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Jin X, Shang B, Wang J, Sun J, Li J, Liang B, Wang X, Su L, You W, Jiang S. Farnesoid X receptor promotes non-small cell lung cancer metastasis by activating Jak2/STAT3 signaling via transactivation of IL-6ST and IL-6 genes. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:148. [PMID: 38360812 PMCID: PMC10869786 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Metastasis accounts for the majority of cases of cancer recurrence and death in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) is a bile acid nuclear receptor that was recently found to be upregulated in NSCLC tissues. However, whether and how FXR regulates NSCLC metastasis remains unclear. In the present study, it was found that FXR promoted the migration, invasion, and angiogenic ability of NSCLC cells in vitro, and increased NSCLC metastasis in a mouse model in vivo. Mechanistic investigation demonstrated that FXR specifically bound to the promoters of IL-6ST and IL-6 genes to upregulate their transcription, thereby leading to activation of the Jak2/STAT3 signaling pathway, which facilitated tumor migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in NSCLC. Notably, Z-guggulsterone, a natural FXR inhibitor, significantly reduced FXRhigh NSCLC metastasis, and decreased the expression of FXR, IL-6, IL-6ST, and p-STAT3 in the mouse model. Clinical analysis verified that FXR was positively correlated with IL-6, IL-6ST and p-STAT3 expression in NSCLC patients, and was indicative of a poor prognosis. Collectively, these results highlight a novel FXR-induced IL-6/IL-6ST/Jak2/STAT3 axis in NSCLC metastasis, and a promising therapeutic means for treating FXRhigh metastatic NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuye Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Chest Hospital, Shanxi, 710100, China
| | - Bin Shang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Junren Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Public Health Clinical Center, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Xingguang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Lili Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Wenjie You
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Shujuan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China.
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Yu Cai Lim M, Kiat Ho H. Pharmacological modulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) as a therapeutic strategy for hypercholesterolemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115985. [PMID: 38154545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of many therapeutic options, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia remains high. There exists a significant unmet medical need for novel drugs and/or treatment combinations to effectively combat hypercholesterolemia while minimizing adverse reactions. The modulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression via perturbation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) - dependent pathways, primarily FXR/small heterodimer partner (SHP) and FXR/ fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19/ fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-4 pathways, presents as a potential option to lower cholesterol levels. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the important role that CYP7A1 plays in cholesterol homeostasis and how its expression can be exploited to assert differential control of bile acid synthesis and cholesterol metabolism. Additionally, the paper also summarizes the current therapeutic options for hypercholesterolemia, and positions modulators of CYP7A1 expression, namely FGFR4 inhibitors and FXR antagonists, as emerging and distinct pharmacological agents to complement and diversify the treatment regime. Their mechanistic and clinical considerations are also extensively described to interrogate the benefits and risks associated with using FXR-mediating agents, either singularly or in combination with recognised agents such as statins to target hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Yu Cai Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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3
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Ijaz S, Iqbal J, Abbasi BA, Tufail A, Yaseen T, Uddin S, Usman K, Ullah R, Bibi H, Inam P, Sagindykova E, Gürer ES, Habtemariam S, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J. Current stage of preclinical and clinical development of guggulsterone in cancers: Challenges and promises. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:128-142. [PMID: 38148708 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Throughout human history, the utilization of medicinal herbs has been recognized as a crucial defense against various ailments, including cancer. Natural products with potential anticancer properties, capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, have garnered substantial attention. One such agent under investigation is guggulsterone (GS), a phytosterol derived from the gum resin of the Commiphora mukul tree. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies elucidating the anticancer molecular mechanisms and molecular targets of GS, guiding future research and potential applications as an adjuvant drug in cancer therapy. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have explored the biological activities of the active ingredients in Commiphora mukul. Specifically, GS emerges as a potential cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic agent. The investigations delve into the impact of GS on constitutively activated survival pathways, including Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), and PI3-kinase/AKT signaling pathways. These pathways regulate antiapoptotic and proinflammatory genes, exerting control over growth and inflammatory responses. The findings highlight the potential of GS in disrupting survival pathways crucial for cancer cell viability. The inhibition of JAK/STAT, NF-kB, and PI3-kinase/AKT signaling pathways positions GS as a promising candidate for cancer therapy. The review synthesizes evidence from diverse studies, underscoring the multifaceted biological activities of GS in cancer prevention and treatment. To advance our understanding, future clinical and translational studies are imperative to determine effective doses in humans. Additionally, there is a need for the development of new pharmaceutical forms of GS to optimize therapeutic effects. This comprehensive review provides a foundation for ongoing research, offering insights into the potential of GS as a valuable addition to the armamentarium against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Ijaz
- Division of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Aasma Tufail
- Division of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Tabassum Yaseen
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Siraj Uddin
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Usman
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Rafi Ullah
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Haseena Bibi
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Palwasha Inam
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Elvira Sagindykova
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The Caspian University of Technology and Engineering Named after Sh.Yessenov, Aktau, Kazakhstan
| | - Eda Sönmez Gürer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
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Nenkov M, Shi Y, Ma Y, Gaßler N, Chen Y. Targeting Farnesoid X Receptor in Tumor and the Tumor Microenvironment: Implication for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:6. [PMID: 38203175 PMCID: PMC10778939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid-X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, can be activated by bile acids (BAs). BAs binding to FXR activates BA signaling which is important for maintaining BA homeostasis. FXR is differentially expressed in human organs and exists in immune cells. The dysregulation of FXR is associated with a wide range of diseases including metabolic disorders, inflammatory diseases, immune disorders, and malignant neoplasm. Recent studies have demonstrated that FXR influences tumor cell progression and development through regulating oncogenic and tumor-suppressive pathways, and, moreover, it affects the tumor microenvironment (TME) by modulating TME components. These characteristics provide a new perspective on the FXR-targeted therapeutic strategy in cancer. In this review, we have summarized the recent research data on the functions of FXR in solid tumors and its influence on the TME, and discussed the mechanisms underlying the distinct function of FXR in various types of tumors. Additionally, the impacts on the TME by other BA receptors such as takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), and muscarinic receptors (CHRM2 and CHRM3), have been depicted. Finally, the effects of FXR agonists/antagonists in a combination therapy with PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors and other anti-cancer drugs have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljana Nenkov
- Section Pathology of the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.N.); (Y.M.); (N.G.)
| | - Yihui Shi
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, Sutter Bay Hospitals, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA;
| | - Yunxia Ma
- Section Pathology of the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.N.); (Y.M.); (N.G.)
| | - Nikolaus Gaßler
- Section Pathology of the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.N.); (Y.M.); (N.G.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- Section Pathology of the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (M.N.); (Y.M.); (N.G.)
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Hegde M, Girisa S, Naliyadhara N, Kumar A, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Mohan CD, Warrier S, Hui KM, Rangappa KS, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Natural compounds targeting nuclear receptors for effective cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:765-822. [PMID: 36482154 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of forty-eight transcription factors that modulate gene expression both spatially and temporally. Numerous biochemical, physiological, and pathological processes including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, immune modulation, development, reproduction, and aging are extensively orchestrated by different NRs. The involvement of dysregulated NRs and NR-mediated signaling pathways in driving cancer cell hallmarks has been thoroughly investigated. Targeting NRs has been one of the major focuses of drug development strategies for cancer interventions. Interestingly, rapid progress in molecular biology and drug screening reveals that the naturally occurring compounds are promising modern oncology drugs which are free of potentially inevitable repercussions that are associated with synthetic compounds. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to draw our attention to the potential therapeutic effects of various classes of natural compounds that target NRs such as phytochemicals, dietary components, venom constituents, royal jelly-derived compounds, and microbial derivatives in the establishment of novel and safe medications for cancer treatment. This review also emphasizes molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are leveraged to promote the anti-cancer effects of these natural compounds. We have also critically reviewed and assessed the advantages and limitations of current preclinical and clinical studies on this subject for cancer prophylaxis. This might subsequently pave the way for new paradigms in the discovery of drugs that target specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nikunj Naliyadhara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Michael Atiyah Building, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712, Gamasa, Egypt
| | | | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560065, India
- Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Kam Man Hui
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | | | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Salama DE, Shash LS, Shakweer MM, Abdel-Maqsoud RR, Ahmed Abosaif AI, Elgohary SA. Interpretation of Farnesoid X Receptor Immunohistochemical Expression in Discriminating Hepatocellular Carcinoma from Its Non-Neoplastic Mimics as an Adjunct to Glypican 3. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:3221-3227. [PMID: 37774075 PMCID: PMC10762761 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.9.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non-neoplastic lesions may be challenging. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) can help in the comparative morphologic evaluation of HCC and its mimics. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear metabolic receptor essential for bile salts homeostasis and other biological functions of liver cells. Preliminary studies have shown that FXR can be useful for diagnosing HCC. This study aimed to assess the role of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) combined with Glypican 3 (GPC3) in differentiation between HCC and non-neoplastic hepatic lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry of GPC3 and FXR was performed in 38 cases of primary hepatic lesions using an automated immunohistochemical stainer. The study included 17 primary HCC cases and 21 non-neoplastic hepatic lesions (5 cases were focal nodular hyperplasia, 7 were regenerative nodules and 9 were dysplastic nodules). RESULTS The percentage of positive GPC3 and low or negative FXR expression was significantly higher in HCC cases than non-neoplastic hepatic lesions (P value <0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of GPC3 in differentiating HCC from non-neoplastic hepatic lesions were 70.6% and 85.7%, respectively, while the sensitivity and specificity of FXR were 58.8% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION The present work revealed that FXR could be combined with GPC3 in distinguishing between HCC and non-neoplastic hepatic lesions with improved specificity rather than using an individual marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa E.A. Salama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Egypt.
| | - Lobna Sadek Shash
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Mosaad Shakweer
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Egypt.
