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Fu MS, Pan SX, Cai XQ, Pan QC. Urban vs. rural: colorectal cancer survival and prognostic disparities from 2000 to 2019. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1319977. [PMID: 38406503 PMCID: PMC10884167 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1319977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the differences in colorectal cancer (CRC) survival between urban and rural areas over the past 20 years, as well as investigate potential prognostic factors for CRC survival in both populations. Using registry data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) from 2000 to 2019, 463,827 CRC cases were identified, with 85.8% in urban and 14.2% in rural areas. The mortality of CRC surpassed its survival rate by the sixth year after diagnosis in urban areas and the fifth year in rural areas. Furthermore, the 5-year overall survival (OS) of CRC increased by 2.9-4.3 percentage points in urban and 0.6-1.5 percentage points in rural areas over the past two decades. Multivariable Cox regression models identified independent prognostic factors for OS and disease-specific survival (DSS) of CRC in urban and rural areas, including age over 40, Black ethnicity, and tumor size greater than 5 cm. In addition, household income below $75,000 was found to be an independent prognostic factor for OS and DSS of CRC in urban areas, while income below $55,000 was a significant factor for rural areas. In conclusion, this study found a notable difference in CRC survival between rural and urban areas. Independent prognostic factors shared among both rural and urban areas include age, tumor size, and race, while household income seem to be area-specific predictive variables. Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and communities to improve awareness and early detection of CRC may help to further advance survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-sheng Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-xian Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun-quan Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-cong Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Guo Y, Woodard J, Zhang Y, Staras SAS, Gordan VV, Gilbert GH, McEdward DL, Shenkman E. Patients' comfort with and receipt of health risk assessments during routine dental visits: Results from the South Atlantic region of the US National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2023; 51:854-863. [PMID: 35851866 PMCID: PMC10792993 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand patients' comfort with health risk assessments (HRAs) and patient and dentist factors associated with the provision of HRAs. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 857 patients seen by 30 dental practitioners in the United States National Dental Practice-Based Research Network reported their comfort receiving HRA for six risk factors (tobacco use, alcohol use, dietary sugar intake, human immunodeficiency virus risks, human papillomavirus risks and existing medical conditions) and whether they discussed any of the risk factors during their visits. Multi-level logistic models were used to examine the impacts of patient, practitioner, practice characteristics on the (1) number of risk factors patients were comfortable discussing and (2) number of risk factors assessed in the current dental visit. RESULTS Only a small percentage (4%) of patients reported being uncomfortable receiving any HRA during their dental visits. However, over half of the patients (53%) reported that they did not receive any HRAs during the current visit. In the regression analyses, patients who were older, male and from the suburban were more likely to be comfortable with more HRAs. Dentists were more likely to provide HRA if they were younger, not non-Hispanic white, less likely to feel that providing HRAs was beyond their scope of practice, yet more likely to feel occasional discomfort in providing HRA. CONCLUSIONS Interventions should focus on reducing dental practitioner perception that conducting HRAs is beyond their scope of practice and standardizing screening assessments for multiple risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road; Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Jennifer Woodard
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road; Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Yahan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - Stephanie A. S. Staras
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road; Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Valeria V. Gordan
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive; Gainesville, FL 326010-0415
| | - Gregg H. Gilbert
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama, 1919 7th Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Deborah L. McEdward
- National Dental Practice-Based Research Network, Restorative Dental Sciences, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive; Gainesville, FL 326010-0415
| | - Elizabeth Shenkman
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road; Gainesville, FL 32608
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Scott RE, Chang P, Kluz N, Baykal-Caglar E, Agrawal D, Pignone M. Equitable Implementation of Mailed Stool Test-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening and Patient Navigation in a Safety Net Health System. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:1631-1637. [PMID: 36456842 PMCID: PMC10212848 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mailed stool testing programs increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in diverse settings, but whether uptake differs by key demographic characteristics is not well-studied and has health equity implications. OBJECTIVE To examine the uptake and equity of the first cycle of a mailed stool test program implemented over a 3-year period in a Central Texas Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) system. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study within a single-arm intervention. PARTICIPANTS Patients in an FQHC aged 50-75 at average CRC risk identified through electronic health records (EHR) as not being up to date with screening. INTERVENTIONS Mailed outreach in English/Spanish included an introductory letter, free-of-charge fecal immunochemical test (FIT), and lab requisition with postage-paid mailer, simple instructions, and a medical records update postcard. Patients were asked to complete the FIT or postcard reporting recent screening. One text and one letter reminded non-responders. A bilingual patient navigator guided those with positive FIT toward colonoscopy. MAIN MEASURES Proportions of patients completing mailed FIT in response to initial cycle of outreach and proportion of those with positive FIT completing colonoscopy; comparison of whether proportions varied by demographics and insurance status obtained from the EHR. KEY RESULTS Over 3 years, 33,606 patients received an initial cycle of outreach. Overall, 19.9% (n = 6672) completed at least one mailed FIT, 5.6% (n = 374) tested positive during that initial cycle, and 72.5% (n = 271 of 374) of those with positive FIT completed a colonoscopy. Hispanic/Latinx, Spanish-speaking, and uninsured patients were more likely to complete mailed FIT compared with white, English-speaking, and commercially insured patients. Spanish-speaking patients were more likely to complete colonoscopy after positive FIT compared with English-speaking patients. CONCLUSIONS Mailed FIT outreach with patient navigation implemented in an FQHC system was effective in equitably reaching patients not up to date for CRC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Scott
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Chang
- Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Nicole Kluz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Eda Baykal-Caglar
- Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
- CommUnityCare Health Centers, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Deepak Agrawal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael Pignone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA.
