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Feng W, Chittò M, Moriarty TF, Li G, Wang X. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Eliminating Intracellular Bacteria. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200311. [PMID: 36189899 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular survival of pathogenic bacteria requires a range of survival strategies and virulence factors. These infections are a significant clinical challenge, wherein treatment frequently fails because of poor antibiotic penetration, stability, and retention in host cells. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are promising tools to overcome these shortcomings and enhance the efficacy of antibiotic therapy. In this review, the classification and the mechanisms of intracellular bacterial persistence are elaborated. Furthermore, the systematic design strategies applied to DDSs to eliminate intracellular bacteria are also described, and the strategies used for internalization, intracellular activation, bacterial targeting, and immune enhancement are highlighted. Finally, this overview provides guidance for constructing functionalized DDSs to effectively eliminate intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.,AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | - Marco Chittò
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | | | - Guofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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2
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Rais R, Lemberg KM, Tenora L, Arwood ML, Pal A, Alt J, Wu Y, Lam J, Aguilar JMH, Zhao L, Peters DE, Tallon C, Pandey R, Thomas AG, Dash RP, Seiwert T, Majer P, Leone RD, Powell JD, Slusher BS. Discovery of DRP-104, a tumor-targeted metabolic inhibitor prodrug. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq5925. [PMID: 36383674 PMCID: PMC9668306 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq5925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
6-Diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) is a glutamine antagonist that suppresses cancer cell metabolism but concurrently enhances the metabolic fitness of tumor CD8+ T cells. DON showed promising efficacy in clinical trials; however, its development was halted by dose-limiting gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities. Given its clinical potential, we designed DON peptide prodrugs and found DRP-104 [isopropyl(S)-2-((S)-2-acetamido-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-propanamido)-6-diazo-5-oxo-hexanoate] that was preferentially bioactivated to DON in tumor while bioinactivated to an inert metabolite in GI tissues. In drug distribution studies, DRP-104 delivered a prodigious 11-fold greater exposure of DON to tumor versus GI tissues. DRP-104 affected multiple metabolic pathways in tumor, including decreased glutamine flux into the TCA cycle. In efficacy studies, both DRP-104 and DON caused complete tumor regression; however, DRP-104 had a markedly improved tolerability profile. DRP-104's effect was CD8+ T cell dependent and resulted in robust immunologic memory. DRP-104 represents a first-in-class prodrug with differential metabolism in target versus toxicity tissue. DRP-104 is now in clinical trials under the FDA Fast Track designation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Lemberg
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lukáš Tenora
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew L. Arwood
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Arindom Pal
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ying Wu
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jenny Lam
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Diane E. Peters
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Carolyn Tallon
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rajeev Pandey
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ajit G. Thomas
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ranjeet P. Dash
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tanguy Seiwert
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i., Prague 16000, Czech Republic
| | - Robert D. Leone
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Powell
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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3
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Shim N, Jeon SI, Yang S, Park JY, Jo M, Kim J, Choi J, Yun WS, Kim J, Lee Y, Shim MK, Kim Y, Kim K. Comparative study of cathepsin B-cleavable linkers for the optimal design of cathepsin B-specific doxorubicin prodrug nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2022; 289:121806. [PMID: 36156411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A carrier-free prodrug nanoparticle has emerged as a potential approach to cancer therapy. It plays a vital role in enhancing the tumor targeting and therapeutic efficacy of the anticancer agent at sites of intention wherein the prodrug nanoparticle is potentially activated. Herein, five derivatives of cathepsin B-cleavable prodrugs are synthesized via chemically conjugating different cathepsin B-cleavable peptides (Phe-Arg-Arg-Gly, Phe-Arg-Arg-Leu, Phe-Arg-Arg-Leu-Gly, Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gly) to doxorubicin (DOX). The peptide-DOX prodrugs can spontaneously assemble into nanoparticles via their intermolecular hydrophobic and π-π stacking interactions. The resulting cathepsin B-cleavable prodrugs nanoparticles formed different nanoparticle structures according to the amphiphilicity and flexibility of different peptides and their particle stability and cellular uptake mechanism are carefully evaluated in vitro. Among five prodrug nanoparticles, the Phe-Arg-Arg-Leu-DOX (FRRL-DOX) nanoparticle was formed to a size of 167.5 ± 12.4 nm and stably maintains its nanoparticle structure in saline media for 3 days. The FRRL-DOX nanoparticle is well taken up by tumoral nuclei and effectively induces cancer cell death with minimal toxicity to normal cells. In addition, the FRRL-DOX nanoparticle shows 2.3-16.3-fold greater tumor-specific accumulation in vivo than other prodrug nanoparticles and free DOX. The therapeutic effect of FRRL-DOX is finally examined, demonstrating 2.1-fold better anticancer efficacy compared to that of free DOX. Notably, the FRRL-DOX nanoparticle does not exert serious toxicity in its repeated intravenous administration at a high dose of up to 10 mg/kg (equiv. to DOX). In conclusion, the peptide sequence for cathepsin B-cleavable prodrug nanoparticle is determined to be successfully optimized in a way of increasing its tumor selectivity and lowering toxicity to normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeon Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ik Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Suah Yang
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Park
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihee Jo
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinseong Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Choi
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Su Yun
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongrae Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Kyu Shim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongju Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Flavokawain B Weakens Gastric Cancer Progression via the TGF-β1/SMAD4 Pathway and Attenuates M2 Macrophage Polarization. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:4903333. [PMID: 35879950 PMCID: PMC9308533 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4903333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to observe the treatment effects of flavokawain B (FKB) on gastric cancer both in SGC-7901 cells and nude mice. When SGC-7901 cells were exposed to 10 μg/mL FKB, cellular proliferative and apoptotic capacities and cell cycle were detected utilizing CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays. The results showed that FKB treatment induced cell apoptosis and G2/M arrest and suppressed cell proliferation for SGC-7901 cells. Western blot results showed that FKB upregulated proapoptotic proteins as well as downregulated antiapoptotic and cell cycle-related proteins in SGC-7901 cells. SMAD4, TGF-β1, and TSPAN12 proteins were tested in FKB-induced SGC-7901 cells. Following exposure to FKB, SMAD4, TGF-β1, and TSPAN12 expression was augmented in SGC-7901 cells. si-SMAD4 transfection weakened cell apoptosis and accelerated cell proliferation. Furthermore, FKB reversed the change in apoptotic and cell cycle-related proteins induced by si-SMAD4. A nude mouse tumorigenesis model was constructed, which was treated by FKB. In the nude mouse tumorigenesis model, FKB activated the TSPAN12 expression and TGF-β1/SMAD4 pathway. Also, FKB treatment prolonged the survival time of nude mice and lowered tumor weight. iNOS and CD86 expression was significantly enhanced, and Arg-1 and CD206 expression was significantly decreased in THP-1 cells cultured in conditioned media from FKB-treated SGC-7901 cells. Additionally, FKB-treated SGC-7901 cells weakened macrophage migration. Collectively, this evidence suggested that FKB accelerated apoptosis and suppressed the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and attenuated M2 macrophage polarization, thereby exerting an anticancer effect on gastric cancer.
