Impact of access to NCI- and NCCN-designated cancer centers on outcomes for multiple myeloma patients: A SEER registry analysis

Disparities in survival of hematologic malignancies in the context of social determinants of health: a systematic review

Social determinants of health (SDHs) have been reported as relevant factors responsible for health inequity. We sought to assess clinical data from observational studies conducted in the United States evaluating the impact of SDHs on the outcomes of patients with hematologic malignancies. Thus, we performed a systematic review in 6 databases on 1 September 2021, in which paired reviewers independently screened studies and included data from 41 studies. We assessed the risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools and analyzed the data using a descriptive synthesis. The most common SDH domains explored were health care access and quality (54.3%) and economic stability (25.6%); others investigated were education (19%) and social and community context (7.8%). We identified strong evidence of 5 variables significantly affecting survival: lack of health insurance coverage or having Medicare or Medicaid insurance, receiving cancer treatment at a nonacademic facility, low household income, low education level, and being unmarried. In contrast, the reports on the effect of distance traveled to the treatment center are contradictory. Other SDHs examined were facility volume, provider expertise, poverty, and employment rates. We identified a lack of data in the literature in terms of transportation, debt, higher education, diet, social integration, environmental factors, or stress. Our results underscore the complex nature of social, financial, and health care barriers as intercorrelated variables. Therefore, the management of hematologic malignancies needs concerted efforts to incorporate SDHs into clinical care, research, and public health policies, identifying and addressing the barriers at a patient-based level to enhance outcome equity (PROSPERO CRD42022346854).

Aiming for the cure in myeloma: Putting our best foot forward

Frontline therapy for multiple myeloma (MM) is evolving to include novel combinations that can achieve unprecedented deep response rates. Several treatment strategies exist, varying in induction regimen composition, use of transplant and or consolidation and maintenance. In this sea of different treatment permutations, the overarching theme is the powerful prognostic factors of disease risk and achievement of minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity. MM has significant inter-patient variability that requires treatment to be individualized. Risk-adapted and response-adapted strategies which are increasingly being explored to define the extent and duration of therapy, and eventually aim for functional curability. In addition, with T-cell redirection therapies rapidly revolutionizing myeloma treatments, the current standard of care for myeloma will change. This review analyzes the current relevant literature in upfront therapy for fit myeloma patients and provides suggestions for treatment approach while novel clinical trials are maturing.

Global disparities in patients with multiple myeloma: a rapid evidence assessment

There are disparities in outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We evaluated the influence of sociodemographic factors on global disparities in outcomes for patients with MM. This rapid evidence assessment (PROSPERO, CRD42021248461) followed PRISMA-P guidelines and used the PICOS framework. PubMed and Embase® were searched for articles in English from 2011 to 2021. The title, abstract, and full text of articles were screened according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. The sociodemographic factors assessed were age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. Outcomes were diagnosis, access to treatment, and patient outcomes. Of 84 articles included, 48 were US-based. Worldwide, increasing age and low socioeconomic status were associated with worse patient outcomes. In the US, men typically had worse outcomes than women, although women had poorer access to treatment, as did Black, Asian, and Hispanic patients. No consistent disparities due to sex were seen outside the US, and for most factors and outcomes, no consistent disparities could be identified globally. Too few studies examined disparities in diagnosis to draw firm conclusions. This first systematic analysis of health disparities in patients with MM identified specific populations affected, highlighting a need for additional research focused on assessing patterns, trends, and underlying drivers of disparities in MM.

Demographic disparities in receipt of care at a comprehensive cancer center

BACKGROUND

National Cancer Institute cancer centers (NCICCs) provide specialized cancer care including precision oncology and clinical treatment trials. While these centers can offer novel therapeutic options, less is known about when patients access these centers or at what timepoint in their disease course they receive specialized care. This is especially important since precision diagnostics and receipt of the optimal therapy upfront can impact patient outcomes and previous research suggests that access to these centers may vary by demographic characteristics. Here, we examine the timing of patients' presentation at Moffitt Cancer Center (MCC) relative to their initial diagnosis across several demographic characteristics.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was conducted among patients who presented to MCC with breast, colon, lung, melanoma, and prostate cancers between December 2008 and April 2020. Patient demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained from the Moffitt Cancer Registry. The association between patient characteristics and the timing of patient presentation to MCC relative to the patient's cancer diagnosis was examined using logistic regression.