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4
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Khoong EC, Rivadeneira NA, Pacca L, Schillinger D, Lown D, Babaria P, Gupta N, Pramanik R, Tran H, Whitezell T, Somsouk M, Sarkar U. Extent of Follow-Up on Abnormal Cancer Screening in Multiple California Public Hospital Systems: A Retrospective Review. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:21-29. [PMID: 35641722 PMCID: PMC9849534 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inequitable follow-up of abnormal cancer screening tests may contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in colon and breast cancer outcomes. However, few multi-site studies have examined follow-up of abnormal cancer screening tests and it is unknown if racial/ethnic disparities exist. OBJECTIVE This report describes patterns of performance on follow-up of abnormal colon and breast cancer screening tests and explores the extent to which racial/ethnic disparities exist in public hospital systems. DESIGN We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from five California public hospital systems. We used multivariable robust Poisson regression analyses to examine whether patient-level factors or site predicted receipt of follow-up test. MAIN MEASURES Using data from five public hospital systems between July 2015 and June 2017, we assessed follow-up of two screening results: (1) colonoscopy after positive fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) and (2) tissue biopsy within 21 days after a BIRADS 4/5 mammogram. KEY RESULTS Of 4132 abnormal FITs, 1736 (42%) received a follow-up colonoscopy. Older age, Medicaid insurance, lack of insurance, English language, and site were negatively associated with follow-up colonoscopy, while Hispanic ethnicity and Asian race were positively associated with follow-up colonoscopy. Of 1702 BIRADS 4/5 mammograms, 1082 (64%) received a timely biopsy; only site was associated with timely follow-up biopsy. CONCLUSION Despite the vulnerabilities of public-hospital-system patients, follow-up of abnormal cancer screening tests occurs at rates similar to that of patients in other healthcare settings, with colon cancer screening test follow-up occurring at lower rates than follow-up of breast cancer screening tests. Site-level factors have larger, more consistent impact on follow-up rates than patient sociodemographic traits. Resources are needed to identify health system-level factors, such as test follow-up processes or data infrastructure, that improve abnormal cancer screening test follow-up so that effective health system-level interventions can be evaluated and disseminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine C Khoong
- Division of General Internal Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Natalie A Rivadeneira
- Division of General Internal Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucia Pacca
- Division of General Internal Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dean Schillinger
- Division of General Internal Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Lown
- California Health Care Safety Net Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Palav Babaria
- Division of General Internal Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Alameda Health System, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Rajiv Pramanik
- Office of Informatics & Technology and Department of Emergency Medicine, Contra Costa Health Services, Martinez, CA, USA
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University College of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Health Services at Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Ma Somsouk
- UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Urmimala Sarkar
- Division of General Internal Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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O'Shea AMJ, Haraldsson B, Shahnazi AF, Sterling RA, Wong ES, Kaboli PJ. A Novel Gap Staffing Metric for Primary Care in the Veterans Health Administration and Implications for Rural and Urban Clinics. J Ambul Care Manage 2023; 46:25-33. [PMID: 35943352 PMCID: PMC10510806 DOI: 10.1097/jac.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary care providers (PCPs), including physicians and advanced practice providers, are the front line of medical care. Patient access must balance PCP availability and patient needs. This work develops a new PCP staffing metric using panel size and full-time equivalent data to determine whether a clinic is adequately staffed and describes variation by clinic rurality. Data were from the Veterans Health Administration, 2017-2021. Results describe the gap staffing metric, provide summary graphics, and compare the gap staffing between rural and urban clinics. This novel gap staffing metric can inform strategic clinic staffing in health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. J. O'Shea
- Veterans Rural Health Resource Center-Iowa City, VA Office of Rural Health, and Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE) at the Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea, Shahnazi, and Kaboli and Mr Haraldsson); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea and Kaboli); Center for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (Drs Sterling and Wong); and Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Dr Wong)
| | - Bjarni Haraldsson
- Veterans Rural Health Resource Center-Iowa City, VA Office of Rural Health, and Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE) at the Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea, Shahnazi, and Kaboli and Mr Haraldsson); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea and Kaboli); Center for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (Drs Sterling and Wong); and Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Dr Wong)
| | - Ariana F. Shahnazi
- Veterans Rural Health Resource Center-Iowa City, VA Office of Rural Health, and Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE) at the Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea, Shahnazi, and Kaboli and Mr Haraldsson); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea and Kaboli); Center for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (Drs Sterling and Wong); and Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Dr Wong)
| | - Ryan A. Sterling
- Veterans Rural Health Resource Center-Iowa City, VA Office of Rural Health, and Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE) at the Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea, Shahnazi, and Kaboli and Mr Haraldsson); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea and Kaboli); Center for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (Drs Sterling and Wong); and Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Dr Wong)
| | - Edwin S. Wong
- Veterans Rural Health Resource Center-Iowa City, VA Office of Rural Health, and Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE) at the Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea, Shahnazi, and Kaboli and Mr Haraldsson); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea and Kaboli); Center for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (Drs Sterling and Wong); and Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Dr Wong)
| | - Peter J. Kaboli
- Veterans Rural Health Resource Center-Iowa City, VA Office of Rural Health, and Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE) at the Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea, Shahnazi, and Kaboli and Mr Haraldsson); Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City (Drs O'Shea and Kaboli); Center for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington (Drs Sterling and Wong); and Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle (Dr Wong)
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Bertels LS, van Asselt KM, van Weert HCPM, Dekker E, Knottnerus BJ. Reasons for No Colonoscopy After an Unfavorable Screening Result in Dutch Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Nationwide Questionnaire. Ann Fam Med 2022; 20:526-534. [PMID: 36443069 PMCID: PMC9705029 DOI: 10.1370/afm.2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to assess participant-reported factors associated with non-follow-up with colonoscopy in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. METHODS In May 2019, we distributed a nationwide cross-sectional questionnaire (n = 4,009) to participants in the Dutch CRC screening program who received a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT). Among respondents who reported no colonoscopy, we assessed the presence of a contraindication, and those without were compared with those who reported colonoscopy by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of 2,225 respondents (56% response rate), 730 (33%) reported no colonoscopy. A contraindication was reported by 55% (n = 404). Decisional difficulties (odds ratio [OR] = 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18-0.47), lacking the opportunity to discuss the FIT outcome (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.28-0.72), and a low estimated risk of CRC (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.26-0.76) were negatively associated with follow-up. Knowledge items negatively associated with follow-up included having an alternative explanation for the positive FIT (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.21-0.43), having trust in the ability to self-detect CRC (OR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.27-0.65), and thinking that polyp removal is ineffective (OR = 0.59; 95% CI, 0.43-0.82). The belief that the family physician would support colonoscopy showed the strongest positive association with follow-up (OR = 2.84; 95% CI, 2.01-4.02) CONCLUSIONS: Because decisional difficulties and certain convictions regarding CRC and screening are associated with non-follow-up, personalized screening counseling might be an intervention worth exploring as a means of improving follow-up in the Dutch CRC screening program. Involving family physicians might also prove beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda S Bertels
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of General Practice, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Socio-Medical Sciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel M van Asselt
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of General Practice, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk C P M van Weert
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of General Practice, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Dekker
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J Knottnerus