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5
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Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems to overcome gastric cancer drug resistance. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hung HM, Wang TSA. A Double Photocage Strategy to Construct Light-Controllable and Spatiotemporally Trackable Cathepsin B Activity-Based Probes. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:11-16. [PMID: 34965108 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing multiple cages to selectively modulate the activity of biomolecules is indispensable to achieving controllable and trackable activity manipulation. However, trackable cages that can be used to monitor the activation of biomolecules are rare. In this work, we utilized a double photocage strategy to achieve light-controllable and spatiotemporally trackable activation. To demonstrate biological applicability, we used the well-known cancer cell biomarker cathepsin B as the target and constructed double photocaged cathepsin B activity-based probe 2PPG-FK-AcRha that performed well in cancer cell cultures. Using our probe, we could monitor the light-activation by the blue fluorescence of 7-diethylamino-4-hydroxymethyl-coumarin (DEACM) and simultaneously probe the activity of cathepsin B through the green fluorescence of acetyl rhodamine (AcRha). Additionally, by partially irradiating the cell cultures, the regional photoactivation experiments also demonstrated great spatial controllability and trackability of our probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Min Hung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Shing Andrew Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
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7
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Baroud M, Lepeltier E, Thepot S, El-Makhour Y, Duval O. The evolution of nucleosidic analogues: self-assembly of prodrugs into nanoparticles for cancer drug delivery. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2157-2179. [PMID: 36133769 PMCID: PMC9418958 DOI: 10.1039/d0na01084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs are essential tools in our limited arsenal in the fight against cancer. However, these structures face severe drawbacks such as rapid plasma degradation or hydrophilicity, limiting their clinical application. Here, different aspects of nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have been exposed, while providing their shortcomings. Aiming to improve their fate in the body and combating their drawbacks, two different approaches have been discussed, the prodrug and nanocarrier technologies. Finally, a novel approach called "PUFAylation" based on both the prodrug and nanocarrier technologies has been introduced, promising to be the supreme method to create a novel nucleoside or nucleotide analog based formulation, with enhanced efficacy and highly reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Baroud
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, UMR INSERM 1066, UMR CNRS 6021 Angers France
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, UMR INSERM 1066, UMR CNRS 6021 Angers France
| | - Sylvain Thepot
- University Hospital of Angers, Hematology 49933 Angers France
- Université d'Angers, Inserm, CRCINA 49000 Angers France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire 'Grand Ouest Against Leukemia' (FHU GOAL) France
| | - Yolla El-Makhour
- Environmental Health Research Lab (EHRL), Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University Nabatieh Lebanon
| | - Olivier Duval
- Micro et Nanomédecines Translationnelles, MINT, UNIV Angers, UMR INSERM 1066, UMR CNRS 6021 Angers France
- University Hospital of Angers, Hematology 49933 Angers France
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8
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Knödler M, Buyel JF. Plant-made immunotoxin building blocks: A roadmap for producing therapeutic antibody-toxin fusions. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 47:107683. [PMID: 33373687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular farming in plants is an emerging platform for the production of pharmaceutical proteins, and host species such as tobacco are now becoming competitive with commercially established production hosts based on bacteria and mammalian cell lines. The range of recombinant therapeutic proteins produced in plants includes replacement enzymes, vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). But plants can also be used to manufacture toxins, such as the mistletoe lectin viscumin, providing an opportunity to express active antibody-toxin fusion proteins, so-called recombinant immunotoxins (RITs). Mammalian production systems are currently used to produce antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which require the separate expression and purification of each component followed by a complex and hazardous coupling procedure. In contrast, RITs made in plants are expressed in a single step and could therefore reduce production and purification costs. The costs can be reduced further if subcellular compartments that accumulate large quantities of the stable protein are identified and optimal plant growth conditions are selected. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current state of RIT production in plants before discussing the three key components of RITs in detail. The specificity-defining domain (often an antibody) binds cancer cells, including solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The toxin provides the means to kill target cells. Toxins from different species with different modes of action can be used for this purpose. Finally, the linker spaces the two other components to ensure they adopt a stable, functional conformation, and may also promote toxin release inside the cell. Given the diversity of these components, we extract broad principles that can be used as recommendations for the development of effective RITs. Future research should focus on such proteins to exploit the advantages of plants as efficient production platforms for targeted anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knödler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, Aachen 52074, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany.
| | - J F Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, Aachen 52074, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany.
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9
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Targeting Toxins toward Tumors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051292. [PMID: 33673582 PMCID: PMC7956858 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancer diseases, e.g., prostate cancer and lung cancer, develop very slowly. Common chemotherapeutics like vincristine, vinblastine and taxol target cancer cells in their proliferating states. In slowly developing cancer diseases only a minor part of the malignant cells will be in a proliferative state, and consequently these drugs will exert a concomitant damage on rapidly proliferating benign tissue as well. A number of toxins possess an ability to kill cells in all states independently of whether they are benign or malignant. Such toxins can only be used as chemotherapeutics if they can be targeted selectively against the tumors. Examples of such toxins are mertansine, calicheamicins and thapsigargins, which all kill cells at low micromolar or nanomolar concentrations. Advanced prodrug concepts enabling targeting of these toxins to cancer tissue comprise antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT), lectin-directed enzyme-activated prodrug therapy (LEAPT), and antibody-drug conjugated therapy (ADC), which will be discussed in the present review. The review also includes recent examples of protease-targeting chimera (PROTAC) for knockdown of receptors essential for development of tumors. In addition, targeting of toxins relying on tumor-overexpressed enzymes with unique substrate specificity will be mentioned.