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Jayaprakash S, Hegde M, Girisa S, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Lee EHC, Yap KCH, Sethi G, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Demystifying the Functional Role of Nuclear Receptors in Esophageal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810952. [PMID: 36142861 PMCID: PMC9501100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC), an aggressive and poorly understood disease, is one of the top causes of cancer-related fatalities. GLOBOCAN 2020 reports that there are 544,076 deaths and 604,100 new cases expected worldwide. Even though there are various advancements in treatment procedures, this cancer has been reported as one of the most difficult cancers to cure, and to increase patient survival; treatment targets still need to be established. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a type of transcription factor, which has a key role in several biological processes such as reproduction, development, cellular differentiation, stress response, immunity, metabolism, lipids, and drugs, and are essential regulators of several diseases, including cancer. Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of NRs in tumor immunology and proved the well-known roles of multiple NRs in modulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. There are surplus of studies conducted on NRs and their implications in EC, but only a few studies have demonstrated the diagnostic and prognostic potential of NRs. Therefore, there is still a paucity of the role of NRs and different ways to target them in EC cells to stop them from spreading malignancy. This review emphasizes the significance of NRs in EC by discussing their diverse agonists as well as antagonists and their response to tumor progression. Additionally, we emphasize NRs’ potential to serve as a novel therapeutic target and their capacity to treat and prevent EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujitha Jayaprakash
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
- Electronics and Communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - E. Hui Clarissa Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Chun-Hong Yap
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (A.B.K.)
| | - Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Correspondence: (A.P.K.); (A.B.K.)
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8
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Role of bile acids and their receptors in gastrointestinal and hepatic pathophysiology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:432-450. [PMID: 35165436 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) can regulate their own metabolism and transport as well as other key aspects of metabolic homeostasis via dedicated (nuclear and G protein-coupled) receptors. Disrupted BA transport and homeostasis results in the development of cholestatic disorders and contributes to a wide range of liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, impaired BA homeostasis can also affect the intestine, contributing to the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal and oesophageal cancer. Here, we provide a summary of the role of BAs and their disrupted homeostasis in the development of gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders and present novel insights on how targeting BA pathways might contribute to novel treatment strategies for these disorders.
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Yu J, Yang K, Zheng J, Zhao P, Xia J, Sun X, Zhao W. Activation of FXR and inhibition of EZH2 synergistically inhibit colorectal cancer through cooperatively accelerating FXR nuclear location and upregulating CDX2 expression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:388. [PMID: 35449124 PMCID: PMC9023572 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that colon cancer cells varied in sensitivity to pharmacological farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation. Herein, we explore the regulatory mechanism of FXR in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and aim to design effective strategies of combined treatment based on the regulatory axis. We found that the expression of FXR was negatively correlated with enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in colon cancer tissues. EZH2 transcriptionally suppressed FXR via H3K27me3. The combination of FXR agonist OCA plus EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 acted in a synergistic manner across four colon cancer cells, efficiently inhibiting clonogenic growth and invasion in vitro, retarding tumor growth in vivo, preventing the G0/G1 to S phase transition, and inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis. Benign control cells FHC were growth-arrested without apoptosis induction, but retained long-term proliferation and invasion capacity. Mechanistically, the drug combination dramatically accelerated FXR nuclear location and cooperatively upregulated caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) expression. The depletion of CDX2 antagonized the synergistic effects of the drug combination on tumor inhibition. In conclusion, our study demonstrated histone modification-mediated FXR silencing by EZH2 in colorectal tumorigenesis, which offers useful evidence for the clinical use of FXR agonists combined with EZH2 inhibitors in combating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Yu
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi’an, PR China
| | - Kui Yang
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi’an, PR China
| | - Jianbao Zheng
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi’an, PR China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi’an, PR China
| | - Jie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, PR China.
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Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E. The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:243. [PMID: 35429253 PMCID: PMC9013344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBile acids are soluble derivatives of cholesterol produced in the liver that subsequently undergo bacterial transformation yielding a diverse array of metabolites. The bulk of bile acid synthesis takes place in the liver yielding primary bile acids; however, other tissues have also the capacity to generate bile acids (e.g. ovaries). Hepatic bile acids are then transported to bile and are subsequently released into the intestines. In the large intestine, a fraction of primary bile acids is converted to secondary bile acids by gut bacteria. The majority of the intestinal bile acids undergo reuptake and return to the liver. A small fraction of secondary and primary bile acids remains in the circulation and exert receptor-mediated and pure chemical effects (e.g. acidic bile in oesophageal cancer) on cancer cells. In this review, we assess how changes to bile acid biosynthesis, bile acid flux and local bile acid concentration modulate the behavior of different cancers. Here, we present in-depth the involvement of bile acids in oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian cancer. Previous studies often used bile acids in supraphysiological concentration, sometimes in concentrations 1000 times higher than the highest reported tissue or serum concentrations likely eliciting unspecific effects, a practice that we advocate against in this review. Furthermore, we show that, although bile acids were classically considered as pro-carcinogenic agents (e.g. oesophageal cancer), the dogma that switch, as lower concentrations of bile acids that correspond to their serum or tissue reference concentration possess anticancer activity in a subset of cancers. Differences in the response of cancers to bile acids lie in the differential expression of bile acid receptors between cancers (e.g. FXR vs. TGR5). UDCA, a bile acid that is sold as a generic medication against cholestasis or biliary surge, and its conjugates were identified with almost purely anticancer features suggesting a possibility for drug repurposing. Taken together, bile acids were considered as tumor inducers or tumor promoter molecules; nevertheless, in certain cancers, like breast cancer, bile acids in their reference concentrations may act as tumor suppressors suggesting a Janus-faced nature of bile acids in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Wang L, Xu X, Shang B, Sun J, Liang B, Wang X, You W, Jiang S. High farnesoid X receptor expression predicts favorable clinical outcomes in PD‑L1 low/negative non‑small cell lung cancer patients receiving anti‑PD‑1‑based chemo‑immunotherapy. Int J Oncol 2022; 60:40. [PMID: 35211760 PMCID: PMC8923651 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-directed immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, predictive biomarkers are still lacking, particularly in identifying PD-L1low/negative patients who will benefit from immunotherapy. It was previously reported that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) downregulated PD-L1 expression in NSCLC, and that FXRhighPD-L1low mouse Lewis lung carcinoma tumors showed an increased susceptibility to PD-1 blockade compared with mock tumors. At present, whether the FXRhighPD-L1low phenotype predicts clinical response to immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC remains unclear. Herein, a retrospective study was conducted to examine the expression levels of FXR, PD-L1 and CD8+ T cells by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 149 patients with NSCLC receiving anti-PD-1-based chemo-immunotherapy. The results revealed that high FXR and PD-L1 expression levels were associated with higher objective response rates (ORR) in all patients. High PD-L1 expression also indicated superior progression-free survival (PFS). Interestingly, an inverse correlation was identified between FXR and PD-L1 expression in specimens with NSCLC. Subgroup analysis revealed that high FXR expression was associated with a higher ORR, as well as longer PFS and overall survival (OS) in PD-L1low patients. Cox multivariate analysis revealed that high FXR expression was an independent predictor for PFS and OS in PD-L1low patients. Tumor microenvironment evaluation revealed a statistically significant decrease of infiltrating CD8+ T cells in FXRhigh specimens with NSCLC. Overall, the present study proposed an FXRhighPD-L1low signature as a candidate predictor of response to anti-PD-1-based chemo-immunotherapy in PD-L1low/negative patients with NSCLC, providing evidence that could be used to broaden the patients benefitting from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Shang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xingguang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie You
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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12
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Thorne JL, Cioccoloni G. Nuclear Receptors and Lipid Sensing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:83-105. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Vageli DP, Doukas PG, Siametis A, Judson BL. Targeting STAT3 prevents bile reflux-induced oncogenic molecular events linked to hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:75-87. [PMID: 34850540 PMCID: PMC8742186 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) oncogene is a transcription factor with a central role in head and neck cancer. Hypopharyngeal cells (HCs) exposed to acidic bile present aberrant activation of STAT3, possibly contributing to its oncogenic effect. We hypothesized that STAT3 contributes substantially to the bile reflux‐induced molecular oncogenic profile, which can be suppressed by STAT3 silencing or pharmacological inhibition. To explore our hypothesis, we targeted the STAT3 pathway, by knocking down STAT3 (STAT3 siRNA), and inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation (Nifuroxazide) or dimerization (SI3‐201; STA‐21), in acidic bile (pH 4.0)‐exposed human HCs. Immunofluorescence, luciferase assay, Western blot, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and qPCR analyses revealed that STAT3 knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition significantly suppressed acidic bile‐induced STAT3 activation and its transcriptional activity, Bcl‐2 overexpression, transcriptional activation of IL6, TNF‐α, BCL2, EGFR, STAT3, RELA(p65), REL and WNT5A, and cell survival. Our novel findings document the important role of STAT3 in bile reflux‐related molecular oncogenic events, which can be dramatically prevented by STAT3 silencing. STA‐21, SI3‐201 or Nifuroxazide effectively inhibited STAT3 and cancer‐related inflammatory phenotype, encouraging their single or combined application in preventive or therapeutic strategies of bile reflux‐related hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra P Vageli
