density, and shorter post-operative survival of cancer patients. Although heparanase upregulation and its pro-malignant features are well documented, the instance of its induction in the course of tumor development was less investigated. Here, we used immunohistochemical analysis to investigate heparanase expression in normal esophagus, Barrett's esophagus without dysplasia, Barrett's esophagus with low-grade dysplasia, Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. We report that heparanase expression is already induced in Barrett's epithelium without dysplasia, and is further increased during progression through distinct pathological stages, namely, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and adenocarcinoma. Notably, heparanase induction correlated with increased cell proliferation index revealed by Ki-67 staining. These findings suggest that heparanase function is not limited to the process of tumor metastasis, but rather is engaged at the early stages of esophagus carcinoma initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Brun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Regina S, Valentin JB, Lachot S, Lemarié E, Rollin J, Gruel Y. Increased tissue factor expression is associated with reduced survival in non-small cell lung cancer and with mutations of TP53 and PTEN. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1834-42. [PMID: 19661141 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.123695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue factor (TF), the main initiator of blood coagulation, is also a signaling protein that regulates cancer progression. TF synthesis was recently shown to be affected by tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) in tumor cell lines. We therefore studied TF gene (F3) expression and the status of genes coding for tumor protein p53 (TP53), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Heparanase (HPSE) gene expression was also measured because this endo-beta-D-glucuronidase was recently shown to enhance TF gene expression. METHODS TF and heparanase mRNA expression was measured by real-time PCR in 53 NSCLC tumors. Exons 5-8 of TP53 were sequenced from genomic DNA. Mutations of PTEN and STK11 were screened by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. RESULTS TF mRNA levels were significantly higher in T(3)-T(4) tumors (P = 0.04) and in stages III-IV of NSCLC (P = 0.03). Mutations of TP53, STK11, and PTEN were identified in 20 (37.7%), 21 (39%), and 20 (37.7%) of tumors, respectively. TF expression was higher in mutated TP53 (TP53(Mut)) (P = 0.02) and PTEN(Mut) (P = 0.03) samples. Moreover, TF mRNA increased from 2700 copies (no mutation) to 11 6415 when 3 TSG were mutated. Heparanase gene expression did not differ according to TF gene (F3) expression or TSG mutation. The median survival time was shorter in patients with tumor TF mRNA levels above median values (relative risk 2.2; P = 0.03, multivariate analysis) and when TP53 was mutated (relative risk 1.8; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS These results provide clear evidence that combined oncogene events affecting TSG dramatically increase TF gene expression in lung tumors. Moreover, this study suggests that TF gene expression could be used as a prognostic marker in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Regina
- Department of Hematology-Hemostasis, Trousseau Hospital and François Rabelais University, Tours, France
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Dubey S, Powell CA. Update in lung cancer 2008. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179:860-8. [PMID: 19423719 PMCID: PMC2720086 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200902-0289up] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Dubey
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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