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Huang Z, An R, Wei S, Wang J, Ye D. Noninvasive ratiometric fluorescence imaging of γ-glutamyltransferase activity using an activatable probe. Analyst 2021; 146:1865-1871. [PMID: 33480367 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is an important aminopeptidase overexpressed in many malignant tumors, and accurate detection of its activity is useful for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Herein, we report a GGT-activatable ratiometric fluorescent probe (1) constructed by covalently linking an 'always-on' BODIPY fluorophore with a GGT-activatable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent substrate. Upon interaction with GGT, the NIR fluorescence at 735 nm in probe 1 is significantly enhanced, while the fluorescence of BODIPY at 517 nm remains unchanged. Using BODIPY fluorescence as an internal standard, significantly enhanced ratiometric fluorescence between 735 nm and 517 nm could be achieved, allowing accurate detection of the activity of GGT in living subjects independent of probe concentration. We demonstrate that probe 1 is feasible for the evaluation of GGT levels in different tumor cells and differentiation of GGT-positive tumor cells from GGT-negative normal tissue cells. Moreover, probe 1 is further applied for the visualization of tumor via noninvasive ratiometric fluorescence imaging of GGT activity, which could facilitate the detection of GGT-positive tumor tissues and study of GGT-related pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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11
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Xue Y, Bai H, Peng B, Fang B, Baell J, Li L, Huang W, Voelcker NH. Stimulus-cleavable chemistry in the field of controlled drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4872-4931. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarises stimulus-cleavable linkers from various research areas and their cleavage mechanisms, thus provides an insightful guideline to extend their potential applications to controlled drug release from nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xue
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Jonathan Baell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton
- Victoria 3168
- Australia
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
| | - Nicolas Hans Voelcker
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
- Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering
- Northwestern Polytechnical University
- 127 West Youyi Road
- Xi'an 710072
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12
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Yang ZR, Chen ZG, Du XM, Li Y. Apatinib Mesylate Inhibits the Proliferation and Metastasis of Epithelioid Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma In Vitro and In Vivo. Front Oncol 2020; 10:585079. [PMID: 33365269 PMCID: PMC7750508 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.585079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignancy with few effective molecular therapies. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor activity and safety of apatinib, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor, in MPM in vitro and in vivo. Methods We established several patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and primary cell lines of MPM. The cell lines were used to study the effects of apatinib on proliferation, cell cycle, migration, and apoptosis by CCK8, flow cytometry, wound-healing, Transwell, DAPI staining, and caspase-3 assays, respectively. For in vivo study, apatinib was delivered by gastric gavage into PDX models, and then efficacy and toxicity were determined by experimental peritoneal cancer index (ePCI) score and pathological examinations. Results Our results showed that apatinib significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of MPM cells in vitro and induced cell cycle arrest. Studies on PDX models concurred that apatinib effectively suppressed subphrenic and liver invasions of nude mice. Moreover, histopathological analysis found that lymphocyte infiltration, coagulation necrosis and eosinophilic cell fragments were detected in tumor tissues after apatinib treatment. Apatinib showed no obvious effects on body mass of models and did not affect function of important organs, except for occasional focal lymphoid infiltration of liver (16.7%) and cardiac muscle (16.7%). Conclusions We successfully established MPM PDX models and primary cell lines, and confirmed that apatinib effectively inhibited proliferation and metastasis of MPM in vitro and in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ran Yang
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Gao Chen
- Department of Research, Thorgene Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Mei Du
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Gonzaga RV, do Nascimento LA, Santos SS, Machado Sanches BA, Giarolla J, Ferreira EI. Perspectives About Self-Immolative Drug Delivery Systems. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3262-3281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Li XB, Peng KW, Ji ZH, Yu Y, Liu G, Li Y. Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism After Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: Development of a Physiotherapy Program. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020; 25:1076029619890415. [PMID: 31775523 PMCID: PMC7019383 DOI: 10.1177/1076029619890415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study was to assess the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with
peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) and to evaluate the safety and feasibility of
physiotherapy program to prevent VTE during cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic
intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Methods: For VTE prevention, we developed a systematic physiotherapy program consisting of
active exercises of both arms and legs, and intermittent pneumatic compression device to
massage both legs. This physiotherapy was applied to all patients, and the VTE-related
events were recorded and analyzed. Results: Cytoreductive surgery + HIPEC was performed on 466 patients with PC. All patients had
highest VTE risk, with the median Caprini risk factor score being 11. During the 3-month
observation period, 8 patients had 9 (1.9%) clinically symptomatic VTE events, including
8 (1.7%) deep vein thrombosis and 1 (0.2%) pulmonary embolism. Among those, 5 patients
received pharmacological treatments with low-molecular-weight heparin, and the other 3
received physical exercises only. All these patients recovered well, and there was no
mortality about VTE perioperatively. Conclusions: Patients with PC treated by CRS + HIPEC are at highest risk for VTE. The systematic
physiotherapy program is safe and feasible to prevent VTE post CRS + HIPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Bao Li
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Wen Peng
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-He Ji
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Sensitive Prodrugs of the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Crizotinib. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051149. [PMID: 32143435 PMCID: PMC7179202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors revolutionized cancer therapy but still evoke strong adverse effects that can dramatically reduce patients' quality of life. One possibility to enhance drug safety is the exploitation of prodrug strategies to selectively activate a drug inside the tumor tissue. In this study, we designed a prodrug strategy for the approved c-MET, ALK, and ROS1 tyrosine kinase inhibitor crizotinib. Therefore, a boronic-acid trigger moiety was attached to the 2-aminopyridine group of crizotinib, which is a crucial position for target kinase binding. The influence of the modifications on the c-MET- and ALK-binding ability was investigated by docking studies, and the strongly reduced interactions could be confirmed by cell-free kinase inhibition assay. Furthermore, the newly synthesized compounds were tested for their activation behavior with H2O2 and their stability in cell culture medium and serum. Finally, the biological activity of the prodrugs was investigated in three cancer cell lines and revealed a good correlation between activity and intrinsic H2O2 levels of the cells for prodrug A. Furthermore, the activity of this prodrug was distinctly reduced in a non-malignant, c-MET expressing human lung fibroblast (HLF) cell line.