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Panagiotis G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Athanasios Siametis
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Benjamin L Judson
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Vageli DP, Doukas SG, Doukas PG, Judson BL. Bile reflux and hypopharyngeal cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:244. [PMID: 34558652 PMCID: PMC8485019 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Laryngopharyngeal reflux, a variant of gastroesophageal reflux disease, has been considered a risk factor in the development of hypopharyngeal cancer. Bile acids are frequently present in the gastroesophageal refluxate and their effect has been associated with inflammatory and neoplastic changes in the upper aerodigestive tract. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have provided direct evidence of the role of acidic bile refluxate in hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis and documented the crucial role of NF-κB as a key mediator of early oncogenic molecular events in this process and also suggested a contribution of STAT3. Acidic bile can cause premalignant changes and invasive squamous cell cancer in the affected hypopharynx accompanied by DNA damage, elevated p53 expression and oncogenic mRNA and microRNA alterations, previously linked to head and neck cancer. Weakly acidic bile can also increase the risk for hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis by inducing DNA damage, exerting anti-apoptotic effects and causing precancerous lesions. The most important findings that strongly support bile reflux as an independent risk factor for hypopharyngeal cancer are presented in the current review and the underlying mechanisms are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra P Vageli
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sotirios G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Panagiotis G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Benjamin L Judson
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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15
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Feng Q, Zhang H, Yao D, Zhang X, Chen WD, Wang YD. Activation of FXR Suppresses Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Through Antagonizing ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5907-5918. [PMID: 34366680 PMCID: PMC8335319 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s243317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of nuclear receptors, functionally regulates bile acid, glucose and lipid homeostasis. It is also worth noting that FXR plays a suppressor role in cancer and inflammation. However, the contribution of FXR to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unknown. Methods The role of FXR activation in ESCC progression was evaluated in ESCC cell lines KYSE150 and EC109 in vitro and BALB-C nude mice in vivo. In vitro, FXR synthetic ligand GW4064 was used to detect the effects on ESCC cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and cell cycles. To assess the effects of GW4064 on ESCC development in vivo, a xenograft tumor model was constructed. And ERK1/2 activity was evaluated by immunoblot analysis. Results FXR synthetic ligand GW4064 impaired esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) proliferation and migration, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in vitro, accompanied by inhibition of some inflammatory genes and promotion of pro-apoptotic genes. We then found that FXR activation decreased the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in ESCC cells. Consistent with these results, GW4064 suppressed ESCC tumorigenesis in a xenograft model and suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in tumors. Discussion These findings identify that activating FXR may serve as a promising therapy or adjuvant therapeutic tool for controlling ESCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Denglin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiantong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Girisa S, Henamayee S, Parama D, Rana V, Dutta U, Kunnumakkara AB. Targeting Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) for developing novel therapeutics against cancer. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:21. [PMID: 35006466 PMCID: PMC8607382 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the lethal diseases that arise due to the molecular alterations in the cell. One of those alterations associated with cancer corresponds to differential expression of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor regulating bile, cholesterol homeostasis, lipid, and glucose metabolism. FXR is known to regulate several diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the two highly reported causes of mortality globally. Recent studies have shown the association of FXR overexpression with cancer development and progression in different types of cancers of breast, lung, pancreas, and oesophagus. It has also been associated with tissue-specific and cell-specific roles in various cancers. It has been shown to modulate several cell-signalling pathways such as EGFR/ERK, NF-κB, p38/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and JAK/STAT along with their targets such as caspases, MMPs, cyclins; tumour suppressor proteins like p53, C/EBPβ, and p-Rb; various cytokines; EMT markers; and many more. Therefore, FXR has high potential as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of cancer. Thus, the present review focuses on the diverse role of FXR in different cancers and its agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosmitha Girisa
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Sahu Henamayee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Varsha Rana
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Uma Dutta
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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17
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Girisa S, Rana V, Parama D, Dutta U, Kunnumakkara AB. Differential roles of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in modulating apoptosis in cancer cells. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 126:63-90. [PMID: 34090620 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. The conventional treatment strategies of cancer are surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. However, in the advanced stage of the disease chemotherapy is the prime treatment and it is effective in only less than 10% of the patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find out novel therapeutic targets and delineate the mechanism of action of these targets for better management of this disease. Recent studies have shown that some of the proteins have differential role in different cancers. Therefore, it is pertinent that the targeting of these proteins should be based on the type of cancer. The nuclear receptor, FXR, is one of the vital proteins that regulate cell apoptosis. Besides, it also regulates other processes such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. Studies suggest that the low or high expression of FXR is associated with the progression of carcinogenesis depending on the cancer types. Due to the diverse expression, it functions as both tumor suppressor and promoter. Previous studies suggest the overexpression of FXR in breast, lung, esophageal, and prostate cancer, which is related to poor survival and poor prognosis in patients. Therefore, targeting FXR with agonists and antagonists play different outcome in different cancers. Hence, this review describes the role of FXR in different cancers and the role of its inhibitors and activators for the prevention and treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Varsha Rana
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Uma Dutta
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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Kim SM, Rampogu S, Vetrivel P, Kulkarni AM, Ha SE, Kim HH, Lee KW, Kim GS. Transcriptome analysis of sinensetin-treated liver cancer cells guided by biological network analysis. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:355. [PMID: 33747212 PMCID: PMC7968004 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is recognized as one of the most frequently occurring malignant types of liver cancer globally, making the identification of biomarkers critically important. The aim of the present study was to identify the genes involved in the anticancer effects of flavonoid compounds so that they may be used as targets for cancer treatment. Sinensetin (SIN), an isolated polymethoxyflavone monomer compound, possesses broad antitumor activities in vitro. Therefore, the identification of a transcriptome profile on the condition of cells treated with SIN may aid to better understand the genes involved and its mechanism of action. Genomic profiling studies of cancer are increasing rapidly in order to provide gene expression data that can reveal prognostic biomarkers to combat liver cancer. In the present study, high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to reveal differential gene expression patterns between SIN-treated and SIN-untreated human liver cancer HepG2 cells. A total of 43 genes were identified to be differentially expressed (39 downregulated and 4 upregulated in the SIN-treated group compared with the SIN-untreated group). An extensive network analysis for these 43 genes resulted in the identification of 10 upregulated highly interconnected hub genes that contributed to the progression of cancer. Functional enrichment analysis of these 10 hub genes revealed their involvement in the regulation of apoptotic processes, immune response and tumor necrosis factor production. Additionally, the mRNA expression levels of these 10 genes were evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and the results were consistent with the RNA-seq data. Overall, the results of the present study revealed differentially expressed genes involved in cancer after SIN treatment in HepG2 cells and may help to develop strategies targeting these genes for treating liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Min Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Shailima Rampogu
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Preethi Vetrivel
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Apoorva M Kulkarni
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Ha
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam 52828, Republic of Korea
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Z-Guggulsterone Induces Apoptosis in Gastric Cancer Cells through the Intrinsic Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:3152304. [PMID: 33488300 PMCID: PMC7801056 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3152304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To study the effects of z-guggulsterone on gastric cancer cell apoptosis and the mechanism related. Materials and Methods Human gastric tumor SGC-7901 cells and GES-1 normal epithelial cells were treated with z-guggulsterone (0–75 μM) for 24 h. MTT assay was applied to evaluate cell proliferation. Flow cytometry and Hoechst staining were used to assess cell apoptosis. Western blotting was applied to evaluate FXR, small heterodimer partner (SHP), Bcl-2, and Bax protein expression. ELISA was applied to gain the levels of active caspase-3 and the contents of TNF-α, TGF-β1, and VEGF. Results The expression levels of FXR and SHP were higher in tumor cells than in normal epithelial cells. Inhibition of FXR signaling with z-guggulsterone dose-dependently inhibited SGC-7901 cell proliferation and promoted SGC-7901 cell apoptosis. Bcl-2 protein expression was significantly decreased, and active caspase-3 and Bax protein expression was increased in SGC-7901 cells incubated with z-guggulsterone. The content of TNF-α was significantly increased, and the contents of VEGF and TGF-β1 were decreased in SGC-7901 cells incubated with z-guggulsterone. Conclusions Inhibition of FXR signaling with z-guggulsterone induced anticancer effects in SGC-7901 cells by decreasing cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Z-guggulsterone induced cell apoptosis through the mitochondria-dependent pathway.