RESULTS

Black patients (median days = 510) had a longer time between diagnosis and presentation to MCC compared to Whites (median days = 368). Black patients were also more likely to have received their initial cancer care outside of MCC compared to White patients (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.45 [1.32-1.60]). Furthermore, Hispanics were more likely to present to MCC at an advanced stage compared to non-Hispanic patients (OR [95% CI] = 1.28 [1.05-1.55]).

CONCLUSIONS

We observed racial and ethnic differences in timing of receipt of care at MCC. Future studies should aim to identify contributing factors for the development of novel mitigation strategies and assess whether timing differences in referral to an NCICC correlate with long-term patient outcomes.

Racial and ethnic differences in clonal hematopoiesis, tumor markers, and outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma

Age of onset and survival disparities exist for racial and ethnic minority patients diagnosed with MM.

Differences in somatic mutations in tumor and blood (ie, clonal hematopoiesis) may contribute to disparities in outcomes observed.

Multiple myeloma (MM) incidence, mortality, and survival vary by race and ethnicity, but the causes of differences remain unclear. We investigated demographic, clinical, and molecular features of diverse MM patients to elucidate mechanisms driving clinical disparities. This study included 495 MM patients (self-reported Hispanic, n = 45; non-Hispanic Black, n = 52; non-Hispanic White, n = 398). Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black individuals had an earlier age of onset than non-Hispanic White individuals (53 and 57 vs 63 years, respectively, P < .001). There were no differences in treatment by race and ethnicity groups, but non-Hispanic Black patients had a longer time to hematopoietic cell transplant than non-Hispanic White patients (376 days vs 248 days; P = .01). Overall survival (OS) was improved for non-Hispanic Black compared with non-Hispanic White patients (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31-0.81; P = .005), although this association was attenuated after adjusting for clinical features (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.37-1.03; P = .06). Tumor mutations in IRF4 were most common in Hispanic patients, and mutations in SP140, AUTS2, and SETD2 were most common in non-Hispanic Black patients. Differences in tumor expression of BCL7A, SPEF2, and ANKRD26 by race and ethnicity were observed. Clonal hematopoiesis was detected in 12% of patients and associated with inferior OS in non-Hispanic Black patients compared with patients without clonal hematopoiesis (HR, 4.36; 95% CI, 1.36-14.00). This study provides insight into differences in molecular features that may drive clinical disparities in MM patients receiving comparable treatment, with the novel inclusion of Hispanic individuals.

Socioeconomic Status is Globally a Prognostic Factor for Overall Survival of Multiple Myeloma Patients: Synthesis of Studies and Review of the Literature

Background

Socioeconomic status (SES) is reflecting differences in sociodemographic factors affecting cancer survivorship. Deprived, low SES populations have a higher prevalence of multiple myeloma and worst survival, a condition which widens over time.

Methods

We performed a meta-analysis of 16 studies (registries and cohorts) reporting myeloma patients’ survival data according to SES. Ten studies reported Hazzard Ratio (H.R.) (95 % CI), and 16 studies reported p values. We combined the H.R. from 10 studies, and by using the Mosteller-Bush formula, we performed a synthesis of p values according to the area of the globe.

Results

Combination of H.R. from 10 studies including 85198 myeloma patients weighted to sample size of each study and adopting the hypothesis of random effect returned a combined H.R.: 1,26 (1,13–1,31) in favor of high SES patients.

USA: Synthesis of p values coming from 6 studies (n=89807 pts) by using the Mosteller and Bush formula extracted a p-value of <0.0001 favoring high SES patients.

Oceania: Synthesis of p values in two cohorts from Australia and New Zealand (n= 10196 pts) returned a p-value of 0,022 favoring high SES patients.