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Archid R, Zieker D, Weinreich FJ, Hönes F, Königsrainer A, Quintanilla-Martínez L, Reymond MA, Solass W. shRNA-mediated inhibition of PhosphoGlycerate Kinase 1 (PGK1) enhances cytotoxicity of intraperitoneal chemotherapy in peritoneal metastasis of gastric origin. Eur J Surg Oncol 2020; 46:613-619. [PMID: 31980221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) plays metabolic, kinase and translational roles in Peritoneal metastasis (PM) of gastric origin and is associated with chemoresistance. Silencing PGK1 might potentiate the effect of chemotherapy. METHODS In an orthoptic xenograft nude mice model, human gastric cancer cells (MKN45) were grown in 22 donor animals. Solid tumors were then grafted into the gastric subserosa of 102 recipient animals and allowed to grow for 10 days. Animals were randomized into 7 groups: Five test groups: 1) Mitomycin C (MMC), 2) MMC and small hairpin RNA silencing of PGK1 with an adenoviral vector (Adv-shPGK1), 3) 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 4) 5-FU and Adv-shPGK1, 5) Adv-shPGK1 alone; two control groups: 1) Sham (NaCl 0.9%), 2) empty viral vector. Intraperitoneal therapy was administered on postoperative day (POD) 11 and 18. Animals were sacrificed at POD 21, analysis was blinded to therapy. RESULTS Adding Adv-shPGK1 to 5-FU reduced the number (0.23 ± 0.43 vs. 1.36 ± 1.00, p = 0.005) and weight (0,005 ± 0.012 mg vs. 0.05 ± 0.08 mg, p = 0.002) of PM as compared to 5-FU alone. The effect of adding Adv-shPGK1 to MMC did not reach statistical significance. Mortality was not increased by adding Adv-shPGK1 to chemotherapy but was increased by Adv-shPGK1 alone as compared to sham. CONCLUSION In this experimental model, combined therapy with chemotherapy and Adv-shPGK1 improves control of PM of gastric origin as compared to chemotherapy alone and might counteract chemoresistance of PM. A systemic toxicity of Adv-shPGK1 cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Archid
- Dept. of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Tübingen, Germany; National Center for Pleura and Peritoneum (NCPP), Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Derek Zieker
- Dept. of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank-Jürgen Weinreich
- Dept. of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Tübingen, Germany; National Center for Pleura and Peritoneum (NCPP), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Hönes
- Dept. of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Marc A Reymond
- Dept. of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Tübingen, Germany; National Center for Pleura and Peritoneum (NCPP), Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Wiebke Solass
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Lin YL, Zhang J, Yan FC, Jiang X, Ma R, Yang ZR, Xu HB, Peng Z, Chen Q, Li Y. Establishment of patient-derived xenograft model of peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis with signet ring cells and in vivo study on the efficacy and toxicity of intraperitoneal injection of 5-fluorouracil. Cancer Med 2019; 9:1104-1114. [PMID: 31814323 PMCID: PMC6997068 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is an indolent malignancy and insensitive to systemic chemotherapy. The authors established patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of PMP, and evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in this model. METHODS Human PMP sample was collected to establish subcutaneous (s.c.) and i.p. MODEL In vivo study of i.p. injection of 5-FU was performed in i.p. model, with experimental peritoneal cancer index (ePCI) score and pathological examinations for evaluating the efficacy and toxicity. RESULTS Both s.c. and i.p. models were constructed. The average passage interval of s.c. model was 44.2 ± 5.2 days, and the i.p. model was characterized by disseminated solid tumor nodules in abdominal-pelvic cavity. Both models were diagnosed as peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis with signet ring cells (PMCA-S). Immunohistochemical characteristics was similar to human. GNAS mutation was detected in both model and patient. In the in vivo study, average ePCI of treatment group was lower than control and vehicle group (P = .004). Histopathology revealed obvious tumor necrosis in treatment group, and decreased Ki67 positive rate (P = .010). In toxicity study, 5-FU significantly influenced body weight (P = .010) and 1 animal from treatment group died on day 14. Congestive splenomegaly was observed (88.9%). Hepatotoxicity presented as acidophilic body (55.6%), cholestasis (100%), bile canaliculus hyperplasia and obstruction (22.2%), and lymphocyte accumulation (77.8%). CONCLUSIONS PDX model of PMCA-S was established successfully, and i.p. 5-FU could inhibit tumor proliferation and progression, with decreased Ki67 positive rate and ePCI score. Hepatotoxicity was the main side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Lin
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Cai Yan
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Ma
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Ran Yang
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xu
- Department of Myxoma, Aerospace Central Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yan Li
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Sodium Selenite Accentuates the Therapeutic Effect of Adriamycin Prodrug (PADM) against Gastric Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2035682. [PMID: 31737654 PMCID: PMC6815643 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2035682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Selenium has remained a controversial character in cancer research. While its antitumor effects have been widely demonstrated, further evidence is required to establish it as a robust treatment regime. Sodium selenite (SS), an inorganic selenium, reportedly affected the proliferation and redifferentiation of gastric cancer cells, but whether it could act as a complement to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs for combination therapy is uncertain. Herein, SGC-7901 and MGC-803 gastric cancer cells were treated with PADM (Ac-Phe-Lys-PABC-ADM), a prodrug of doxorubicin/adriamycin (ADM), and the combined antitumor effects of the two drugs were evaluated. Characterization after treatment revealed that although PADM exhibited antitumor effects individually by inhibiting the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells and inducing apoptosis, the addition of SS significantly amplified these effects. Furthermore, gastric cancer cell apoptosis triggered by the combined treatment of SS and PADM may involve the participation of mitochondrial apoptosis, as evidenced by the changes in mitochondrial morphology and occurrence of mitochondrial fission. Collectively, SS could be a strong complementary drug that accentuates the therapeutic potential of PADM in gastric cancer treatment and management, and its significance could contribute to unique and innovative anticancer strategies.
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Cao Z, Li W, Liu R, Li X, Li H, Liu L, Chen Y, Lv C, Liu Y. pH- and enzyme-triggered drug release as an important process in the design of anti-tumor drug delivery systems. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109340. [PMID: 31545284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is necessary to design a reasonable drug delivery system(DDS) for targeted release to overcome the potential toxicity and poor selectivity of anti-tumor drug. How a drug is released from a DDS is a critical issue that determines whether the DDS is designed successfully. We all know that the microenvironment of tumors is quite different from normal tissues, such as its acidic environment, different expression levels of some enzymes, etc. These features are widely used in the design of DDSs and play an important role in the drug release process in vivo. Numerous DDSs have been designed and synthesized. This article attention to how drugs are released from DDSs. We summarizes and classify the characteristic enzymes and chemical bonds used in the drug release process by browsing a large number of papers, and describes how they are applied in DDSs with specific examples. By understanding these acid-sensitive chemical bonds and over-expressed enzymes in tumors, different DDSs can be designed for different drug structures to solve specific problems of anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Youwen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Combination of Sodium Selenite and Doxorubicin Prodrug Ac-Phe-Lys-PABC-ADM Affects Gastric Cancer Cell Apoptosis in Xenografted Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2486783. [PMID: 31531348 PMCID: PMC6720824 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2486783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of gastric cancer is extremely high in China, prompting the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Sodium selenite (SS) affects the proliferation and redifferentiation of gastric cancer cells and the Adriamycin prodrug Ac-Phe-Lys-PABC-ADM (PADM) reduces toxicity in gastric cancer treatment. However, the mechanisms involved therein remain unclear. In this study, nude mice were transplanted with SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells to construct a tumor xenograft model. After administration of SS and PADM, tumor weight and size were reduced. In addition, the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine, and lactate dehydrogenase were decreased, indicating improved hepatic and renal function and inhibited cancer cell metabolism. Furthermore, combined treatment of SS and PADM downregulated the expression of cell cycle-related proteins (cyclin-dependent kinase 4, Ki67, cyclin E, and cyclin D1), elevated that of proapoptosis proteins (Bax, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and P53), and upregulated that of mitochondrial apoptosis-associated proteins (apoptotic protease activating factor 1 and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases). In conclusion, combined treatment of SS and PADM effectively promoted apoptosis in gastric cancer xenografts via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