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Tiwari D, Gupta P. Nuclear Receptors in Asthma: Empowering Classical Molecules Against a Contemporary Ailment. Front Immunol 2021; 11:594433. [PMID: 33574813 PMCID: PMC7870687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The escalation in living standards and adoption of 'Western lifestyle' has an allied effect on the increased allergy and asthma burden in both developed and developing countries. Current scientific reports bespeak an association between allergic diseases and metabolic dysfunction; hinting toward the critical requirement of organized lifestyle and dietary habits. The ubiquitous nuclear receptors (NRs) translate metabolic stimuli into gene regulatory signals, integrating diet inflences to overall developmental and physiological processes. As a consequence of such promising attributes, nuclear receptors have historically been at the cutting edge of pharmacy world. This review discusses the recent findings that feature the cardinal importance of nuclear receptors and how they can be instrumental in modulating current asthma pharmacology. Further, it highlights a possible future employment of therapy involving dietary supplements and synthetic ligands that would engage NRs and aid in eliminating both asthma and linked comorbidities. Therefore, uncovering new and evolving roles through analysis of genomic changes would represent a feasible approach in both prevention and alleviation of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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Li S, Xu Z, Guo J, Zheng J, Sun X, Yu J. Farnesoid X receptor activation induces antitumour activity in colorectal cancer by suppressing JAK2/STAT3 signalling via transactivation of SOCS3 gene. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14549-14560. [PMID: 33164339 PMCID: PMC7754034 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR, encoded by NR1H4), a bile acid‐activated nuclear receptor, is widely implicated in human tumorigenesis. The FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) has preliminarily displayed tumour suppressor potential. However, the anticancer effects of this agent on colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. In this study, the treatment of colon cancer cells with OCA inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, retarded tumour growth in vivo and prevented the G0/G1 to S phase transition. Moreover, the expression of active caspase‐3, p21 and E‐cadherin was up‐regulated and the expression of cyclin D1, c‐Myc, vimentin, N‐cadherin and MMP9 was down‐regulated in OCA‐treated colon cancer cells. Mechanistic studies indicated that OCA treatment suppressed the activity of JAK2/STAT3 pathway by up‐regulating SOCS3 expression. Colivelin, an agonist of JAK2/STAT3 pathway, antagonized the tumour‐suppressive effect of OCA on colon cancer cells. Dual‐luciferase reporter and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP) assays further confirmed that OCA promoted SOCS3 transcription by enhancing the binding of FXR to the FXRE/IR9 of the SOCS3 promoter. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that targeting FXR and improving its function might be a promising strategy for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhengshui Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianbao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junhui Yu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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22
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Girisa S, Parama D, Harsha C, Banik K, Kunnumakkara AB. Potential of guggulsterone, a farnesoid X receptor antagonist, in the prevention and treatment of cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2020; 1:313-342. [PMID: 36046484 PMCID: PMC9400725 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most dreadful diseases in the world with a mortality of 9.6 million annually. Despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment during the last couple of decades, it still remains a serious concern due to the limitations associated with currently available cancer management strategies. Therefore, alternative strategies are highly required to overcome these glitches. The importance of medicinal plants as primary healthcare has been well-known from time immemorial against various human diseases, including cancer. Commiphora wightii that belongs to Burseraceae family is one such plant which has been used to cure various ailments in traditional systems of medicine. This plant has diverse pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antimutagenic, and antitumor which mostly owes to the presence of its active compound guggulsterone (GS) that exists in the form of Z- and E-isomers. Mounting evidence suggests that this compound has promising anticancer activities and was shown to suppress several cancer signaling pathways such as NF-κB/ERK/MAPK/AKT/STAT and modulate the expression of numerous signaling molecules such as the farnesoid X receptor, cyclin D1, survivin, caspases, HIF-1α, MMP-9, EMT proteins, tumor suppressor proteins, angiogenic proteins, and apoptotic proteins. The current review is an attempt to summarize the biological activities and diverse anticancer activities (both in vitro and in vivo) of the compound GS and its derivatives, along with its associated mechanism against various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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23
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The Progressive Mutagenic Effects of Acidic Bile Refluxate in Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinogenesis: New Insights. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051064. [PMID: 32344873 PMCID: PMC7281001 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers of the laryngopharynx represent the most devastating of the head and neck malignancies and additional risk factors are now epidemiologically linked to this disease. Using an in vivo model (Mus musculus C57Bl/6J), we provide novel evidence that acidic bile (pH 3.0) progressively promotes invasive cancer in the hypopharynx. Malignant lesions are characterized by increasing: i) oxidative DNA-damage, ii) γH2AX expression, iii) NF-κB activation, and iv) p53 expression. Histopathological changes observed in murine hypopharyngeal mucosa exposed to acidic bile were preceded by the overexpression of Tnf, Il6, Bcl2, Egfr, Rela, Stat3, and the deregulation of miR-21, miR-155, miR-192, miR-34a, miR-375, and miR-451a. This is the first study to document that acidic bile is carcinogenic in the upper aerodigestive tract. We showed that oxidative DNA-damage produced by acidic bile in combination with NF-κB-related anti-apoptotic deregulation further supports the underlying two-hit hypothesized mechanism. Just as importantly, we reproduced the role of several biomarkers of progression that served as valuable indicators of early neoplasia in our experimental model. These findings provide a sound basis for proposing translational studies in humans by exposing new opportunities for early detection and prevention.
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24
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Wu K, Zhao T, Hogstrand C, Xu YC, Ling SC, Chen GH, Luo Z. FXR-mediated inhibition of autophagy contributes to FA-induced TG accumulation and accordingly reduces FA-induced lipotoxicity. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:47. [PMID: 32192487 PMCID: PMC7082988 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-0525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive dietary fat intake induces lipid deposition and contributes to the progress of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. METHODS Yellow catfish were given two experimental diets with dietary lipid levels of 11.3 and 15.4%, respectively, for 56 days, and the contents of triglyceride (TG), nonesterified free fatty acids (NEFA) and bile acid (BA), RNA-seq, enzymatic activities and mRNA expression were deteremined in the liver tissues. Hepatocytes from yellow catfish liver tissues were isolated and cultured. Fatty acids (FA) (palmitic acid: OA, oleic acid =1:1), pathway inhibitors (MA, autophagy inhibitor; guggulsterone, FXR inhibitor) and agonist (rapamyicn, autophagy agonist; GW4064, FXR agonist) were used to incubate the cells. TG and NEFA contents, ultrastructural observation, autophagic vesicles and intracellular LD,apoptosis,western blot and Co-IP, and Immunofluorescence analysis, enzymatic activities and Q-PCR were decided. RESULTS Using RNA sequencing, we found that high fat diets induced changes in expression of many genes associated with the pathways of lipid metabolism and autophagy. The mRNA profiles of the differentially expressed genes (DEG) indicated that high dietary fat-induced lipid deposition was predominantly influenced by the inhibition of autophagy. Using primary hepatocytes, we found that fatty acids (FA) suppressed autophagy, which in turn reduced cellular free FA level by decreasing triglyceride (TG) breakdown. Moreover, our study indicated that farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) axis was the pivotal physiological switch regulating FA-induced changes of autophagy and lipid metabolism, which represented cellular defenses against FA-induced lipotoxicity. CONCLUSION This discovery may provide new targets for treating pathological changes involved in the dysfunction of autophagy and metabolism, including NAFLD. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yi-Chuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Ling
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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25
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Differences in the early stage gene expression profiles of lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6572-6582. [PMID: 31788115 PMCID: PMC6865721 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of lung carcinoma subtype-specific gene expression changes has the potential to elucidate the molecular differences and provide personalized therapeutic targets for these pathologies. The aim of the present study was to characterize the genetic profiles of the early stages (IA/IB) of two non-small cell lung cancer subtypes, adenocarcinoma (AD) and squamous cell carcinoma (SC). RNA-Seq gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas was analyzed to compare the gene expression differences between AD and SC. The gene sets specific to each subtype were further analyzed to identify the enriched Gene Ontology terms, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and biological functions. The results demonstrated that a unique set of genes (145 upregulated and 27 downregulated) was altered in AD, but not in SC; another set of genes (146 upregulated and 103 downregulated) was significantly altered in SC, but not in AD. Genes highly upregulated specifically in AD included albumin (1,732-fold), protein lin-28 homolog A, which is a positive regulator of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (150-fold) and gastric lipase (81-fold). Genes highly upregulated specifically in SC included amelotin (618-fold), alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (57-fold), aclerosteosis (55-fold) and claudin-22 (54-fold). Several cancer/testis antigen family genes were notably upregulated in SC, but not in AD, whereas mucins were upregulated only in AD. Functional pathway analysis demonstrated that the dysregulation of genes associated with retinoid X receptors was common in AD and SC, genes associated with ‘lipid metabolism’ and ‘drug metabolism’ were dysregulated only in SC, whereas genes associated with ‘molecular transport’ and ‘cellular growth and proliferation’ were significantly enriched in AD specifically. These results reveal fundamental differences in the gene expression profiles of early-stage AD and SC. In addition, the present study identified molecular pathways that are uniquely associated with the pathogenesis of these subtypes.