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of General Practice, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kasting ML, Christy SM, Reich RR, Rathwell JA, Roetzheim RG, Vadaparampil ST, Giuliano AR. Hepatitis C Virus Screening: Factors Associated With Test Completion in a Large Academic Health Care System. Public Health Rep 2022; 137:1136-1145. [PMID: 34694928 PMCID: PMC9574314 DOI: 10.1177/00333549211054085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2012, onetime hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening was recommended for all baby boomers (people born during 1945-1965) in the United States, but only 4.0%-12.9% of baby boomers have ever had a screening ordered by a health care provider. This study examined the HCV screening prevalence among adult patients in a large academic health care system and assessed factors associated with the completion of screening when ordered for baby boomers. METHODS We defined HCV screening completion as the completion of an HCV antibody test when it was ordered. We used electronic health records to examine HCV screening completion rates among adults (N = 106 630) from August 1, 2015, through July 31, 2020, by birth cohort. Among baby boomers whose health care provider ordered HCV screening, we examined frequency and percentages of HCV screening completion by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. We conducted univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess factors associated with HCV screening completion among baby boomers. RESULTS During the study period, 73.0% of baby boomers completed HCV screening when it was ordered. HCV completion did not differ by sex or race and ethnicity among baby boomers. Baby boomers with Medicare supplemental health insurance compared with commercial health insurance (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.87) and those seeing only advanced practice professionals compared with specialty care physicians (aOR = 2.24) were more likely to complete HCV screening when it was ordered. CONCLUSIONS Noncompletion of HCV screening is one of many barriers along the HCV treatment continuum. Our findings suggest a need for interventions targeting systems, health care providers, and patients to increase HCV screening rates in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Kasting
- Department of Public Health, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shannon M. Christy
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Richard R. Reich
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Julie A. Rathwell
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Richard G. Roetzheim
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Susan T. Vadaparampil
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anna R. Giuliano
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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8
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Pankratz VS, Kanda D, Edwardson N, English K, Adsul P, Li Y, Parasher G, Mishra SI. Colorectal Cancer Survival Trends in the United States From 1992 to 2018 Differ Among Persons From Five Racial and Ethnic Groups According to Stage at Diagnosis: A SEER-Based Study. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748221136440. [PMID: 36264283 PMCID: PMC9597478 DOI: 10.1177/10732748221136440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Survival following colorectal cancer (CRC) has improved in the US since 1975, but there is limited information on stage-specific survival trends among racial and ethnic subgroups. Objectives The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare trends in 1- and 5-year CRC cause-specific survival in the United States by both stage and race/ethnicity. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of individuals diagnosed with CRC using the 1992-2018 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. We estimated and compared time trends in 1- and 5-year survival for CRC stage by race/ethnicity. Results Data from 399 220 individuals diagnosed with CRC were available. There were significant differences in stage-specific 1-year survival trends by race and ethnicity. Differences were most notable for distant stage CRC: survival probabilities increased most consistently for non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) and Black (NHB) persons, but their trend lines were lower than those of Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander (API) and White (NHW) persons, whose initially greater gains appear to be slowing. Although the data do not support significant racial/ethnic differences in 5-year CRC survival trends by stage, AIAN and NHB persons have the lowest average survival probabilities for multiple CRC stages, and no racial/ethnic group has 5-year survival probabilities above 20% for distant-stage CRC. Conclusion Although there has been an overall improvement in adjusted CRC-specific survival probabilities since 1992, AIAN and NHB persons continue to experience worse prognosis than those of other races/ethnicities. This highlights the importance of reinvigorating efforts to understand the causes of mortality in CRC, including those which may differ according to an individual’s race or ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon S. Pankratz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA,University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Vernon S. Pankratz, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC 07 4025, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
| | - Deborah Kanda
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nicholas Edwardson
- School of Public Administration, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kevin English
- Albuquerque Area Southwest Tribal Epidemiology Center, Albuquerque Area Indian Health Board, Inc., Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Prajakta Adsul
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA,University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yiting Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gulshan Parasher
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Shiraz I. Mishra
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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9
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Effect of Chronic Comorbidities on Follow-up Colonoscopy After Positive Colorectal Cancer Screening Results: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:1137-1145. [PMID: 35333781 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) are colorectal cancer screening tests used to identify individuals requiring further investigation with colonoscopy. Delayed colonoscopy after positive FOBT (FOBT+) is associated with poorer cancer outcomes. We assessed the effect of comorbidity on colonoscopy receipt within 12 months after FOBT+. METHODS Population-based healthcare databases from Ontario, Canada, were linked to assemble a cohort of 50-74-year-old individuals with FOBT+ results between 2008 and 2017. The associations between comorbidities and colonoscopy receipt within 12 months after FOBT+ were examined using multivariable cause-specific hazard regression models. RESULTS Of 168,701 individuals with FOBT+, 80.5% received colonoscopy within 12 months. In multivariable models, renal failure (hazard ratio [HR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62-0.82), heart failure (HR 0.77, CI 0.75-0.80), and serious mental illness (HR 0.88, CI 0.85-0.92) were associated with the lowest colonoscopy rates, compared with not having each condition. The number of medical conditions was inversely associated with colonoscopy uptake (≥4 vs 0: HR 0.64, CI 0.58-0.69; 3 vs 0: HR 0.75, CI 0.72-0.78; and 2 vs 0: HR 0.87, CI 0.85-0.89). Having both medical and mental health conditions was associated with a lower colonoscopy uptake relative to no comorbidity (HR 0.88, CI 0.87-0.90). DISCUSSION Persons with medical and mental health conditions had lower colonoscopy rates after FOBT+ than those without these conditions. Better strategies are needed to optimize colorectal cancer screening and follow-up in individuals with comorbidities.
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Issaka RB, Bell-Brown A, Kao J, Snyder C, Atkins DL, Chew LD, Weiner BJ, Strate L, Inadomi JM, Ramsey SD. Barriers Associated with Inadequate Follow-up of Abnormal Fecal Immunochemical Test Results in a Safety-Net System: A Mixed-Methods Analysis. Prev Med Rep 2022; 28:101831. [PMID: 35637893 PMCID: PMC9144348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Less than 50% of patients with an abnormal FIT result had a documented reason. Patient-level (e.g., declined colonoscopy) reasons were most frequently documented. Interviews revealed discordance in documented and patient-reported reasons. Mixed-methods analyses are needed to improve colonoscopy after abnormal FIT results.
In safety-net healthcare systems, colonoscopy completion within 1-year of an abnormal fecal immunochemical test (FIT) result rarely exceeds 50%. Understanding how electronic health records (EHR) documented reasons for missed colonoscopy match or differ from patient-reported reasons, is critical to optimize effective interventions to address this challenge. We conducted a convergent mixed-methods study which included a retrospective analysis of EHR data and semi-structured interviews of adults 50–75 years old, with abnormal FIT results between 2014 and 2020 in a large safety-net healthcare system. Of the 299 patients identified, 59.2% (n = 177) did not complete a colonoscopy within one year of their abnormal result. EHR abstraction revealed a documented reason for lack of follow-up colonoscopy in 49.2% (n = 87/177); patient-level (e.g., declined colonoscopy; 51.5%) and multi-factorial reasons (e.g., lost to follow-up; 37.9%) were most common. In 18 patient interviews, patient (e.g., fear of colonoscopy), provider (e.g., lack of result awareness), and system-level reasons (e.g., scheduling challenges) were most common. Only three reasons for lack of colonoscopy overlapped between EHR data and patient interviews (competing health issues, lack of transportation, and abnormal FIT result attributed to another cause). In a cohort of safety-net patients with abnormal FIT results, the most common reasons for lack of follow-up were patient-related. Our analysis revealed a discordance between EHR documented and patient-reported reasons for lack of colonoscopy after an abnormal FIT result. Mixed-methods analyses, as in the present study, may give us the greatest insight into modifiable determinants to develop effective interventions beyond quantitative and qualitative data analysis alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B. Issaka
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Corresponding author at: 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M/S: M3-B232, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ari Bell-Brown
- Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason Kao
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Division of Medical Oncology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cyndy Snyder
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dana L. Atkins
- Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa D. Chew
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryan J. Weiner
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lisa Strate
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John M. Inadomi
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Scott D. Ramsey
- Hutchinson Institute for Cancer Outcomes Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Ha J, Walker MJ, Myers LE, Ballard CJ, Imperiale TF. Yield and Risk Factors for Advanced Colorectal Neoplasia and Long-term Outcomes in Veterans With 3 or More Nonadvanced Adenomas. J Clin Gastroenterol 2022; 56:343-348. [PMID: 33935189 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Until recently, guidelines recommended a 3-year surveillance colonoscopy for persons with 3 to 10 nonadvanced adenomas (NAA). In this study, we quantify yield for metachronous advanced neoplasia (AN); attempt to identify risk factors for AN; and measure colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. METHODS We used natural language processing to screen an existing data set for Veterans with 3 to 10 NAA. We manually reviewed colonoscopy and pathology reports to verify baseline findings and determine results of subsequent colonoscopy (sCY). Baseline features were extracted from the electronic medical record (EMR) and a national data set, CRC incidence was obtained from the Veterans Affairs cancer registry, and CRC mortality from the National Death Index through September 30, 2017. CRC incidence and mortality were compared between Veterans who did versus did not have sCY. RESULTS Natural language processing identified 3673 Veterans who potentially had 3 to 10 NAA, of which 1672 were excluded after EMR review. In the analytical cohort of 2001 subjects, 1178 (59%) had sCY at a mean (SD) follow-up of 4.3 (2.2) years. The sCY group was younger (mean age: 61 vs. 67 y; P<0.01) and were less likely to have diabetes (27% vs. 31%; P=0.02) and congestive heart failure (4% vs. 9%; P<0.01). sCY showed AN in 182 subjects (15.5%). Baseline features were no different between those with versus without metachronous AN. Subjects with sCY had a greater CRC incidence (n=7 vs. n=0; P=0.046), but there was no difference in CRC mortality (0 for both subgroups). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with 3 to 10 NAA on index colonoscopy who underwent sCY, AN was present in 15.5% at mean follow-up of 4.3 years. No risk factors for AN were identified. CRC incidence, but not CRC mortality, was higher among those with sCY.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan J Walker