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Wang S, Vigliarolo BG, Chowdhury MA, Nyarko JNK, Mousseau DD, Phenix CP. Design and synthesis of fluorogenic substrate-based probes for detecting Cathepsin B activity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103194. [PMID: 31493706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B plays key roles in tumor progression with its overexpression being associated with invasive and metastatic phenotypes and is a primary target of protease activated antibody-directed prodrug therapy. It therefore represents a potential therapeutic and diagnostic target and effort has been made to develop fluorescent probes to report on Cathepsin B activity in cells and animal models of cancer. We have designed, synthesized, and thoroughly evaluated four novel "turn on" probes that employ a lysosomotropic dansylcadaverine dye to report on Cathepsin B activity. Enzyme activity assays using a recombinant human enzyme and cancer cell lysates coupled with confocal microscopy experiments demonstrated that one of the probes, derivatized with the self-immolative prodrug linker p-aminobenzyl alcohol, can selectively report on Cathepsin B in biological samples including live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Brady G Vigliarolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Morshed A Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Jennifer N K Nyarko
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Christopher P Phenix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
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Parveen S, Arjmand F, Tabassum S. Clinical developments of antitumor polymer therapeutics. RSC Adv 2019; 9:24699-24721. [PMID: 35528643 PMCID: PMC9069890 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04358f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer therapeutics encompasses polymer-drug conjugates that are nano-sized, multicomponent constructs already in the clinic as antitumor compounds, either as single agents or in combination with other organic drug scaffolds. Nanoparticle-based polymer-conjugated therapeutics are poised to become a leading delivery strategy for cancer treatments as they exhibit prolonged half-life, higher stability and selectivity, water solubility, longer clearance time, lower immunogenicity and antigenicity and often also specific targeting to tissues or cells. Compared to free drugs, polymer-tethered drugs preferentially accumulate in the tumor sites unlike conventional chemotherapy which does not discriminate between the cancer cells and healthy cells, thereby causing severe side-effects. It is also desirable that the drug reaches its site of action at a particular concentration and the therapeutic dose remains constant over a sufficiently long period of time. This can be achieved by opting for new formulations possessing polymeric systems of drug carriers. However, many challenges still remain unanswered in polymeric drug conjugates which need to be readdressed and therefore, can broaden the scope of this field. This review highlights some of the antitumor polymer therapeutics including polymer-drug conjugates, polymeric micelles, polymeric liposomes and other polymeric nanoparticles that are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Parveen
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University Yanbu Branch 46423 Yanbu Saudi Arabia +966 504522069
| | - Farukh Arjmand
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202002 India
| | - Sartaj Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202002 India
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Delahousse J, Skarbek C, Paci A. Prodrugs as drug delivery system in oncology. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:937-958. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Park SE, Shamloo K, Kristedja TA, Darwish S, Bisoffi M, Parang K, Tiwari RK. EDB-FN Targeted Peptide-Drug Conjugates for Use against Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:3291. [PMID: 31277465 PMCID: PMC6651341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men and is the leading cause of cancer-related male mortality. A disulfide cyclic peptide ligand [CTVRTSADC] 1 has been previously found to target extra domain B of fibronectin (EDB-FN) in the extracellular matrix that can differentiate aggressive PCa from benign prostatic hyperplasia. We synthesized and optimized the stability of ligand 1 by amide cyclization to obtain [KTVRTSADE] 8 using Fmoc/tBu solid-phase chemistry. Optimized targeting ligand 8 was found to be stable in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 6.5, 7.0, and 7.5) and under redox conditions, with a half-life longer than 8 h. Confocal microscopy studies demonstrated increased binding of ligand 8 to EDB-FN compared to ligand 1. Therefore, we hypothesized that the EDB-FN targeted peptides (1 and 8) conjugated with an anticancer drug via a hydrolyzable linker would provide selective cytotoxicity to the cancer cells. To test our hypothesis, we selected both the normal prostate cell line, RWPE-1, and the cancerous prostate cell lines, PC3, DU-145, LNCaP, and C4-2, to evaluate the anticancer activity of synthesized peptide-drug conjugates. Docetaxel (Doce) and doxorubicin (Dox) were used as anticancer drugs. Dox conjugate 13 containing disulfide linkage showed comparable cytotoxicity versus Dox after 72 h incubation in all the cancer cell lines, whereas it was found to be less cytotoxic on RWPE-1, suggesting that it can act as a Dox prodrug. Doce conjugate 14 was found to be less cytotoxic in all the cell lines as compared to drug alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Eun Park
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Kiumars Shamloo
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Timothy A Kristedja
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Shaban Darwish
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, Chemical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 EL Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir st.) Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA.
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Abstract
Introduction: Prodrugs have been used to improve the selectivity and efficacy of cancer therapy by targeting unique abnormal markers that are overexpressed by cancer cells and are absent in normal tissues. In this context, different strategies have been exploited and new ones are being developed each year. Areas covered: In this review, an integrated view of the potential use of prodrugs in targeted cancer therapy is provided. Passive and active strategies are discussed in light of the advantages of each one and some successful examples are provided, as well as the clinical status of several prodrugs. Among them, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are the most commonly used. However, several drawbacks, including limited prodrug uptake, poor pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity problems, difficulties in selective targeting and gene expression, and optimized bystander effects limit their clinical applications. Expert opinion: Despite the efforts of different companies and research groups, several drawbacks, such as the lack of relevant in vivo models, complexity of the human metabolism, and economic limitations, have hampered the development of new prodrugs for targeted cancer therapy. As a result, we believe that the combination of prodrugs with cancer nanotechnology and other newly developed approaches, such as aptamer-conjugated nanomaterials, are efficient strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Souza
- a Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Chemistry , School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto- USP , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Diogo Silva Pellosi
- b Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Hybrid Materials , Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP , Diadema , Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- a Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Chemistry , School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto- USP , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
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Abstract
Cathepsins (CTS) are mainly lysosomal acid hydrolases extensively involved in the prognosis of different diseases, and having a distinct role in tumor progression by regulating cell proliferation, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. As all these processes conjunctively lead to cancer progression, their site-specific regulation might be beneficial for cancer treatment. CTS regulate activation of the proteolytic cascade and protein turnover, while extracellular CTS is involved in promoting extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis, thereby stimulating invasion and metastasis. Despite cancer regulation, the involvement of CTS in cellular adaptation toward chemotherapy and radiotherapy augments their therapeutic potential. However, lysosomal permeabilization mediated cytosolic translocation of CTS induces programmed cell death. This complex behavior of CTS generates the need to discuss the different aspects of CTS associated with cancer regulation. In this review, we mainly focused on the significance of each cathepsin in cancer signaling and their targeting which would provide noteworthy information in the context of cancer biology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Khaket