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26
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Wang H, Zhan M, Liu Q, Wang J. Glycochenodeoxycholate promotes the metastasis of gallbladder cancer cells by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition via activation of SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1615-1623. [PMID: 31347168 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of gallbladder cancer (GBC) is relatively rare but a high degree of malignancy. The migration and invasion potential of GBC severely affects the prognosis of patients with GBC. Glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) is one of the most important components in GBC-associated microenvironment. However, the role of GCDC in the metastatic feature of GBC cells is not fully understood. First, the results of this study found that GCDC could effectively enhance the metastasis of GBC cells. Furthermore, GCDC could lead to the enhancement of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in GBC cells, which is concerned to be an important mechanism of tumor metastasis. Further studies showed that GCDC treatment induced the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3), MMP9, and SOCS3/JAK2/p-STAT3 signal pathway in GBC cells, which could regulate the level of EMT. Beside that, we also found the positive expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in GBC cells and inhibition of FXR could significantly block the effect of GCDC on the metastasis of GBC cells. These results indicated that GCDC promoted GBC cells metastasis by enhancing the level of EMT and inhibition of FXR could significantly block the effect of GCDC. On one hand, FXR might be an indicator for predicting the metastasis of patient with GBC. On the other hand, FXR might serve as a potential antimetastasis target in GBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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27
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Sasaki CT, Doukas SG, Costa J, Vageli DP. Biliary reflux as a causal factor in hypopharyngeal carcinoma: New clinical evidence and implications. Cancer 2019; 125:3554-3565. [PMID: 31310330 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent preclinical explorations strongly support the tumorigenic potential of bile on laryngopharyngeal mucosa. Herein, the authors describe, in bile-related human hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC), NF-κB-related messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) oncogenic phenotypes similar to those previously identified in acidic bile-exposed premalignant murine hypopharyngeal mucosa. METHODS In this pilot study, the authors included human HSCC specimens paired with their adjacent normal tissue (ANT) derived from 3 representative patients with documented biliary laryngopharyngeal reflux (bile[+]) compared with 5 control patients without signs of bile reflux disease (bile[-]). Immunohistochemical, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and miRNA analyses were used to detect the levels of activated NF-κB and expression levels of STAT3, EGFR, BCL2, WNT5A, IL-6, IL-1B, ΔNp63, cREL, TNF-α, TP53, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, miR-21, miR-155, miR-192, miR-34a, miR-375, miR-451a, miR-489, miR-504, and miR-99a. RESULTS Bile(+) HSCC demonstrated an intense NF-κB activation accompanied by significant overexpression of RELA(p65), EGFR, STAT3, BCL-2, cREL, ΔNp63, WNT5A, IL-6, and IL1B; upregulation of oncomir miR-21; and downregulation of tumor suppressor miR-375 compared with their respective ANTs. Bile(+) HSCC demonstrated significantly higher mRNA levels of all the analyzed genes, particularly RELA(p65), IL-6, EGFR, and TNF-α compared with bile(-) tumors. The miR-21/miR-375 ratio, which previously has been linked to tumor aggressiveness, was found to be >260-fold and >30-fold higher, respectively, in bile(+) HSCCs compared with their ANTs and bile(-) tumors. CONCLUSIONS Although limitations apply to this pilot study due to the small number of patients with HSCC, the novel findings suggest that a history of bile as a component of esophageal reflux disease may represent an independent risk factor for hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence T Sasaki
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sotirios G Doukas
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jose Costa
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dimitra P Vageli
- The Yale Larynx Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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28
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Chen XL, Xie KX, Yang ZL, Yuan LW. Expression of FXR and HRG and their clinicopathological significance in benign and malignant pancreatic lesions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:2111-2120. [PMID: 31934033 PMCID: PMC6949611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The following study examines the FXR and HRG expression in benign and malignant lesions of the pancreas and evaluates the association between FXR and HRG expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis of pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry of FXR and HRG was performed with EnVision™ in 106 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) specimens, 35 paracancer samples (2 cm away from the tumor, when possible or available), 55 benign lesions and 13 normal tissue samples. RESULTS The percentage of cases with positive FXR and negative HRG expression was significantly higher in PDAC compared to pericancerous tissues, benign lesions and normal tissues (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In pancreatic tissues with benign lesions, tissues with positive FXR and/or negative HRG protein expression exhibited dysplasia or intraepithelial neoplasia. The percentage of cases with positive FXR and negative HRG expressions was significantly higher in PDAC with lymph node metastasis, invasion, and TNM stage III+IV disease (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The expression of FXR was negatively correlated with HRG (P<0.05). In addition, the univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that positive FXR and negative HRG expression, poor differentiation, large tumor size, high TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and invasion were closely associated with decreased overall survival in PDAC patients (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, multivariate Cox regression analysis identified that positive FXR and negative HRG expression were independent factors for poor prognosis in PDAC. The AUC for FXR was (AUC=0.709, 95% CI: 0.632-0.787), and for HRG was (AUC=0.719, 95% CI: 0.643-0.796) in PDAC compared to benign lesions. CONCLUSIONS Positive FXR and negative HRG expression are closely associated with the carcinogenesis, clinical, pathological and biological behaviors, and poor prognosis in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Liang Chen
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ke-Xin Xie
- Medical Laboratory Techology 1602, Xiangya School of Mwdicine, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhu-Lin Yang
- Hunan Provincal Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lian-Wen Yuan
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
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29
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You W, Li L, Sun D, Liu X, Xia Z, Xue S, Chen B, Qin H, Ai J, Jiang H. Farnesoid X Receptor Constructs an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment and Sensitizes FXR highPD-L1 low NSCLC to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:990-1000. [PMID: 30975694 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates inflammation and immune responses in a subset of immune-mediated diseases. We previously reported that FXR expression promotes tumor cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here we study the relevance of FXR to the immune microenvironment of NSCLC. We found an inverse correlation between FXR and PD-L1 expression in a cohort of 408 NSCLC specimens; from this, we identified a subgroup of FXRhighPD-L1low patients. We showed that FXR downregulates PD-L1 via transrepression and other mechanisms in NSCLC. Cocultured with FXRhighPD-L1low NSCLC cell lines, effector function and proliferation of CD8+ T cell in vitro are repressed. We also detected downregulation of PD-L1 in FXR-overexpressing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) mouse syngeneic models, indicating an FXRhighPD-L1low subtype in which FXR suppresses tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Anti-PD-1 therapy was effective against FXRhighPD-L1low mouse LLC tumors. Altogether, our findings demonstrate an immunosuppressive role for FXR in the FXRhighPD-L1low NSCLC subtype and provide translational insights into therapeutic response in PD-L1low NSCLC patients treated with anti-PD-1. We recommend FXRhighPD-L1low as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie You
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijun Li
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiao Sun
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjun Xia
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Xue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Handong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Fang F, Li D, Zhao L, Li Y, Zhang T, Cui B. Expression of NR1H3 in endometrial carcinoma and its effect on the proliferation of Ishikawa cells in vitro. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:685-697. [PMID: 30705597 PMCID: PMC6343513 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s180534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our study aimed to investigate the expression of NR1H3 in endometrial carcinoma, its effect on the proliferation of endometrial carcinoma cells in vitro, and the underlying mechanism of this effect. Materials and methods Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded, sectioned specimens and of a tissue microarray was conducted to estimate the expression of NR1H3 (liver X receptors α: LXRα) and NR1H2 (liver X receptors β: LXRβ) in endometrial carcinoma tissues. The subcellular localization of NR1H3 in the endometrial carcinoma cell line Ishikawa was determined by immunofluorescence. An agonist of NR1H3, TO901317, was then administered to activate the expression of NR1H3, and cell viability and cell-cycle progression were investigated through MTT and flow cytometric assays, respectively. The gene and protein expression levels of NR1H3, cyclin D1 (CCND1), and cyclin E (CCNE) in cells pretreated with different concentrations of TO901317 for different periods of time were also detected by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results The results showed that, in contrast to NR1H2, which was expressed at low levels in endometrial tissues, NR1H3 was upregulated in endometrial adenocarcinoma tissues compared to levels in normal endometrial tissues and endometrial polyps. Moreover, NR1H3 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of Ishikawa cells. TO901317 significantly decreased cell viability and arrested the cell cycle in Ishikawa cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the administration of TO901317 not only promoted the expression of NR1H3 but also inhibited the expression of CCND1 and CCNE in Ishikawa cells. Conclusion We demonstrated that NR1H3 is upregulated in endometrial adenocarcinoma and that it inhibits cell viability by inhibiting the expression of CCND1 and CCNE in endometrial carcinoma cells. Our study indicates that NR1H3 may play a role in the development of endometrial cancer and may emerge as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Baoxia Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
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31