Europe: The synthesis of p values from the U.K. and Greece studies (n=18533 pts) returned a p-value of <0,0001 favoring high SES patients.

Asia: Synthesis of 2 studies from Asia (n=915 pts) returned a p-value of <0,0001 favoring high SES patients.

Conclusions

Across the globe and widening over decades, the socioeconomic status remains a gap for equality in myeloma care.

Multiple Myeloma in Hispanics: Incidence, Characteristics, Survival, Results of Discovery, and Validation Using Real-World and Connect MM Registry Data

BACKGROUND

Multiple myeloma (MM) in Hispanics has never been studied. We therefore sought to determine the clinical characteristics and overall survival in MM of Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and non-Hispanic blacks (NHB).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A single-center analysis of 939 patients diagnosed with MM from 2000 to 2017 with a large representation of NHB (n = 489), Hispanics (n = 281), and NHW (n = 169) was conducted to evaluate outcomes and disease characteristics. We used the Connect MM Registry, a large US multicenter prospective observational study with newly diagnosed MM patients, as a validation cohort.

RESULTS

Hispanics had a higher incidence of MM compared to NHW. The median age at presentation was 5 years younger (median, 65 years) in Hispanics compared to NHW (median, 70 years), and patients were more likely to present with renal dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min). Hispanics had a higher proportion of Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) stage I disease compared to NHW and NHB (P = .03), while there was no difference in cytogenetics between Hispanics and NHB/NHW. In the multivariate analysis, only high-risk disease and response to first-line therapy significantly affected survival.

CONCLUSION

In this first and largest analysis of MM in Hispanics, we found that Hispanics present at a younger age, have a higher incidence of renal dysfunction, and have low R-ISS stage disease at presentation. With equal access to therapy, Hispanics have survival similar to NHW/NHB.

African American Patients With Multiple Myeloma: Optimizing Care to Decrease Racial Disparities

The incidence of multiple myeloma in African Americans is two to three times higher than in other ethnicities and is the leading hematologic malignancy in African Americans. Despite the high incidence of multiple myeloma in African American individuals, a vast majority experience delays in diagnosis and reduced usage of effective therapies, including stem cell transplantation, as well as low participation in clinical trials. Racial disparities, social and financial health disparities, and barriers to earlier access to care can lead to poorer patient outcomes. There are also unique characteristics in the disease manifestation in African Americans with multiple myeloma that are imperative for oncology nurses to understand and recognize to provide optimal care.

Timeliness of Initial Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: Trends and Factors Affecting Patient Care

Multiple myeloma (MM) treatment has advanced significantly over the last 2 decades. In most patients, the disease course has been altered from early fatality to chronic morbidity with multiple lines of treatment. The MM treatment paradigm has shifted toward treating patients before end-organ damage occurs. Thus, timeliness of treatment initiation in this era might improve patient outcomes. This is the first report to our knowledge analyzing disparities and trends in treatment timeliness of patients with MM using the National Cancer Database. Multiple factors affected the timing of treatment initiation in MM and disparities were found. We noted that initiation of treatment was delayed in women (odds ratio [OR], 1.15; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.2) and blacks (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.28; reference, whites) and in patients diagnosed in more recent years (2012-2015; OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.22; reference, 2004-2007). Patients were likely to start treatment earlier if they were age ≥ 80 years (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.9; reference, age < 60 years), were uninsured (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.91; reference, private insurance), had Medicaid (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.95; reference, private insurance), were treated in a comprehensive community cancer program (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.77; reference, community cancer program), lived in a location other than the US Northeast, or had a higher Charlson comorbidity score. Patient education and income levels did not affect time to treatment initiation. Particular aspects of these disparities could be explained by our current health care system and insurance rules, whereas others need to be investigated more deeply.