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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Yap ML, McFadyen JD, Wang X, Ziegler M, Chen YC, Willcox A, Nowell CJ, Scott AM, Sloan EK, Hogarth PM, Pietersz GA, Peter K. Activated platelets in the tumor microenvironment for targeting of antibody-drug conjugates to tumors and metastases. Theranostics 2019; 9:1154-1169. [PMID: 30867822 PMCID: PMC6401411 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Platelets are increasingly recognized as mediators of tumor growth and metastasis. Hypothesizing that activated platelets in the tumor microenvironment provide a targeting epitope for tumor-directed chemotherapy, we developed an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), comprised of a single-chain antibody (scFv) against the platelet integrin GPIIb/IIIa (scFvGPIIb/IIIa) linked to the potent chemotherapeutic microtubule inhibitor, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE). Methods: We developed an ADC comprised of three components: 1) A scFv which specifically binds to the high affinity, activated integrin GPIIb/IIIa on activated platelets. 2) A highly potent microtubule inhibitor, monomethyl auristatin E. 3) A drug activation/release mechanism using a linker cleavable by cathepsin B, which we demonstrate to be abundant in the tumor microenvironment. The scFvGPIIb/IIIa-MMAE was first conjugated with Cyanine7 for in vivo imaging. The therapeutic efficacy of the scFvGPIIb/IIIa-MMAE was then tested in a mouse metastasis model of triple negative breast cancer. Results: In vitro studies confirmed that this ADC specifically binds to activated GPIIb/IIIa, and cathepsin B-mediated drug release/activation resulted in tumor cytotoxicity. In vivo fluorescence imaging demonstrated that the newly generated ADC localized to primary tumors and metastases in a mouse xenograft model of triple negative breast cancer, a difficult to treat tumor for which a selective tumor-targeting therapy remains to be clinically established. Importantly, we demonstrated that the scFvGPIIb/IIIa-MMAE displays marked efficacy as an anti-cancer agent, reducing tumor growth and preventing metastatic disease, without any discernible toxic effects. Conclusion: Here, we demonstrate the utility of a novel ADC that targets a potent cytotoxic drug to activated platelets and specifically releases the cytotoxic agent within the confines of the tumor. This unique targeting mechanism, specific to the tumor microenvironment, holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of a broad range of primary tumors and metastatic disease, particularly for tumors that lack specific molecular epitopes for drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Lin Yap
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - James D McFadyen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
- Department of Hematology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Melanie Ziegler
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Yung-Chih Chen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Abbey Willcox
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
- Department of Hematology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Pietersz
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, 3021, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
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Zhu Y, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Yang M, Li L. Preparation and evaluation of highly biocompatible nanogels with pH-sensitive charge-convertible capability based on doxorubicin prodrug. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 98:161-176. [PMID: 30813016 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, to achieve the targeted ability of anti-tumor drug doxorubicin (DOX), enhance the treatment effect and reduce the side effect, a novel pH-sensitive and charge-convertible prodrug nanogel was prepared. Firstly, cis-aconitic anhydride-doxorubicin prodrug (CAD) and Pluronic F127-chitosan-CAD (F127-CS-CAD) conjugates were synthesized. Then the DOX loaded polyion complex micelles (F127-CS-CAD/CAD) were prepared by self-assembling, thus CAD was incorporated into micelles via electrostatic interactions between electronegative CAD and positively charged F127-CS-CAD and hydrophobic interactions. Finally a pH-responsive charge-convertible copolymer, folic acid modified gelatin (Gel-FA) was shielded on the surface of micelles and the Gel-FA/F127-CS-CAD/CAD nanogel was formed, the charge-convertible capability was evaluated through changes of the morphology and Zeta potential under different pH value environment by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Zeta potential analyzer. And in vitro pH-dependent and two-phase drug release from nanogel was also evaluated. In vitro anti-tumor activity of Gel-FA/F127-CS-CAD/CAD nanogel was performed on HeLa cells and HepG2 cells to prove the strong cell toxicity of nanogels. Finally, the in vivo safety experiments showed that the nanogel achieved the reducing the toxic side effects of DOX significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Yakun Ma
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Lingbing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lila Kanta Nath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, India
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30
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Abstract
Cathepsins are lysosomal peptidases belonging to the papain family, and based on their catalytic sites, these enzymes can be divided into serine, cysteine and aspartic proteases. The studies conducted to date have identified, 15 types of cathepsins that are widely distributed in intracellular and extracellular spaces. These proteases participate in various pathological activities, including the occurrence and development of human cancers. Several recent studies suggest that cathepsins, particularly cathepsins B, D, E and L, contribute to digestive tumorigenesis. Cathepsins were found to promote the development of most digestive cancers except liver cancer, in which they might have the opposite effects. Due to their important roles in digestive tumors, cathepsins might be therapeutic targets for the treatment of digestive cancers.
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31
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Zhang J, Yuan JP, Wang Q, Shao LH, Liu SP, Firestone RA, Hong YP, Li JG, Xin YC, Li Y. Experimental evidence of good efficacy and reduced toxicity with peptide-doxorubicin to treat gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:1957-1968. [PMID: 29416744 PMCID: PMC5788612 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the efficacy and toxicity of peptide-doxorubicin (PDOX) and doxorubicin (DOX) on nude mice models of human gastric cancer. RESULTS Both PDOX and DOX could significantly inhibit tumor growth compared with Control (P < 0.05) in both subcutaneous and orthotopic models. Animal survival was much better in PDOX group than DOX group. In peripheral blood test, PDOX group had significantly higher levels of platelets than the Control (P < 0.05), and lymphocyte lower than Control (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences on liver, kidney and cardiac function parameters among three groups (P > 0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that treatment groups had much higher Tunel than Control (P < 0.05), and PDOX had significantly lower Ki-67 than doxorubicin and Control group (P < 0.01). Western blotting showed that PDOX caused much higher expressions of P53, P21, Aparf-1, pro- and cleaved-caspase 3, compared with DOX. CONCLUSION Compared with DOX, PDOX has increased effects but much decreased toxicity in treating animal model of gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals in subcutaneous model were randomized into Control, doxorubicin, PDOX-L, PDOX-M, and PDOX-H groups. Animals in surgical orthotopic implantation model were randomized into Control, doxorubicin and, peptide-doxorubicin groups. The animals were treated, monitored and examined following a set protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhang
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hubei Maternal and Child Hospital, Wuhan 430071, P.R.China
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Ping Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Shao
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Ping Liu
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
| | | | - Ya-Ping Hong
- Nanjing Meihua Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Guo Li
- Nanjing Meihua Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Chao Xin
- Princeton Globalsynthesis LLC, Bristol, PA 19007, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Peritoneal Cancer Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Srinivasarao
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S. Low
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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33
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Luo Z, Feng L, An R, Duan G, Yan R, Shi H, He J, Zhou Z, Ji C, Chen HY, Ye D. Activatable Near-Infrared Probe for Fluorescence Imaging of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Tumor Cells and In Vivo. Chemistry 2017; 23:14778-14785. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Liandong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Ruibing An
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Guanfu Duan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Runqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Hua Shi
- Department of Radiology; Drum Tower Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210008 P. R. China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Radiology; Drum Tower Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210008 P. R. China
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Radiology; Drum Tower Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210008 P. R. China
| | - Changge Ji