- Indiana University
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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12
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Zorzi M, Battagello J, Selby K, Capodaglio G, Baracco S, Rizzato S, Chinellato E, Guzzinati S, Rugge M. Non-compliance with colonoscopy after a positive faecal immunochemical test doubles the risk of dying from colorectal cancer. Gut 2022; 71:561-567. [PMID: 33789965 PMCID: PMC8862019 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) among subjects with a positive faecal immunochemical test (FIT) who do not undergo a colonoscopy is unknown. We estimated whether non-compliance with colonoscopy after a positive FIT is associated with increased CRC incidence and mortality. METHODS The FIT-based CRC screening programme in the Veneto region (Italy) invited persons aged 50 to 69 years with a positive FIT (>20 µg Hb/g faeces) for diagnostic colonoscopy at an endoscopic referral centre. In this retrospective cohort study, we compared the 10-year cumulative CRC incidence and mortality among FIT positives who completed a diagnostic colonoscopy within the programme (compliers) and those who did not (non-compliers), using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox-Aalen models. RESULTS Some 88 013 patients who were FIT positive complied with colonoscopy (males: 56.1%; aged 50-59 years: 49.1%) while 23 410 did not (males: 54.6%; aged 50-59 years: 44.9%).The 10-year cumulative incidence of CRC was 44.7 per 1000 (95% CI, 43.1 to 46.3) among colonoscopy compliers and 54.3 per 1000 (95% CI, 49.9 to 58.7) in non-compliers, while the cumulative mortality for CRC was 6.8 per 1000 (95% CI, 5.9 to 7.6) and 16.0 per 1000 (95% CI, 13.1 to 18.9), respectively. The risk of dying of CRC among non-compliers was 103% higher than among compliers (adjusted HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.68 to 2.44). CONCLUSION The excess risk of CRC death among those not completing colonoscopy after a positive faecal occult blood test should prompt screening programmes to adopt effective interventions to increase compliance in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Zorzi
- Veneto Tumour Registry, Azienda Zero, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Kevin Selby
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Capodaglio
- Screening and Health Impact Assessment Unit, Azienda Zero, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Massimo Rugge
- Veneto Tumour Registry, Azienda Zero, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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13
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Mog AC, Liang PS, Donovan LM, Sayre GG, Shaukat A, May FP, Glorioso TJ, Jorgenson MA, Wood GB, Mueller C, Dominitz JA. Timely Colonoscopy After Positive Fecal Immunochemical Tests in the Veterans Health Administration: A Qualitative Assessment of Current Practice and Perceived Barriers. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2022; 13:e00438. [PMID: 35060937 PMCID: PMC8865517 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Veterans Health Administration introduced a clinical reminder system in 2018 to help address process gaps in colorectal cancer screening, including the diagnostic evaluation of positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) results. We conducted a qualitative study to explore the differences between facilities who performed in the top vs bottom decile for follow-up colonoscopy. METHODS Seventeen semistructured interviews with gastroenterology (GI) providers and staff were conducted at 9 high-performing and 8 low-performing sites. RESULTS We identified 2 domains, current practices and perceived barriers, and most findings were described by both high- and low-performing sites. Findings exclusive to 1 group mainly pertained to current practices, especially arranging colonoscopy for FIT-positive patients. We observed only 1 difference in the perceived barriers domain, which pertained to primary care providers. DISCUSSION These results suggest that what primarily distinguishes high- and low-performing sites is not a difference in barriers but rather in the GI clinical care process. Developing and disseminating patient education materials about the importance of diagnostic colonoscopy, eliminating in-person precolonoscopy visits when clinically appropriate, and involving GI in missed colonoscopy appointments and outside referrals should all be considered to increase follow-up colonoscopy rates. Our study illustrates the challenges of performing a timely colonoscopy after a positive FIT result and provides insights on improving the clinical care process for patients who are at substantially increased risk for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Mog
- Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter S. Liang
- Veteran Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, USA
- NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lucas M. Donovan
- Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - George G. Sayre
- Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aasma Shaukat
- Minneapolis Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Folasade P. May
- Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas J. Glorioso
- CART Program, Office of Quality and Patient Safety, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Gordon Blake Wood
- Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Candice Mueller
- CART Program, Office of Quality and Patient Safety, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jason A. Dominitz
- Veteran Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Cusumano VT, Myint A, Corona E, Yang L, Bocek J, Lopez AG, Huang MZ, Raja N, Dermenchyan A, Roh L, Han M, Croymans D, May FP. Patient Navigation After Positive Fecal Immunochemical Test Results Increases Diagnostic Colonoscopy and Highlights Multilevel Barriers to Follow-Up. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:3760-3768. [PMID: 33609211 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is a common colorectal cancer screening modality in the USA but often is not followed by diagnostic colonoscopy. AIMS We investigated the efficacy of patient navigation to increase diagnostic colonoscopy after positive FIT results and determined persistent barriers to follow-up despite navigation in a large, academic healthcare system. METHODS The study cohort included all health system outpatients with an assigned primary care provider, a positive FIT result between 12/01/2016 and 06/01/2019, and no documentation of colonoscopy after positive FIT. Two non-clinical patient navigators engaged patients and providers to encourage follow-up, offer solutions to barriers, and assist with colonoscopy scheduling. The primary intervention endpoint was completion of colonoscopy within 6 months of navigation. We documented reasons for persistent barriers to colonoscopy despite navigation and determined predictors of successful follow-up after navigation. RESULTS There were 119 patients who received intervention. Of these, 37 (31.1%) patients completed colonoscopy at 6 months. In 41/119 (34.5%) cases, the PCP did not recommend colonoscopy, most commonly due to a normal colonoscopy prior to the positive FIT (19, 46.3%). There were 41/119 patients (34.5%) that declined colonoscopy despite the patient navigator and the PCP order. Male sex and younger age were significant predictors of follow-up (aOR = 2.91, 95%CI, 1.18-7.13; aOR = 0.92, 95%CI, 0.87-0.99). CONCLUSIONS After implementation of patient navigation, diagnostic colonoscopy was completed for 31.1% of patients with a positive FIT result. However, navigation also highlighted persistent multilevel barriers to follow-up. Future work will develop targeted solutions for these barriers to further increase FIT follow-up rates in our health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivy T Cusumano
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Myint
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edgar Corona
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Bocek
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA.,Faculty Practice Group and Office of Population Health and Accountable Care, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antonio G Lopez
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA
| | - Marcela Zhou Huang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA
| | - Naveen Raja
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA.,Faculty Practice Group and Office of Population Health and Accountable Care, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Dermenchyan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA.,Quality Program, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lily Roh
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA.,Faculty Practice Group and Office of Population Health and Accountable Care, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Han
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA.,Quality Program, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Croymans
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA.,Quality Program, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Folasade P May
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Drive South, Room A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA. .,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Cancer Prevention Control Research, UCLA Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Equity, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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15
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A Quality Improvement Intervention Leveraging a Safety Net Model for Surveillance Colonoscopy Completion. Am J Med Qual 2021; 37:55-64. [PMID: 34010167 DOI: 10.1097/01.jmq.0000743680.01321.2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Systems to address follow-up testing of clinically positive surveillance colonoscopy results are lacking. The impact of an ambulatory safety net (ASN) intervention on rates of colonoscopy completion was assessed. The ASN team identified patients using an electronic registry, conducted patient outreach, coordinated care, and tracked colonoscopy completion. In all, 701 patients were captured in the ASN program: 58.1% (407/701) had possible barriers to follow-up colonoscopy completion, with rates of 80.1% (236/294) if no barrier, and 40.9% (287/701) overall. Colonoscopy completion likelihood increased with prior polypectomy (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.3), and decreased with White race (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9), increased inpatient visits (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-0.9), more outreach attempts (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.5-0.7), and fair/poor/inadequate preparation (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7) in logistic regression models. An ASN model for quality improvement promotes colonoscopy completion rates and identifies patient barriers.