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Hegyi P, Maléth J, Walters JR, Hofmann AF, Keely SJ. Guts and Gall: Bile Acids in Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Function in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:1983-2023. [PMID: 30067158 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00054.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line the entire surface of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs where they primarily function in transporting digestive enzymes, nutrients, electrolytes, and fluid to and from the luminal contents. At the same time, epithelial cells are responsible for forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents the entry into the body of harmful agents, such as bacteria and their toxins. Dysregulation of epithelial transport and barrier function is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of conditions throughout the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, pancreatitis, reflux esophagitis, and cancer. Driven by discovery of specific receptors on intestinal epithelial cells, new insights into mechanisms that control their synthesis and enterohepatic circulation, and a growing appreciation of their roles as bioactive bacterial metabolites, bile acids are currently receiving a great deal of interest as critical regulators of epithelial function in health and disease. This review aims to summarize recent advances in this field and to highlight how bile acids are now emerging as exciting new targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hegyi
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Joszef Maléth
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Julian R Walters
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
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Kunnumakkara AB, Banik K, Bordoloi D, Harsha C, Sailo BL, Padmavathi G, Roy NK, Gupta SC, Aggarwal BB. Googling the Guggul (Commiphora and Boswellia) for Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:686. [PMID: 30127736 PMCID: PMC6087759 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research during last 2 decades has revealed that most drugs discovered today, although costs billions of dollars for discovery, and yet they are highly ineffective in their clinical response. For instance, the European Medicines Agency has approved 68 anti-cancer drugs, and out of which 39 has reached the market level with no indication of increased survival nor betterment of quality of life. Even when drugs did improve survival rate compared to available treatment strategies, most of these were found to be clinically insignificant. This is a fundamental problem with modern drug discovery which is based on thinking that most chronic diseases are caused by alteration of a single gene and thus most therapies are single gene-targeted therapies. However, extensive research has revealed that most chronic diseases are caused by multiple gene products. Although most drugs designed by man are mono-targeted therapies, however, those designed by "mother nature" and have been used for thousands of years, are "multi-targeted" therapies. In this review, we examine two agents that have been around for thousands of years, namely "guggul" from Commiphora and Boswellia. Although we are all familiar with the search engine "google," this is another type of "guggul" that has been used for centuries and being explored for its various biological activities. The current review summarizes the traditional uses, chemistry, in vitro and in vivo biological activities, molecular targets, and clinical trials performed with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Bethsebie L. Sailo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ganesan Padmavathi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nand K. Roy
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Subash C. Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Schmidt J, Schierle S, Gellrich L, Kaiser A, Merk D. Structural optimization and in vitro profiling of N-phenylbenzamide-based farnesoid X receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4240-4253. [PMID: 30026040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) which acts as cellular bile acid sensor has been validated as therapeutic strategy to counter liver disorders such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by the clinical efficacy of obeticholic acid. FXR antagonism, in contrast, is less well studied and potent small molecule FXR antagonists are rare. Here we report the systematic optimization of a novel class of FXR antagonists towards low nanomolar potency. The most optimized compound antagonizes baseline and agonist induced FXR activity in a full length FXR reporter gene assay and represses intrinsic expression of FXR regulated genes in hepatoma cells. With this activity and a favorable toxicity-, stability- and selectivity-profile it appears suitable to further study FXR antagonism in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurema Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Schierle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leonie Gellrich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Astrid Kaiser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Correlated high expression of FXR and Sp1 in cancer cells confers a poor prognosis for pancreatic cancer: A study based on TCGA and tissue microarray. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33265-33275. [PMID: 28402278 PMCID: PMC5464866 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) was critical in the initiation and progression of various tumors. However, their prognostic significance in pancreatic cancer was still illusive. In the present study, the expression and biological significance of FXR, a major receptor of BAs, in the lethal disease were evaluated in mRNA and protein levels. We found that FXR protein was elevated in the cancerous tissues, which was significantly higher than the adjacent tissues (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, our data showed that FXR was positively correlated with primary tumor location (p = 0.04) and poor survival (p = 0.002). Finally, COX regression model indicated that FXR protein was an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.01; HR = 2.15; 95% CI 1.27-3.63). Consistently, we also found a significant difference of FXR expression between the high and low groups in mRNA level (p < 0.001), and that high FXR expression confers a poor prognosis (p < 0.001). More importantly, the correlation assay showed that FXR was positively correlated Sp1 in both protein (r = 0.351, p = 0.008) and mRNA levels (r = 0.263, p < 0.01), with the simultaneously high expression indicated the worst prognosis on protein (p < 0.001) and mRNA levels (p < 0.001). Additionally, we also showed that FXR was elevated in the pancreatic cancer cells responsible for proliferation and migration. Overall, the data suggested co-high expression of the two factors was an independent prognostic factor (p < 0.001; HR = 3.27; 95% CI 1.86–5.76). Based on these data, we proposed a model to link FXR to Sp1, which included triggered FXR, p38/MAPK and/or PI3K/AKT signaling and phosphorylated Sp1, to illustrate the potential crosstalk between the two factors.
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Duan X, Meng Q, Wang C, Liu Z, Sun H, Huo X, Sun P, Ma X, Peng J, Liu K. Effects of calycosin against high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:533-542. [PMID: 28699662 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a major health concern worldwide. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of calycosin against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD in mice. METHODS C57BL/6 J male mice were fed with HFD to induce NAFLD model and treated with or without calycosin for 12 weeks. The levels of ALT, AST, insulin, and adiponectin were measured using biochemical methods. Hemotoxylin and eosin staining and Oil Red O staining were used to determine the liver histopathology changes and measure the degree of lipid accumulation respectively. Glucose tolerance tests and insulin tolerance tests were performed followed by quantitative insulin sensitivity check index determination. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to explore the potential mechanism involved in the beneficial effects of calycosin. RESULTS Calycosin effectively decreased the levels of ALT and AST, increased the levels of adiponectin and insulin. Hemotoxylin and eosin staining indicated calycosin treatment remarkably improved liver injury. Oil Red O staining indicated calycosin treatment remarkably improved lipid accumulation. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index in HFD fed mice was significantly lower than in the standard chow fed mice. Further, calycosin suppressed phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1c, and FASN involved in gluconeogenesis and triglyceride synthesis. Calycosin increased glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, glucose transporter 4, and phosphorylated insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 expressions involved in glucose metabolism. The aforementioned beneficial effects of calycosin against HFD-induced NAFLD may be attributed to farnesoid X receptor activation. CONCLUSION Calycosin could produce the favorable effects against HFD-induced NAFLD in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingping Duan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Zigong, Zigong, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, China
| | - Pengyuan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Pharmacokinetics and Transport, Liaoning, China
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Dhiman VK, Bolt MJ, White KP. Nuclear receptors in cancer — uncovering new and evolving roles through genomic analysis. Nat Rev Genet 2017; 19:160-174. [DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2017.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Di Ciaula A, Wang DQH, Molina-Molina E, Lunardi Baccetto R, Calamita G, Palmieri VO, Portincasa P. Bile Acids and Cancer: Direct and Environmental-Dependent Effects. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16:s87-s105. [PMID: 29080344 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) regulate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cholesterol and lipids but have also a key role as singalling molecules and in the modulation of epithelial cell proliferation, gene expression and metabolism. These homeostatic pathways, when disrupted, are able to promote local inflammation, systemic metabolic disorders and, ultimately, cancer. The effect of hydrophobic BAs, in particular, can be linked with cancer in several digestive (mainly oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, colon) and extra-digestive organs (i.e. prostate, breast) through a complex series of mechanisms including direct oxidative stress with DNA damage, apoptosis, epigenetic factors regulating gene expression, reduced/increased expression of nuclear receptors (mainly farnesoid X receptor, FXR) and altered composition of gut microbiota, also acting as a common interface between environmental factors (including diet, lifestyle, exposure to toxics) and the molecular events promoting cancerogenesis. Primary prevention strategies (i.e. changes in dietary habits and lifestyle, reduced exposure to environmental toxics) mainly able to modulate gut microbiota and the epigenome, and the therapeutic use of hydrophilic BAs to counterbalance the negative effects of the more hydrophobic BAs might be, in the near future, part of useful tools for cancer prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Emilio Molina-Molina
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Raquel Lunardi Baccetto
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari. Italy
| | - Vincenzo O Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari. Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Fujino T, Sakamaki R, Ito H, Furusato Y, Sakamoto N, Oshima T, Hayakawa M. Farnesoid X receptor regulates the growth of renal adenocarcinoma cells without affecting that of a normal renal cell-derived cell line. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:259-265. [PMID: 28496032 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acid-activated nuclear receptor which is abundant in the liver, intestine, and kidney. FXR is a pivotal factor in cholesterol/bile acid homeostasis but is involved in the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In the present study, we investigated whether FXR is also involved in the growth of renal adenocarcinoma cells. The cell growth of renal adenocarcinoma cell line ACHN was inhibited by FXR knockdown and stimulated by FXR ligand, while that of a normal renal cell-derived cell line, HK-2, was not affected. The carcinoma-specific stimulation of cell growth by FXR was found to arise from down-regulation of p53 and p21/Cip1 mRNA expression. Our study showed that FXR stimulates proliferation of renal adenocarcinoma cells and that FXR knockdown is useful for growth suppression of renal adenocarcinoma without cytotoxicity to normal renal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Fujino