Emerging Insights Into the Role of the Hippo Pathway in Multiple Myeloma and Associated Bone Disease

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma-cell dyscrasia with numerous treatment options currently available; however, drug resistance is usually inevitable, so there is a constant need for novel treatment approaches. The Hippo pathway has emerged as an important mediator of oncogenesis in solid tumors. More recently, its key role in regulating apoptosis and mediating resistance in MM and other hematologic malignancies has been demonstrated in preclinical studies, which provides a strong basis for further clinical investigation. The Hippo pathway is also implicated in the pathogenesis of MM-induced bone disease, as it regulates both osteoblast and osteoclast function. We provide an overview of the available data regarding the role of the Hippo signaling components in the pathophysiology of MM. A better understanding of the underlying interactions at the molecular and cellular levels will lead to novel and promising treatment approaches.

Many Shades of Disparities in Myeloma Care

Treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has notably evolved with improved patient outcomes over the past few years. Several new drugs have become available, and large national and international clinical trials have set the stage for evidence-based medicine guidelines for the treatment of patients with MM. Although patient outcomes have undoubtedly improved, data increasingly show that several disparities exist at varying levels of health care and that these disparities make the care of patients heterogenous and potentially result in inferior outcomes. These disparities have been described with regard to patient age, race/ethnicity, rural-urban residence, socioeconomic status, and insurance type, among other factors. Looking at the global picture of MM care, there is substantial variation among different countries, primarily depending on the disparate availability of anti-MM drugs and access to quality health care across the world, limiting the delivery of innovative therapeutic approaches at the individual patient level. The causes of these national and international disparities could be multifactorial, intricate, and difficult to isolate. Yet the ongoing research in this field is encouraging, and there seems to be growing momentum to understand such disparities and their causes. It is hoped that this research will lead to solutions that can be implemented in the near future. This review focuses on certain aspects of disparities in MM care, highlighting disparities among different racial/ethnic subgroups, rural-urban differences in America, and global disparities at an international level.

NRF2 Is One of the Players Involved in Bone Marrow Mediated Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma with clonal plasma expansion in bone marrow is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the world. Though the improvement of outcomes from the achievement of novel agents in recent decades, the disease progresses and leads to death eventually due to the elusive nature of myeloma cells and resistance mechanisms to therapeutic agents. In addition to the molecular and genetic basis of resistance pathomechanisms, the bone marrow microenvironment also contributes to disease progression and confers drug resistance in myeloma cells. In this review, we focus on the current state of the literature in terms of critical bone marrow microenvironment components, including soluble factors, cell adhesion mechanisms, and other cellular components. Transcriptional factor nuclear factor erythroid-derived-2-like 2 (NRF2), a central regulator for anti-oxidative stresses and detoxification, is implicated in chemoresistance in several cancers. The functional roles of NRF2 in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and multiple myeloma cells, and the potential of targeting NRF2 for overcoming microenvironment-mediated drug resistance in multiple myeloma are also discussed.

Impact of region of diagnosis, ethnicity, age, and gender on survival in acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Aim: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematopoietic clonal disorder characterized by the increased blasts and poor survival outcome, which is mainly driven by cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities. Here, we investigated the prognostic impact of other demographic parameters on the survival outcomes in AML patients.

Method: We reviewed the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database to collect demographic information, including age, diagnosis, gender, race, and geographic region in patients with non-acute promyelocytic leukemia AML, between 2004–2008. The primary end-point of our study was 3-year overall survival (OS), which was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression model.

Results: A total of 13,282 patients were included in our analyses. Increasing age (HR 1.2, p < .0001), male gender (HR 1.05, p = .01), and geographic region of Midwest (HR 1.07, p = .002) were associated with inferior 3-year OS in univariate analysis, and these parameters remained independent prognostic factors in multivariate analyses.

Conclusions: AML is a heterogeneous myeloid neoplasm with patient outcomes largely dictated by the cytogenetics and somatic mutations. In our study, additional demographic factors, including advanced age, male gender, and geographic region of AML diagnosis were associated with OS outcome in non-APL AML patients.