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16
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San Miguel Y, Demb J, Martinez ME, Gupta S, May FP. Time to Colonoscopy After Abnormal Stool-Based Screening and Risk for Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1997-2005.e3. [PMID: 33545140 PMCID: PMC8096663 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.01.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The optimal time interval for diagnostic colonoscopy completion after an abnormal stool-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening test is uncertain. We examined the association between time to colonoscopy and CRC outcomes among individuals who underwent diagnostic colonoscopy after abnormal stool-based screening. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of veterans age 50 to 75 years with an abnormal fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or fecal immunochemical test (FIT) between 1999 and 2010. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards to generate CRC-specific incidence and mortality hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for 3-month colonoscopy intervals, with 1 to 3 months as the reference group. Association of time to colonoscopy with late-stage CRC diagnosis was also examined. RESULTS Our cohort included 204,733 patients. Mean age was 61 years (SD 6.9). Compared with patients who received a colonoscopy at 1 to 3 months, there was an increased CRC risk for patients who received a colonoscopy at 13 to 15 months (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.00-1.27), 16 to 18 months (HR 1.25; 95% CI 1.10-1.43), 19 to 21 months (HR 1.28; 95% CI: 1.11-1.48), and 22 to 24 months (HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.07-1.47). Compared with patients who received a colonoscopy at 1 to 3 months, mortality risk was higher in groups who received a colonoscopy at 19 to 21 months (HR 1.52; 95% CI 1.51-1.99) and 22 to 24 months (HR 1.39; 95% CI 1.03-1.88). Odds for late-stage CRC increased at 16 months. CONCLUSIONS Increased time to colonoscopy is associated with higher risk of CRC incidence, death, and late-stage CRC after abnormal FIT/FOBT. Interventions to improve CRC outcomes should emphasize diagnostic follow-up within 1 year of an abnormal FIT/FOBT result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin San Miguel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Moores Cancer Center and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joshua Demb
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- Moores Cancer Center and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Samir Gupta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| | - Folasade P May
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
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17
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Zhao L, Zhang X, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, Lu W. Does self-reported symptom questionnaire play a role in nonadherence to colonoscopy for risk-increased population in the Tianjin colorectal cancer screening programme? BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:117. [PMID: 33750307 PMCID: PMC7944887 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01701-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A colorectal cancer screening programme (CCSP) was implemented from 2012 to 2017 in Tianjin, China. Residents with a positive faecal immunochemical test (FIT) or positive self-reported symptom questionnaire (SRSQ) were recommended to undergo colonoscopy. The objective was to investigate the potential factors associated with nonadherence to colonoscopy among a risk-increased population. METHODS Data were obtained from the CCSP database, and 199,522 residents with positive FIT or positive SRSQ during two screening rounds (2012-2017) were included in the analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between nonadherence to colonoscopy and potential predictors. RESULTS A total of 152,870 (76.6%) individuals did not undergo colonoscopy after positive FIT or positive SRSQ. Residents with positive SRSQ but without positive FIT were more likely not to undergo colonoscopy (negative FIT: OR, 2.35; 95% CI, 2.29-2.41, no FIT: OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.24-1.31). Patients without a cancer history were less likely to undergo colonoscopy even if they received risk-increased reports based on the SRSQ. CONCLUSION In the CCSP, seventy-seven percent of the risk-increased population did not undergo colonoscopy. FIT should be recommended since positive FIT results are related to improved adherence to colonoscopy. Residents with negative FIT but positive SRSQ should be informed of the potential cancer risk to ensure adherence to colonoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenli Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Bertels L, Lucassen P, van Asselt K, Dekker E, van Weert H, Knottnerus B. Motives for non-adherence to colonoscopy advice after a positive colorectal cancer screening test result: a qualitative study. Scand J Prim Health Care 2020; 38:487-498. [PMID: 33185121 PMCID: PMC7781896 DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2020.1844391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Participants with a positive faecal immunochemical test (FIT) in screening programs for colorectal cancer (CRC) have a high risk for colorectal cancer and advanced adenomas. They are therefore recommended follow-up by colonoscopy. However, more than ten percent of positively screened persons do not adhere to this advice. OBJECTIVE To investigate FIT-positive individuals' motives for non-adherence to colonoscopy advice in the Dutch CRC screening program. SUBJECTS Non-adherent FIT-positive participants of the Dutch CRC screening program. DESIGN We conducted semi structured in-depth interviews with 17 persons who did not undergo colonoscopy within 6 months after a positive FIT. Interviews were undertaken face-to-face and data were analysed thematically with open coding and constant comparison. RESULTS All participants had multifactorial motives for non-adherence. A preference for more personalised care was described with the following themes: aversion against the design of the screening program, expectations of personalised care, emotions associated with experiences of impersonal care and a desire for counselling where options other than colonoscopy could be discussed. Furthermore, intrinsic motives were: having a perception of low risk for CRC (described by all participants), aversion and fear of colonoscopy, distrust, reluctant attitude to the treatment of cancer and cancer fatalism. Extrinsic motives were: having other health issues or priorities, practical barriers, advice from a general practitioner (GP) and financial reasons. CONCLUSION Personalised screening counselling might have helped to improve the interviewees' experiences with the screening program as well as their knowledge on CRC and CRC screening. Future studies should explore whether personalised screening counselling also has potential to increase adherence rates. Key points Participants with a positive FIT in two-step colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs are at high risk for colorectal cancer and advanced adenomas. Non-adherence after an unfavourable screening result happens in all CRC programs worldwide with the consequence that many of the participants do not undergo colonoscopy for the definitive assessment of the presence of colorectal cancer. Little qualitative research has been done to study the reasons why individuals participate in the first step of the screening but not in the second step. We found a preference for more personalised care, which was not reported in previous literature on this subject. Furthermore, intrinsic factors, such as a low risk perception and distrust, and extrinsic factors, such as the presence of other health issues and GP advice, may also play a role in non-adherence. A person-centred approach in the form of a screening counselling session may be beneficial for this group of CRC screening participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Bertels
- Department of General Practice, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Socio-Medical Sciences, Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- CONTACT Lucinda Bertels , .Department of General Practice, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Rotterdam
| | - Peter Lucassen
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel van Asselt
- Department of General Practice, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Dekker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Weert