- Department of Hygiene and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Ryosuke Sakamaki
- Department of Hygiene and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Haruka Ito
- Department of Hygiene and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Yumiko Furusato
- Department of Hygiene and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Nami Sakamoto
- Department of Hygiene and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Toshiyuki Oshima
- Department of Hygiene and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Makio Hayakawa
- Department of Hygiene and Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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Giaginis C, Tsoukalas N, Alexandrou P, Tsourouflis G, Dana E, Delladetsima I, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. Clinical significance of farnesoid X receptor expression in thyroid neoplasia. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1785-1792. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the clinical significance of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in thyroid neoplasia. Patients & methods: FXR expression was assessed immunohistochemically on 88 thyroid neoplastic tissues (benign = 44, malignant = 44). Results: Enhanced FXR was more frequently observed in papillary carcinomas compared with hyperplastic nodules (p = 0.0489). In malignant lesions, elevated FXR was associated with capsular (p = 0.0004) and vascular invasion (p = 0.0056) and increased follicular cells’ proliferative rate (p < 0.0001). Elevated FXR expression was also associated with larger tumor size (p = 0.0086), presence of lymph node metastases (p = 0.0239) and lymphatic invasion (p = 0.0086) and increased recurrence rate risk (p = 0.0239). Conclusion: FXR may be associated with tumor aggressiveness that affects patients’ survival in thyroid neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Giaginis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos 81400, Greece
| | | | - Paraskevi Alexandrou
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Tsourouflis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Eugene Dana
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Ioanna Delladetsima
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Efstratios Patsouris
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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Marquardt A, Al-Dabet MM, Ghosh S, Kohli S, Manoharan J, ElWakiel A, Gadi I, Bock F, Nazir S, Wang H, Lindquist JA, Nawroth PP, Madhusudhan T, Mertens PR, Shahzad K, Isermann B. Farnesoid X Receptor Agonism Protects against Diabetic Tubulopathy: Potential Add-On Therapy for Diabetic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3182-3189. [PMID: 28696246 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Established therapies for diabetic nephropathy (dNP) delay but do not prevent its progression. The shortage of established therapies may reflect the inability to target the tubular compartment. The chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) ameliorates maladaptive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling and experimental dNP. Additionally, TUDCA activates the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which is highly expressed in tubular cells. We hypothesized that TUDCA ameliorates maladaptive ER signaling via FXR agonism specifically in tubular cells. Indeed, TUDCA induced expression of FXR-dependent genes (SOCS3 and DDAH1) in tubular cells but not in other renal cells. In vivo, TUDCA reduced glomerular and tubular injury in db/db and diabetic endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. FXR inhibition with Z-guggulsterone or vivo-morpholino targeting of FXR diminished the ER-stabilizing and renoprotective effects of TUDCA. Notably, these in vivo approaches abolished tubular but not glomerular protection by TUDCA. Combined intervention with TUDCA and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in 16-week-old db/db mice reduced albuminuria more efficiently than did either treatment alone. Although both therapies reduced glomerular damage, only TUDCA ameliorated tubular damage. Thus, interventions that specifically protect the tubular compartment in dNP, such as FXR agonism, may provide renoprotective effects on top of those achieved by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Marquardt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Moh'd Mohanad Al-Dabet
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sanchita Ghosh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Shrey Kohli
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jayakumar Manoharan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed ElWakiel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ihsan Gadi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Bock
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sumra Nazir
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany,Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jonathan A Lindquist
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Paul Nawroth
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, German Diabetes Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-Institute for Diabetes and Cancer Translational Diabetes Program, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thati Madhusudhan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany,Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; and
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Khurrum Shahzad
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany,Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Farnesoid X receptor, a novel proto-oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer, promotes tumor growth via directly transactivating CCND1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:591. [PMID: 28377627 PMCID: PMC5428828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor for maintaining bile acid homeostasis, has been recognized as a tumor suppressor in enterohepatic tissues. However, its expression and functional role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unclear. We report that FXR is significantly increased in NSCLC and that it predicts poor clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients. FXR knockdown in NSCLC cells inhibited in vitro cell proliferation, blocked xenograft growth in nude mice, and delayed the G1/S transition of the cell cycle, whereas ectopic overexpression of FXR promoted NSCLC cell proliferation. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that FXR could directly bind to an inverted repeat-0 sequence in the CCND1 promoter and activate its transcription. Cyclin D1 overexpression rescued NSCLC cells from the delayed G1/S transition and the impaired cell proliferation induced by FXR knockdown. Importantly, a positive correlation between the expression of FXR and cyclin D1 was confirmed in NSCLC samples, and patients with high expression of both FXR and cyclin D1 had the worst prognosis. In summary, our results suggest that FXR has oncogenic potential in NSCLC development, providing mechanistic insights that could be exploited for both prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Xu HB, Fu J, Huang F, Yu J. Guggulsterone sensitized drug-resistant human hepatocarcinoma cells to doxorubicin through a Cox-2/P-gp dependent pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 803:57-64. [PMID: 28342979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous researches indicated that cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) might be involved in P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated multidrug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Doxorubicin-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma PLC/PRF/5 cells (PLC/PRF/5R) and HepG2 (HepG2R) cells were developed in the present study. The modulatory effect of guggulsterone on Cox-2 and P-gp in PLC/PRF/5R and HepG2R cells was investigated. Cells proliferation, Cox-2 and P-gp expression, and prostaglandin E2 release were examined using MTT, flow cytometry, western blot and ELISA assays. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted against Cox-2 and multidrug resistance protein (Mdr-1) was used to regulate the expression of Cox-2 and P-gp. The results showed that co-administration of guggulsterone resulted in a significant increase in chemo-sensitivity of PLC/PRF/5R cells to doxorubicin, as compared with doxorubicin treatment alone. When doxorubicin (10µM) was combined with guggulsterone (50µM), the mean apoptotic population of PLC/PRF/5R cells was 20.16%. It was increased by 1.5 times, as compared with doxorubicin (10µM) treatment alone. Furthermore, guggulsterone had significantly inhibitory effect on the levels of Cox-2, P-gp and prostaglandin E2. However, guggulsterone did not show significantly inhibitory effect on the expression of prostaglandin E receptors. In addition, Cox-2 siRNA simultaneously reduced the expression of Cox-2 and P-gp in PLC/PRF/5R cells. Mdr-1 siRNA had no influence on Cox-2, but inhibited P-gp expression. The present study suggested that guggulsterone might enhance the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin to PLC/PRF/5R cells through a Cox-2/P-gp dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200072 Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Bhat AA, Prabhu KS, Kuttikrishnan S, Krishnankutty R, Babu J, Mohammad RM, Uddin S. Potential therapeutic targets of Guggulsterone in cancer. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:23. [PMID: 28261317 PMCID: PMC5331628 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds capable of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells have always been of considerable interest as potential anti-cancer agents. Many such compounds are under screening and development with their potential evolution as a clinical drug benefiting many of the cancer patients. Guggulsterone (GS), a phytosterol isolated gum resin of the tree Commiphora mukul has been widely used in Indian traditional medicine as a remedy for various diseses. GS has been shown to possess cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic potential as established by in vitro and in vivo studies. GS has been shown to target constitutively activated survival pathways such as PI3-kinase/AKT, JAK/STAT, and NFκB signaling pathways that are involved in the regulation of growth and inflammatory responses via regulation of antiapoptotic and inflammatory genes. The current review focuses on the molecular targets of GS, cellular responses, and the animal model studies in various cancers. The mechanistic action of GS in different types of cancers also forms a part of this review. The perspective of translating this natural compound into a clinically approved drug with its pros and cons is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A Bhat
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roopesh Krishnankutty
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayaprakash Babu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