Disease and outcome disparities in multiple myeloma: exploring the role of race/ethnicity in the Cooperative Group clinical trials

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematologic malignancy with disparities in outcomes noted among racial-ethnic subgroups, likely due to disparities in access to effective treatment modalities. Clinical trials can provide access to evidence-based medicine but representation of minorities on therapeutic clinical trials has been dismal. We evaluated the impact of patient race-ethnicity in pooled data from nine large national cooperative group clinical trials in newly diagnosed MM. Among 2896 patients enrolled over more than two decades, only 18% were non-White and enrollment of minorities actually decreased in most recent years (2002-2011). African-Americans were younger and had more frequent poor-risk markers, including anemia and increased lactate dehydrogenase. Hispanics had the smallest proportion of patients on trials utilizing novel therapeutic agents. While adverse demographic (increased age) and clinical (performance status, stage, anemia, kidney dysfunction) factors were associated with inferior survival, patient race-ethnicity did not have an effect on objective response rates, progression-free, or overall survival. While there are significant disparities in MM incidence and outcomes among patients of different racial-ethnic groups, this disparity seems to be mitigated by access to appropriate therapeutic options, for example, as offered by clinical trials. Improved minority accrual in therapeutic clinical trials needs to be a priority.

Equal Treatment and Outcomes for Everyone with Multiple Myeloma: Are We There Yet?

Multiple myeloma treatment has changed tremendously over recent years leading to overall improvement in patient outcomes. With therapeutic advancements, patient care has become increasingly complex and variability is seen in healthcare delivery as well as outcomes when various patient subgroups are analyzed based on sociodemographic factors. It is imperative to understand this variability so that while overall the outcomes get better, specific focus is placed on subgroups that may remain disadvantaged and may not be able to fully access the advancements in therapeutics. Research in multiple myeloma has specifically looked at several such patient subgroups based on socioeconomic status, age, race/ethnicity, insurance carrier, and geographic location that may affect healthcare utilization and patient outcomes. Exploring and understanding these would certainly help address disparities and lead to further equity in healthcare access and, hopefully, patient outcomes.

Impact of psychiatric comorbidities on health care utilization and cost of care in multiple myeloma

Approximately one third of cancer patients suffer from comorbid mood disorders that are associated with increased cost and poorer outcomes. The majority of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) are treated with corticosteroids; as many as three fourths of those taking corticosteroids develop neuropsychiatric complications, likely increasing morbidity and cost of care. MM patients diagnosed between 1991 and 2010 and reported in the Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database were characterized as MM-Only, MM+Psychiatric (any psychiatric condition, preexisting or post-MM), or MM+Depression (depression as the only psychiatric diagnosis, preexisting or post-MM). Differences in demographic characteristics, occurrence of clinical myeloma-defining events (MDEs), health care utilization (inpatient, outpatient, ambulatory claims), and cost of care during the first 6 months of MM diagnosis were analyzed. Psychiatric comorbidities were reported more frequently in females, and racial minorities had lower rates of psychiatric comorbidities. All clinical MDEs were more common in the MM+Psychiatric and MM+Depression groups; within them, the majority were more common in patients diagnosed with the psychiatric condition or depression after MM compared with it being a preexisting condition. Health care utilization in all treatment settings was higher in those with psychiatric comorbidities. Cost of care within the first 6 months after MM diagnosis was significantly higher in the MM+Psychiatric and MM+Depression groups. This increase in cost was more pronounced for patients from racial minorities diagnosed with a psychiatric condition, including depression. Psychiatric comorbidities significantly impact the clinical presentations, health care utilization, and cost among patients with MM. These findings need to be addressed for improved survivorship of MM patients.

Incidence, Survival, and Risk Factors for Adults with Acute Myeloid Leukemia Not Otherwise Specified and Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Recurrent Genetic Abnormalities: Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database, 2001-2013

BACKGROUND/AIM

As the knowledgebase of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has grown, classification systems have moved to incorporate these new findings.

METHODS

We assessed 32,941 patients with AML whose records are contained in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.

RESULTS

Half of all patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2013 did not have a World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Acute promyelocytic leukemia and acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis were associated with the longest leukemia-specific survival (110 and 115 months, respectively), and AML with minimal differentiation and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia with the shortest (30 and 28 months, respectively). For patients in the WHO groups AML not otherwise specified (AML-NOS) and AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities (AML-RGA), the risk of death was greater for older patients and less for married patients. Black patients with any type of AML-NOS also had a higher risk of death. Patients whose case of AML did not receive a WHO classification were older and this group had a higher risk of death when compared to patients with a WHO type of AML-NOS.