- Department of General Practice, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Knottnerus
- Department of General Practice, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Rutter CM, Knudsen AB, Lin JS, Bouskill KE. Black and White Differences in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Screening Outcomes: A Narrative Review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 30:3-12. [PMID: 33144285 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Racial disparities in colorectal cancer incidence are widely documented. There are two potential mechanisms for these disparities: differences in access to screening, including screening follow-up, and differences in underlying risk of colorectal cancer. We reviewed the literature for evidence of these two mechanisms. We show that higher colorectal cancer incidence in blacks relative to whites emerged only after the dissemination of screening and describe evidence of racial disparities in screening rates. In contrast to the strong evidence for differences in colorectal cancer screening utilization, there is limited evidence for racial differences in adenoma prevalence. In general, black and white patients who are screened have similar adenoma prevalence, though there is some evidence that advanced adenomas and adenomas in the proximal colon are somewhat more likely in black than white patients. We conclude that higher rates of colorectal cancer incidence among black patients are primarily driven by lower rates of colorectal cancer screening. Our findings highlight the need to increase black patients' access to quality screening to reduce colorectal cancer incidence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy B Knudsen
- Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer S Lin
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon
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20
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Lau J, Lim TZ, Jianlin Wong G, Tan KK. The health belief model and colorectal cancer screening in the general population: A systematic review. Prev Med Rep 2020; 20:101223. [PMID: 33088680 PMCID: PMC7567954 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer screening saves lives and is cost-effective. It allows early detection of the pathology, and enables earlier medical intervention. Despite clinical practice guidelines promoting screening for average risk individuals, uptake remains suboptimal in many populations. Few studies have examined how sociobehavioural factors influence screening uptake in the context of behaviour change theories such as the health belief model. This systematic review therefore examines how the health belief model’s constructs are associated with colorectal cancer screening. Four databases were systematically searched from inception to September 2019. Quantitative observational studies that used the health belief model to examine colorectal screening history, intention or behaviour were included. A total of 30 studies met the criteria for review; all were of cross-sectional design. Perceived susceptibility, benefits and cues to action were directly associated with screening history or intention. Perceived barriers inversely associated with screening history or intention. The studies included also found other modifying factors including sociodemographic and cultural norms. Self-report of screening history, intention or behaviour, convenience sampling and lack of temporality among factors were common limitations across studies. The health belief model’s associations with colorectal cancer screening uptake was consistent with preventive health behaviours in general. Future studies should examine how theory-based behavioural interventions can be tailored to account for the influence of socioecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrald Lau
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tian-Zhi Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gretel Jianlin Wong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ker-Kan Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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21
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Lee M, Khan MM, Brandt HM, Salloum RG, Chen B. Decomposing socioeconomic disparities in the use of colonoscopy among the insured elderly population before and after the Affordable Care Act. Cancer Causes Control 2020; 31:1039-1048. [PMID: 32862301 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-020-01343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Out-of-pocket costs may significantly dampen patients' willingness to adopt preventive procedures. This is especially true for colonoscopies, which typically involved relatively high cost-sharing requirements prior to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) implementation in 2011. PURPOSE We aim to examine the effects of income-related disparities in colonoscopy use in the years prior to and immediately after the implementation of the ACA. Further, we quantify the contributions of different factors in explaining the disparities in the use of colonoscopies among elderly population with health insurance coverage. METHODS Five cycles (2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016) of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were utilized. To examine income-related disparities in the use of CRC, individuals aged 65-75 were included, and the concentration index (CI) was calculated before and after the implementation of ACA. To identify and quantify the contribution of different factors, a decomposition analysis of CI was conducted. RESULTS CIs decreased from 0.1935 in pre-ACA years to 0.1813 in the post-ACA years among the elderly, indicating that the disparities in the use of colonoscopy was relatively low and the disparities index declined after the implementation of ACA. Decomposition analyses showed that whereas decreases in disparities derived largely from income and educational level, higher level of income and educational attainment were major contributors to the observed disparities in colonoscopy use. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the ACA's removal of financial barriers may have contributed toward the reduction in disparities of colonoscopy use. More direct interventions, e.g., improved knowledge, better access and lower indirect cost will be helpful in improving screening among low-income and low-educational attainment households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Lee
- Department of Population Science and Policy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA. .,Simons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
| | - M Mahmud Khan
- Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Heather M Brandt
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Outcomes & Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brain Chen
- Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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22
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Making FIT Count: Maximizing Appropriate Use of the Fecal Immunochemical Test for Colorectal Cancer Screening Programs. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:1870-1874. [PMID: 32128688 PMCID: PMC7280423 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-05728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common and deadly malignancies despite advancements in screening, diagnostic capabilities, and treatment. The ability to detect and remove precancerous and cancerous lesions via screening has altered the epidemiology of the disease, decreasing incidence, mortality, and late-stage disease presentation. The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is a screening test that aims to detect human hemoglobin in the stool. FIT is the most common CRC screening modality worldwide and second most common in the United States. Its use in screening programs has been shown to increase screening uptake and improve CRC outcomes. However, FIT-based screening programs vary widely in quality and effectiveness. In health systems with high-quality FIT screening programs, only superior FIT formats are used, providers order FIT appropriately, annual patient participation is high, and diagnostic follow-up after an abnormal result is achieved in a timely manner. Proper utilization of FIT involves multiple steps beyond provider recommendation of the test. In this commentary, we aim to highlight ongoing challenges in FIT screening and suggest interventions to maximize FIT effectiveness. Through active engagement of patients and providers, health systems can use FIT to help optimize CRC screening rates and improve CRC outcomes.