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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Kern HB, Srinivasan S, Convertine AJ, Hockenbery D, Press OW, Stayton PS. Enzyme-Cleavable Polymeric Micelles for the Intracellular Delivery of Proapoptotic Peptides. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:1450-1459. [PMID: 28277671 PMCID: PMC5823688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Peptides derived from the third Bcl-2 homology domain (BH3) renormalize apoptotic signaling by antagonizing prosurvival Bcl-2 family members. These potential peptide drugs exhibit therapeutic activities but are limited by barriers including short circulation half-lives and poor penetration into cells. A diblock polymeric micelle carrier for the BIM BH3 peptide was recently described that demonstrated antitumor activity in a B-cell lymphoma xenograft model [Berguig et al., Mol. Ther. 2015, 23, 907-917]. However, the disulfide linkage used to conjugate the BIM peptide was shown to have nonoptimal blood stability. Here we describe a peptide macromonomer composed of BIM capped with a four amino acid cathepsin B substrate (FKFL) that possesses high blood stability and is cleaved to release the drug inside of target cells. Employing RAFT polymerization, the peptide macromonomer was directly integrated into a multifunctional diblock copolymer tailored for peptide delivery. The first polymer block was made as a macro-chain transfer agent (CTA) and composed of a pH-responsive endosomolytic formulation of N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) and butyl methacrylate (BMA). The second polymer block was a copolymer of the peptide and polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA). PEGMA monomers of two sizes were investigated (300 Da and 950 Da). Protein gel analysis, high performance liquid chromatography, and coupled mass spectrometry (MS) showed that incubation with cathepsin B specifically cleaved the FKFL linker and released active BIM peptide with PEGMA300 but not with PEGMA950. MALDI-TOF MS showed that incubation of the peptide monomers alone in human serum resulted in partial cleavage at the FKFL linker after 12 h. However, formulation of the peptides into polymers protected against serum-mediated peptide degradation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) demonstrated pH-dependent micelle disassembly (25 nm polymer micelles at pH 7.4 versus 6 nm unimers at pH 6.6), and a red blood cell lysis assay showed a corresponding increase in membrane destabilizing activity (<1% lysis at pH 7.4 versus 95% lysis at pH 6.6). The full carrier-drug system successfully induced apoptosis in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, in comparison to a control polymer containing a scrambled BIM peptide sequence. Mechanistic analysis verified target-dependent activation of caspase 3/7 activity (8.1-fold increase), and positive annexin V staining (72% increase). The increased blood stability of this enzyme-cleavable peptide polymer design, together with the direct polymerization approach that eliminated postsynthetic conjugation steps, suggests that this new carrier design could provide important benefits for intracellular peptide drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna B. Kern
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anthony J. Convertine
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David Hockenbery
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98108, United States
| | - Oliver W. Press
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98108, United States
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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35
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Shim MK, Yoon HY, Ryu JH, Koo H, Lee S, Park JH, Kim JH, Lee S, Pomper MG, Kwon IC, Kim K. Cathepsin B-Specific Metabolic Precursor for In Vivo Tumor-Specific Fluorescence Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Kyu Shim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School; Kyung Hee University; 26, Kyungheedae-ro Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Yeol Yoon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; 2066, Seobu-ro Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Ryu
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Heebeom Koo
- Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine; The Catholic University of Korea; 222, Banpo-daero Seocho-gu Seoul 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 601 N. Caroline Street Baltimore MD 21287 USA
| | - Jae Hyung Park
- School of Chemical Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; 2066, Seobu-ro Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School; Kyung Hee University; 26, Kyungheedae-ro Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Lee
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 601 N. Caroline Street Baltimore MD 21287 USA
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; 601 N. Caroline Street Baltimore MD 21287 USA
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology; Korea University; 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
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36
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Shim MK, Yoon HY, Ryu JH, Koo H, Lee S, Park JH, Kim J, Lee S, Pomper MG, Kwon IC, Kim K. Cathepsin B‐Specific Metabolic Precursor for In Vivo Tumor‐Specific Fluorescence Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14698-14703. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Kyu Shim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School Kyung Hee University 26, Kyungheedae-ro Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Yeol Yoon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066, Seobu-ro Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hee Ryu
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Heebeom Koo
- Department of Medical Life Science, College of Medicine The Catholic University of Korea 222, Banpo-daero Seocho-gu Seoul 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 601 N. Caroline Street Baltimore MD 21287 USA
| | - Jae Hyung Park
- School of Chemical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University 2066, Seobu-ro Jangan-gu Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong‐Ho Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate School Kyung Hee University 26, Kyungheedae-ro Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Lee
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 601 N. Caroline Street Baltimore MD 21287 USA
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 601 N. Caroline Street Baltimore MD 21287 USA
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology Korea University 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute Korea Institute of Science and Technology 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
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37
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Gan J, Ma S, Zhang D. Non-cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation and its toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:473-501. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1225756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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38
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Fan PW, Zhang D, Halladay JS, Driscoll JP, Khojasteh SC. Going Beyond Common Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Case Studies of Biotransformation Involving Aldehyde Oxidase, γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Cathepsin B, Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase, and ADP-Ribosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1253-61. [PMID: 27117704 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The significant roles that cytochrome P450 (P450) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes play in drug discovery cannot be ignored, and these enzyme systems are commonly examined during drug optimization using liver microsomes or hepatocytes. At the same time, other drug-metabolizing enzymes have a role in the metabolism of drugs and can lead to challenges in drug optimization that could be mitigated if the contributions of these enzymes were better understood. We present examples (mostly from Genentech) of five different non-P450 and non-UGT enzymes that contribute to the metabolic clearance or bioactivation of drugs and drug candidates. Aldehyde oxidase mediates a unique amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834 (N-[3-[6-[4-[(2R)-1,4-dimethyl-3-oxopiperazin-2-yl]anilino]-4-methyl-5-oxopyrazin-2-yl]-2-methylphenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide), leading to high clearance of the drug. Likewise, the rodent-specific ribose conjugation by ADP-ribosyltransferase leads to high clearance of an interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase inhibitor. Metabolic reactions by flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) are easily mistaken for P450-mediated metabolism such as oxidative defluorination of 4-fluoro-N-methylaniline by FMO. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is involved in the initial hydrolysis of glutathione metabolites, leading to formation of proximate toxins and nephrotoxicity, as is observed with cisplatin in the clinic, or renal toxicity, as is observed with efavirenz in rodents. Finally, cathepsin B is a lysosomal enzyme that is highly expressed in human tumors and has been targeted to release potent cytotoxins, as in the case of brentuximab vedotin. These examples of non-P450- and non-UGT-mediated metabolism show that a more complete understanding of drug metabolizing enzymes allows for better insight into the fate of drugs and improved design strategies of molecules in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Fan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Jason S Halladay
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
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39
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Simultaneous determination of doxorubicin and its dipeptide prodrug in mice plasma by HPLC with fluorescence detection. J Pharm Anal 2015; 6:199-202. [PMID: 29403982 PMCID: PMC5762492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC–FD) has been developed for simultaneous quantification of doxorubicin (DOX) and its dipeptide conjugate prodrug (PDOX) in mice plasma. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an Amethyst C18–H column with gradient mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The excitation and emission wavelengths were set at 490 and 550 nm, respectively. The method was comprehensively validated. The limits of detection were low up to 5.0 ng/mL for DOX and 25.0 ng/mL for PDOX. And the limits of quantification were low up to 12.5 ng/mL for DOX and 50 ng/mL for PDOX, which were lower than those for most of the current methods. The calibration curves showed good linearity (R2>0.999) over the concentration ranges. The extraction recoveries ranged from 84.0% to 88.2% for DOX and from 85.4% to 89.2% for PDOX. Satisfactory intra-day and inter-day precisions were achieved with RSDs less than 9.1%. The results show that the developed HPLC–FD method is accurate, reliable and will be helpful for preclinical pharmacokinetic study of DOX and PDOX.