CONCLUSION

Our findings highlight the divergent outcomes of patients with AML and the importance of using the WHO classification system and demographic factors to gauge their prognosis.

Outcome and survival of myeloma patients diagnosed 2008-2015. Real-world data on 4904 patients from the Swedish Myeloma Registry

Epidemiology and outcome of myeloma are mainly reported from large university centers and collaborative groups, and do not represent ‘real-world’ patients. The Swedish Myeloma Registry is a prospective population-based registry documenting characteristics, treatment and outcome in newly diagnosed myeloma, including asymptomatic and localized forms, with the purpose of improving disease management and outcome. This report presents information on patients diagnosed between 2008 and 2015, including data on first-line treatment in patients diagnosed up to 2014, with a follow up until December 2016. We present age-adjusted incidence, patients’ characteristics at baseline, treatment, response, and survival. Baseline data were available with a 97% coverage in 4904 patients (median age 71 years, males 70 years, females 73 years; 72% were 65 years or older), and at 1-year follow up in 3558 patients with symptomatic disease (92% of patients initially reported). The age-adjusted incidence was 6.8 myeloma cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Among initially symptomatic patients (n=3988), 77% had osteolytic lesions or compression fractures, 49% had anemia, 18% impaired kidney function, and 13% hypercalcemia. High-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation was given to 77% of patients aged up to 66 years, and to 22% of patients aged 66–70 years. In the study period, 68% received bortezomib, thalidomide, and/or lenalidomide as part of the first-line treatment, rising from 31% in 2008 to 81% in 2014. In active myeloma, the median relative survival of patients aged 65 years or under was 7.7 years, and 3.4 years in patients aged 66 years and over. Patients diagnosed with myeloma in more recent years were associated with significantly higher rates of complete or very good partial remission (P<0.05), and with a significantly higher survival, with a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 0.84 (95%CI: 0.77–0.92; P<0.05). There was a small, but significant survival benefit in patients treated at university hospitals (HR 0.93; 95%CI: 0.87–0.99; P<0.05). We report here on a near complete ‘real-world’ population of myeloma patients during an 8-year period; a period in which newer drugs were implemented into standard practice. The overall incidence and median age were both higher than in most previous studies, indicating a more complete coverage of older patients. Myeloma survival in Sweden is comparable to other large registry studies, and responses and survival improved during the study period.

Racial disparity in utilization of therapeutic modalities among multiple myeloma patients: a SEER-medicare analysis

Outcomes have improved considerably in multiple myeloma (MM), but disparities among racial-ethnic groups exist. Differences in utilization of novel therapeutics are likely contributing factors. We explored such differences from the SEER-Medicare database. A utilization analysis of lenalidomide, thalidomide, bortezomib, and stem cell transplant (SCT) was performed for patients diagnosed with MM between 2007 and 2009, including use over time, use by race, time-dependent trends for each racial subgroup, and survival analysis. A total of 5338 MM patients were included with median 2.4-year follow-up. Within the first year of MM diagnosis, utilization of lenalidomide, bortezomib, SCT, and more than one novel agent increased over time while utilization of thalidomide decreased. There was significantly lower utilization of lenalidomide among African-Americans (P < 0.01), higher thalidomide use among Hispanics and Asians (P < 0.01), and lower bortezomib use among Asians (P < 0.01). Hispanics had the highest median number of days to first dose of bortezomib (P = 0.02) and the lowest utilization of SCT (P < 0.01). Hispanics and Asians were the only groups without notable increases in lenalidomide and bortezomib use, respectively. SCT utilization increased over time for all except African-Americans. SCT use within the first year after diagnosis was associated with better overall survival (HR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.4-0.68), while bortezomib use was associated with inferior survival (HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.02-1.28). We noted considerable variability in MM therapeutics utilization with seeming inequity for racial-ethnic minorities. These trends should be considered to eliminate drug access and utilization disparities and achieve equitable benefit of therapeutic advances across all races.