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23
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Adams MA, Rubenstein JH, Lipson R, Holleman RG, Saini SD. Trends in Wait Time for Outpatient Colonoscopy in the Veterans Health Administration, 2008-2015. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:1776-1782. [PMID: 32212093 PMCID: PMC7280466 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-05776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Veterans Health Administration (VA) recently has been scrutinized for prolonged wait times for routine medical care, including elective outpatient procedures such as colonoscopy. Wait times for colonoscopy following positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT) are associated with worse clinical outcomes only if greater than 6 months. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate time trends in wait time for outpatient colonoscopy in VA and factors influencing wait time. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study using mixed-effects regression of VA administrative data from the Corporate Data Warehouse. PARTICIPANTS Veterans who underwent outpatient colonoscopy for positive FOBT in 2008-2015 at 124 VA endoscopy facilities. MAIN MEASURES The main outcome measure was wait time (in days) between positive FOBT and colonoscopy completion, stratified by year and adjusted for sedation type, year, and potentially influential patient- and facility-level factors. KEY RESULTS In total, 125,866 outpatient colonoscopy encounters for positive FOBT occurred during the study period. The number of colonoscopies for this indication declined slightly over time (17,586 in 2008 vs. 13,245 in 2015; range 13,425-19,814). In 2008, median wait time across sites was 50 days (interquartile range [IQR] = 33, 75). There was no secular trend in wait times (2015 median = 52 days, IQR = 34, 77). Examining the adjusted effect of patient- and facility-level factors on wait time, no clinically meaningful difference was found. CONCLUSIONS Wait times for colonoscopy for positive FOBT have been stable over time. Despite the perception of prolonged VA wait times, wait times for outpatient colonoscopy for positive FOBT are well below the threshold at which clinically meaningful differences in patient outcomes have been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Adams
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Joel H Rubenstein
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachel Lipson
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert G Holleman
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sameer D Saini
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Cusumano VT, Corona E, Partida D, Yang L, Yu C, May FP. Patients without colonoscopic follow-up after abnormal fecal immunochemical tests are often unaware of the abnormal result and report several barriers to colonoscopy. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:115. [PMID: 32306919 PMCID: PMC7168865 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is the second most commonly used colorectal cancer (CRC) screening modality in the United States; yet, follow-up of abnormal FIT results with diagnostic colonoscopy is underutilized. Our objective was to determine patient-reported barriers to diagnostic colonoscopy following abnormal FIT in an academic healthcare setting. Methods We included patients age 50–75 with an abnormal FIT result between 1/1/2015 and 10/31/2017 and no documented follow-up diagnostic colonoscopy. We abstracted demographic data from the electronic health record (EHR). Study personnel conducted telephone surveys with patients to confirm colonoscopy completion and elicit data on notification of FIT results and barriers to colonoscopy. We also provided brief verbal education about diagnostic colonoscopy. We calculated frequencies of demographic data and survey responses and compared survey responses by interest in colonoscopy after education. Results We surveyed 67 patients. Fifty-one were aware of the abnormal FIT result, and a majority learned of the abnormal FIT result by direct communication with providers (19, 37.3%) or EHR messaging (11, 21.6%). Overall, fifty-three patients (79.1%) confirmed lack of colonoscopy, citing provider-related (19, 35.8%), patient-related (16, 30.2%), system-related (1, 1.9%), or multifactorial (17, 32.1%) reasons. Lack of knowledge of FIT result (14, 26.4%) was most common. After brief education, 20 (37.7%) patients requested colonoscopy. Conclusion Patients with an abnormal FIT reported various multi-level barriers to diagnostic colonoscopy after abnormal FIT, including knowledge of FIT results. When provided with brief education, participants expressed interest in diagnostic colonoscopy. Future efforts will evaluate interventions to improve colonoscopy follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivy T Cusumano
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Edgar Corona
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Diana Partida
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christine Yu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Folasade P May
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. .,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. .,UCLA Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Equity, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. .,Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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25
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Effects of the Affordable Care Act on the Receipt of Colonoscopies among the Insured Elderly. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17010313. [PMID: 31906426 PMCID: PMC6981636 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) waived deductibles and eliminated coinsurance for colonoscopies for Medicare beneficiaries beginning in January 1, 2011. This study investigated the effect of the ACA’s directive to remove the financial barriers on the receipt of colonoscopies among the elderly insured, who are predominantly covered by Medicare. Methods: Data from the 2008–2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used to examine the receipt of colonoscopies in two years prior to the implementation of the ACA (2008 and 2010) and three years after the change (2012, 2014, and 2016). Multivariate logistic regressions were estimated to examine the change in colonoscopy use before and after the introduction of the ACA, adjusting for patient characteristics and availability of health care providers in the geographic region. Results: Of 349,899 eligible elderly insured in the age group 65 to 75 years, 236,275 (67.2%) had received a colonoscopy in the previous ten years. The receipt of colonoscopies increased from 63.5% in pre-ACA years to 69.2% in the post-ACA years (p < 0.001). Compared with the pre-ACA period, the odds ratio of colonoscopy uptake in post-ACA years was 1.15 (95% CI = 1.08–1.22). Conclusions: A statistically significant increase in colonoscopy use was observed in the post-ACA years. However, achieving the target coverage rate of 80% will require additional interventions to encourage higher levels of screenings.
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26
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Beshara A, Ahoroni M, Comanester D, Vilkin A, Boltin D, Dotan I, Niv Y, Cohen AD, Levi Z. Association between time to colonoscopy after a positive guaiac fecal test result and risk of colorectal cancer and advanced stage disease at diagnosis. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1532-1540. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amani Beshara
- Division of GastroenterologyRabin Medical Center Petah Tikva Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Maya Ahoroni
- Division of GastroenterologyRabin Medical Center Petah Tikva Israel
| | | | - Alex Vilkin
- Division of GastroenterologyRabin Medical Center Petah Tikva Israel
| | - Doron Boltin
- Division of GastroenterologyRabin Medical Center Petah Tikva Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Iris Dotan
- Division of GastroenterologyRabin Medical Center Petah Tikva Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Yaron Niv
- Division of GastroenterologyRabin Medical Center Petah Tikva Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Arnon D. Cohen
- Department of Quality Measurements and ResearchChief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services Tel Aviv Israel
- Siaal Research Center for Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health SciencesBen‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Zohar Levi
- Division of GastroenterologyRabin Medical Center Petah Tikva Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
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Breen N, Skinner CS, Zheng Y, Inrig S, Corley DA, Beaber EF, Garcia M, Chubak J, Doubeni C, Quinn VP, Haas JS, Li CI, Wernli KJ, Klabunde CN. Time to Follow-up After Colorectal Cancer Screening by Health Insurance Type. Am J Prev Med 2019; 56:e143-e152. [PMID: 31003603 PMCID: PMC6820676 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that patients with Medicaid insurance or Medicaid-like coverage would have longer times to follow-up and be less likely to complete colonoscopy compared with patients with commercial insurance within the same healthcare systems. METHODS A total of 35,009 patients aged 50-64years with a positive fecal immunochemical test were evaluated in Northern and Southern California Kaiser Permanente systems and in a North Texas safety-net system between 2011 and 2012. Kaplan-Meier estimation was used between 2016 and 2017 to calculate the probability of having follow-up colonoscopy by coverage type. Among Kaiser Permanente patients, Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs for the association between coverage type and receipt of follow-up, adjusting for sociodemographics and health status. RESULTS Even within the same integrated system with organized follow-up, patients with Medicaid were 24% less likely to complete follow-up as those with commercial insurance. Percentage receiving colonoscopy within 3 months after a positive fecal immunochemical test was 74.6% for commercial insurance, 63.10% for Medicaid only, and 37.5% for patients served by the integrated safety-net system. CONCLUSIONS This study found that patients with Medicaid were less likely than those with commercial insurance to complete follow-up colonoscopy after a positive fecal immunochemical test and had longer average times to follow-up. With the future of coverage mechanisms uncertain, it is important and timely to assess influences of health insurance coverage on likelihood of follow-up colonoscopy and identify potential disparities in screening completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Breen