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Srinivasarao M, Galliford CV, Low PS. Principles in the design of ligand-targeted cancer therapeutics and imaging agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:203-19. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zhang J, He L, Geng XF, Firestone RA, Hong YP, Li Y. Anti-cancer effects of novel doxorubicin prodrug PDOX in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:521-528. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chowdhury MA, Moya IA, Bhilocha S, McMillan CC, Vigliarolo BG, Zehbe I, Phenix CP. Prodrug-inspired probes selective to cathepsin B over other cysteine cathepsins. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6092-104. [PMID: 24940640 DOI: 10.1021/jm500544p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTB) is a cysteine protease believed to be an important therapeutic target or biomarker for several diseases including aggressive cancer, arthritis, and parasitic infections. The development of probes capable of assessing CTB activity in cell lysates, living cells, and animal models of disease are needed to understand its role in disease progression. However, discovering probes selective to cathepsin B over other cysteine cathepsins is a significant challenge due to overlap of preferred substrates and binding site homology in this family of proteases. Herein we report the synthesis and detailed evaluation of two prodrug-inspired fluorogenic peptides designed to be efficient and selective substrate-based probes for CTB. Through cell lysate and cell assays, a promising lead candidate was identified that is efficiently processed and has high specificity for CTB over other cysteine cathepsins. This work represents a key step toward the design of rapid release prodrugs or substrate-based molecular imaging probes specific to CTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morshed A Chowdhury
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 2321-290 Munro Street, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada , P7A 7T1
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The current stage of cathepsin B inhibitors as potential anticancer agents. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:1355-71. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine peptidase, with an important role in the development and progression of cancer. It is involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, a process promoting invasion and metastasis of tumor cells and tumor angiogenesis. Cathepsin B is unique among cathepsins in possessing both carboxypeptidase and endopeptidase activities. While the former is associated with its physiological role, the latter is involved in pathological degradation of the extracellular matrix. Its activities are regulated by different means, the most important being its endogenous inhibitors, the cystatins. In cancer this peptidase/inhibitor balance is altered, leading to harmful cathepsin B activity. The latter can be prevented by exogenous inhibitors. They differ in modes of inhibition, size, structure, binding affinity, selectivity, toxicity and bioavailability. In this article, we review the properties and function of endogenous and exogenous cathepsin B inhibitors and indicate their application as possible anticancer agents.
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Patent Highlights. Pharm Pat Anal 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.13.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of recent key developments in the patent literature of relevance to the advancement of pharmaceutical and medical R&D
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Targeting therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma with doxorubicin prodrug PDOX increases anti-metastatic effect and reduces toxicity: a preclinical study. J Transl Med 2013; 11:192. [PMID: 23961994 PMCID: PMC3765954 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was to investigate the effects and safety of cathepsin B-cleavable doxorubicin (DOX)-prodrug (PDOX) for targeting therapy of metastatic human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using DOX as a positive control drug. METHODS The orthotopic nude mice model of highly metastatic HCC was established and the animals were randomized and treated with PDOX, DOX and saline, respectively. Hematology, biochemistry and tumor markers were studied. At autopsy, liver tumor weight and size, ascites, abdominal lymph nodes metastases, experimental peritoneal carcinomatosis index (ePCI), and tumor-host body weight ratio were investigated. Immunohistochemical studies and western blotting were done to investigate key molecules involved in the mechanism of action. RESULTS Compared with Control, both PDOX and DOX could similarly and significantly reduce liver tumor weight and tumor volume by over 40%, ePCI values, retroperitoneal lymph node metastases and lung metastases and serum AFP levels (P < 0.05). The PDOX group had significantly higher WBC than the DOX group (P < 0.05), and higher PLT than Control (P < 0.05). Serum BUN and Cr levels were lower in the PDOX group than DOX and Control groups (P < 0.05). Compared with Control, DOX increased CK and CK-MB; while PDOX decreased CK compared with DOX (P < 0.05). Multiple spotty degenerative changes of the myocardium were observed in DOX-treated mice, but not in the Control and PDOX groups. PDOX could significantly reduce the Ki-67 positive rate of tumor cells, compared with DOX and Control groups. PDOX produced the effects at least via the ERK pathway. CONCLUSION Compared with DOX, PDOX may have better anti-metastatic efficacy and reduced side effects especially cardio-toxicities in this HCC model.
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ZHONG YANJUN, LIU SHAOPING, FIRESTONE RAYMONDA, HONG YAPING, LI YAN. Anticancer effects of Ac-Phe-Lys-PABC-doxorubicin via mitochondria-centered apoptosis involving reactive oxidative stress and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in MGC-803 cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1681-6. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhong YJ, Shao LH, Li Y. Cathepsin B-cleavable doxorubicin prodrugs for targeted cancer therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2012; 42:373-83. [PMID: 23291656 PMCID: PMC3583876 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most effective cytotoxic anticancer drugs used for the treatment of hematological malignancies, as well as a broad range of solid tumors. However, the clinical applications of this drug have long been limited due to its severe dose-dependent toxicities. Therefore, DOX derivatives and analogs have been developed to address this issue. A type of DOX prodrug, cleaved by cathepsin B (Cat B), which is highly upregulated in malignant tumors and premalignant lesions, has been developed to achieve a higher DOX concentration in tumor tissue and a lower concentration in normal tissue, so as to enhance the efficacy and reduce toxicity to normal cells. In this review, we focused on Cat B-cleavable DOX prodrugs and discussed the efficacy of these prodrugs, demonstrated by preclinical and clinical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China
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