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Chen B, You WJ, Xue S, Qin H, Zhao XJ, Zhang M, Liu XQ, Zhu SY, Jiang HD. Overexpression of farnesoid X receptor in small airways contributes to epithelial to mesenchymal transition and COX-2 expression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:3063-3074. [PMID: 28066584 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.11.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) contribute to airway remodelling and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recent data suggest that the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor traditionally considered as bile acid-activated receptor, is also expressed in non-classical bile acids target tissues with novel functions beyond regulating bile acid homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of FXR in the development of COPD, as well as factors that affect FXR expression. METHODS Expression of FXR, EMT biomarkers and COX-2 was examined by immunohistochemistry in lung tissues from non-smokers, smokers, and smokers with COPD. The role of FXR in TGF-β1-induced EMT and COX-2 expression in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells was evaluated in vitro. Factors regulating FXR expression were assessed in cultured HBE cells and a cigarette smoke-induced rat model of COPD. RESULTS Expression of FXR, EMT markers and COX-2 was significantly elevated in small airway epithelium of COPD patients compared with controls. The staining scores of FXR in small airway epithelium were negatively related with FEV1% of predicted of smokers without and with COPD. FXR agonist GW4064 remarkably enhanced and FXR antagonist Z-Guggulsterone significantly inhibited EMT changes in TGF-β1-treated HBE cells. Both chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and GW4064 increased COX-2 expression in HBE cells, whereas Z-Guggulsterone dramatically restrained CDCA-induced COX-2 expression. Finally, FXR expression is induced by IL-4 and IL-13 in HBE cells, as well as by cigarette smoke exposure in a rat model of COPD. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of FXR in small airway may contribute to airway remodelling and inflammation in COPD by regulating EMT and COX-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wen-Jie You
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shan Xue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xu-Ji Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Xue-Qing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shu-Yang Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Han-Dong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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Hsu CW, Hsieh JH, Huang R, Pijnenburg D, Khuc T, Hamm J, Zhao J, Lynch C, van Beuningen R, Chang X, Houtman R, Xia M. Differential modulation of FXR activity by chlorophacinone and ivermectin analogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 313:138-148. [PMID: 27773686 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals that alter normal function of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) have been shown to affect the homeostasis of bile acids, glucose, and lipids. Several structural classes of environmental chemicals and drugs that modulated FXR transactivation were previously identified by quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) of the Tox21 10K chemical collection. In the present study, we validated the FXR antagonist activity of selected structural classes, including avermectin anthelmintics, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, 1,3-indandione rodenticides, and pyrethroid pesticides, using in vitro assay and quantitative structural-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis approaches. (Z)-Guggulsterone, chlorophacinone, ivermectin, and their analogs were profiled for their ability to alter CDCA-mediated FXR binding using a panel of 154 coregulator motifs and to induce or inhibit transactivation and coactivator recruitment activities of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), or pregnane X receptor (PXR). Our results showed that chlorophacinone and ivermectin had distinct modes of action (MOA) in modulating FXR-coregulator interactions and compound selectivity against the four aforementioned functionally-relevant nuclear receptors. These findings collectively provide mechanistic insights regarding compound activities against FXR and possible explanations for in vivo toxicological observations of chlorophacinone, ivermectin, and their analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Hsu
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Thai Khuc
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jon Hamm
- Integrated Laboratory System, Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin Lynch
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rinie van Beuningen
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Integrated Laboratory System, Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - René Houtman
- PamGene International B.V., Wolvenhoek 10, 5211 HH 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Menghang Xia
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Ding Y, Xiong XL, Zhou LS, Yan SQ, Qin H, Li HR, Zhang LL, Chen P, Yao C, Jiang ZX, Zhao L. Preliminary study on Emodin alleviating alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced intrahepatic cholestasis by regulation of liver farnesoid X receptor pathway. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 29:805-811. [PMID: 27707957 DOI: 10.1177/0394632016672218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate Emodin on alleviating intrahepatic cholestasis by regulation of liver farnesoid X receptor (FXR) pathway. Cell and animal models of intrahepatic cholestatis were established. Biochemical tests and histomorphology were performed. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of FXR, small heterodimer partner (SHP), uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 2 family polypeptide B4 (UGT2B4), and bile salt export pump (BSEP) was detected. As a result, compared with the model group, the serum levels of biochemical test were significantly lower in the Emodin group (P <0.01). The histopathological changes were remitted significantly by Emodin treatment. In the model group, the mRNA and protein expression of FXR, SHP, UGT2B4, and BSEP was significantly lower than in the normal group in cell models (P <0.05). With Emodin intervention, the expression of FXR, SHP, UGT2B4, and BSEP was notably increased (P <0.05). In conclusion, Emodin plays a protective role in intrahepatic cholestasis by promoting FXR signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wuhan Medical & Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Li Xiong
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan Medical & Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Li-Shan Zhou
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan Medical & Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Su-Qi Yan
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan Medical & Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Huan Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Medical & Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hua-Rong Li
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan Medical & Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Respiration, Wuhan Medical & Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Cong Yao
- Department of Health, Wuhan Medical & Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xia Jiang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan Medical & Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Wang W, Zhan M, Li Q, Chen W, Chu H, Huang Q, Hou Z, Man M, Wang J. FXR agonists enhance the sensitivity of biliary tract cancer cells to cisplatin via SHP dependent inhibition of Bcl-xL expression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:34617-29. [PMID: 27127878 PMCID: PMC5085180 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is common in patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC) including gallbladder cancer (GBC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC). Therefore, it is necessary to identify effective chemotherapeutic agents for BTC. In the present study, we for the first time tested the effect of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists GW4064 and CDCA (chenodeoxycholic acid) in combination with cisplatin (CDDP) on increasing the chemosensitivity in BTC. Our results show that co-treatment of CDDP with FXR agonists remarkably enhance chemosensitivity of BTC cells. Mechanistically, we found that activation of FXR induced expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP), which in turn inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation and resulted in down-regulation of Bcl-xL expression in BTC cells, leading to increased susceptibility to CDDP. Moreover, the experiments on tumor-bearing mice showed that GW4064/CDDP co-treatment inhibited the tumor growth in vivo by up-regulating SHP expression and down-regulating STAT3 phosphorylation. These results suggest CDDP in combination with FXR agonists could be a potential new therapeutic strategy for BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Huiling Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qihong Huang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhaoyuan Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mohan Man
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institutes of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
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Guggulsterone and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 929:329-361. [PMID: 27771932 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Guggulsterone is a plant sterol derived from gum resin of Commiphora wightii. The gum resin from guggul plants has been used for thousand years in Ayurveda to treat various disorders, including internal tumors, obesity, liver disorders, malignant sores and ulcers, urinary complaints, intestinal worms, leucoderma, sinuses, edema, and sudden paralytic seizures. Guggulsterone has been identified a bioactive components of this gum resin. This plant steroid has been reported to work as an antagonist of certain nuclear receptors, especially farnesoid X receptor, which regulates bile acids and cholesterol metabolism. Guggulsterone also mediates gene expression through the regulation of transcription factors, including nuclear factor-kappa B and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, which plays important roles in the development of inflammation and tumorigenesis. Guggulsterone has been shown to downregulate the expression of proteins involved in anti-apoptotic, cell survival, cell proliferation, angiogenic, metastatic, and chemoresistant activities in tumor cells. This review aimed to clarify the cell signal pathways targeted by guggulsterone and the bioactivities of guggulsterone in animal models and humans.
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Yamada T, Osawa S, Ikuma M, Kajimura M, Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Iwaizumi M, Sugimoto K. Guggulsterone, a plant-derived inhibitor of NF-TB, suppresses CDX2 and COX-2 expression and reduces the viability of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Digestion 2015; 90:208-17. [PMID: 25427631 DOI: 10.1159/000365750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Induction by bile acid of caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation is a critical event in the development of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Guggulsterone (GS) is a plant sterol that inhibits NF-κB activity. Here, we evaluated whether GS has either or both chemopreventive or therapeutic effects against EAC. METHODS Two EAC cells lines were treated with deoxycholic acid (DCA) in the presence of GS or vehicle. The levels of transcription and translation of IκBα, CDX2, and COX-2 were determined. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels, cell viability, and cell cycle distribution were assessed as well. RESULTS GS inhibited DCA-induced IκBα phosphorylation. GS and the NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7085 suppressed DCA-induced CDX2 and COX-2 expression in EAC cells. GS also suppressed basal transcription levels of CDX2 and COX-2 and reduced constitutive synthesis of COX-2 and PGE2. Further, GS reduced the viability of EAC cells, increased their numbers in the apoptotic sub-G1 fraction. CONCLUSION GS suppressed DCA-induced and NF-κB-dependent activation of CDX2 and COX-2 expression. Further, GS also reduced the viability of EAC cells. GS may serve as candidate for preventing and treating EAC and BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Iwata City Hospital, Iwata, Japan
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