- Office of Science Planning, Policy, Analysis, Reporting and Data, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Celette Sugg Skinner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Parkland Health and Hospital System/University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Population Sciences, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yingye Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen Inrig
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Parkland Health and Hospital System/University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Douglas A Corley
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Elisabeth F Beaber
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mike Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jessica Chubak
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chyke Doubeni
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Perelman School of Medicine, Universityof Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Virginia P Quinn
- Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer S Haas
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher I Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Public Health Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen J Wernli
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Hunleth JM, Gallo R, Steinmetz EK, James AS. Complicating "the good result": narratives of colorectal cancer screening when cancer is not found. J Psychosoc Oncol 2019; 37:509-525. [PMID: 30714858 DOI: 10.1080/07347332.2018.1563581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this paper, we analyze narratives from a Photovoice project on colorectal cancer screening that was carried out with people who had undergone screening and were found to not have cancer. METHODS Three groups, totaling eighteen participants, took part in the project, meeting multiple times over the course of approximately 10 weeks, and discussing photos they took about colorectal cancer screening. RESULTS A common way in which the participants conveyed their screening experiences was through reflection on their own or other people's illnesses. Our findings highlight the multiple meanings of receiving a "good" or noncancerous screening result after undergoing cancer screening. CONCLUSION Such findings suggest that framing noncancerous results only in terms of relief or other positive emotions may ignore the realities people and their families face and their remaining concerns. This paper has broader implications for policies to reduce cancer disparities as well as public health and patient-provider communication about screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Hunleth
- a Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Robert Gallo
- a Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
| | - Emily K Steinmetz
- b Department of Anthropology, Washington College , Chestertown , Maryland , USA
| | - Aimee S James
- a Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri , USA
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29
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Barriers to Follow-up Colonoscopies for Patients With Positive Results From Fecal Immunochemical Tests During Colorectal Cancer Screening. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:469-476. [PMID: 29857147 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Colorectal cancer is common yet largely preventable. The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is a highly recommended screening method, but patients with positive results must receive a follow-up colonoscopy to determine if they have precancerous or cancerous lesions. We characterized colonoscopic follow-up evaluations and reasons for lack of follow-up in a Veterans Affairs (VA) cohort. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of patients 50 to 75 years old with a positive FIT result from January 1, 2014, through May 31, 2016, in a network of 12 VAs sites in southern California. We determined the proportion of patients who received a follow-up colonoscopy, median time to colonoscopy, and colonoscopy findings. For patients who did not undergo colonoscopy, we determined the documented reason for lack of colonoscopy and factors associated with declining the colonoscopy examination. RESULTS Of the 10,635 FITs performed, 916 (8.6%) produced positive results; 569 of these (62.1%) were followed by colonoscopy. The median time to colonoscopy after a positive FIT result was 83 days (interquartile range, 54-145 d), which did not vary between veterans who received a colonoscopy at a VA facility (81 d; interquartile range, 52-143 d) vs a non-VA site (87 d; interquartile range, 60-154 d) (P = .2). For the 347 veterans (37.9%) who did not undergo follow-up colonoscopy, the reasons were patient-related (49.3%), provider-related (16.4%), system-related (12.1%), or multifactorial (22.2%). Overall, patient decline of colonoscopy (35.2%) was the most common reason. CONCLUSIONS In a cohort of veterans with positive results from FITs during CRC screening, reasons for lack of follow-up colonoscopy varied and included patient, provider, and system factors. These findings can be used to reduce barriers to follow-up colonoscopy and to address system-level challenges in scheduling and attrition for colonoscopy.
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Thomsen MK, Rasmussen M, Njor SH, Mikkelsen EM. Demographic and comorbidity predictors of adherence to diagnostic colonoscopy in the Danish Colorectal Cancer Screening Program: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Clin Epidemiol 2018; 10:1733-1742. [PMID: 30538577 PMCID: PMC6257139 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s176923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictors of participation in colorectal cancer screening with a stool sample screening modality have been widely studied, but adherence to subsequent diagnostic colonoscopy after a positive screening test has received less attention. We aimed to determine predictors of adherence to diagnostic colonoscopy in the Danish Colorectal Cancer Screening Program. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from National Health Service registries. We included 8,112 individuals invited to screening between March 3, 2014, and August 31, 2014, who had a positive immunochemical fecal occult blood test. Potential predictors were gender, age, region of residence, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score, specific diseases (cardiovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, diabetes, and cancer), and number of prior hospital stays. We estimated prevalence proportion differences (PPDs) for the associations between potential predictors and adherence. RESULTS Overall, adherence to diagnostic colonoscopy was 88.6%. Adherence was lower in individuals aged 75 years compared with those aged <70 years, PPD=-4.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -6.19; -2.20). Adherence decreased with a higher level of comorbidity: PPD=-2.30 (95% CI: -3.87; -0.74) for a CCI score of 1-2 and PPD=-9.24 (95% CI: -12.30; -6.19) for a CCI score of ≥3 compared to 0. For specific diseases, adherence was decreased in those with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, or diabetes, but less for cancer. When comorbidity was measured as number of prior hospital stays, the adjusted PPDs were -2.41 (95% CI: -4.43;-0.39) for one to two stays and -14.50 (95% CI: -20.30; -8.74) for three or more stays compared with no in-hospital stays. CONCLUSION Major predictors of nonadherence to diagnostic colonoscopy after a positive immunochemical fecal occult blood test were older age, a CCI score of 1 or more, cardiovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, diabetes, and one or more in-hospital stays within the last year.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morten Rasmussen
- Department of Digestive Diseases K, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Helle Njor
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark,
- Department of Public Health Programs, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
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A Multi-Level Fit-Based Quality Improvement Initiative to Improve Colorectal Cancer Screening in a Managed Care Population. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9:177. [PMID: 30177700 PMCID: PMC6120887 DOI: 10.1038/s41424-018-0046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common but largely preventable disease with suboptimal screening rates despite national guidelines to screen individuals age 50–75. Single-component interventions aimed to improve screening uptake only modestly improve rates; data suggest that multi-modal approaches may be more effective. Methods We designed, implemented, and evaluated the impact of a multi-modal intervention on CRC screening uptake among unscreened patients in a large managed care population. Patient-level components included a mailed letter with education about screening options and pre-colonoscopy telephone counseling. For providers, we facilitated communication of screening test results and work-flow for abnormal results. System-level modifications included establishment of a patient navigator, expedited work-up for abnormal results, and stream-lined colonoscopy scheduling. We measured the rate of screening uptake overall, screening uptake by modality, change in the proportion of the population screened, and positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) follow-up rates in the 1-year study period. Results There were 5093 patients in the intervention cohort. Of these, 33.2% participated in FIT or colonoscopy screening within 1 year of the mailing. A total of 1078 (21.2%) participants completed a FIT and 611 (12.0%) completed a screening colonoscopy. The screening rate in the managed care population increased from 65.1 to 76.6%. Fifty-nine patients (5.5%) had a positive FIT, of which 30 (50.8%) completed a diagnostic colonoscopy. Conclusion Multi-modal interventions can result in substantial improvement in CRC screening uptake in large and diverse managed care populations. Translational Impact Health systems should shift their focus from single-level to multi-level interventions when addressing barriers to CRC screening.
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