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Tateo V, Cigliola A, Mercinelli C, Agarwal N, Grivas P, Kamat AM, Gibb EA, Moschini M, Brausi M, Dyrskjøt L, Loriot Y, Gupta S, Colecchia M, Spiess PE, Ross JS, Necchi A. Optimizing the Use of Next-Generation Sequencing Assays in Patients With Urothelial Carcinoma: Recommendations by the 2023 San Raffaele Retreat Panel. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2024; 22:102091. [PMID: 38735133 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2024.102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of precision medicine in clinical practice implies a thorough evaluation of actionable genomic alterations to streamline therapeutic decision making. Comprehensive genomic profiling of tumor via next-generation sequencing (NGS) represents a great opportunity but also several challenges. During the 2023 San Raffaele Retreat, we aimed to provide expert recommendations for the optimal use of NGS in urothelial carcinoma (UC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A modified Delphi method was utilized, involving a panel of 12 experts in UC from European and United States centers, including oncologists, urologists, pathologists, and translational scientists. An initial survey, conducted before the meeting, delivered 15 statements to the panel. A consensus was defined when ≥70% agreement was reached for each statement. Statements not meeting the consensus threshold were discussed during the meeting. RESULTS Nine of the 15 statements covering patient selection, cancer characteristics, and type of NGS assay, achieved a consensus during the survey. The remaining six statements addressing the optimal timing of NGS use, the ideal source of tumor biospecimen for NGS testing, and the subsequent need to evaluate the germline nature of certain genomic findings were discussed during the meeting, leading to unanimous agreement at the end of the conference. CONCLUSION This consensus-building effort addressed multiple unanswered questions regarding the use of NGS in UC. The opinion of experts was in favor of broader use of NGS. In a setting where recommendations/guidelines may be limited, these insights may aid clinicians to provide informed counselling and raise the bar of precision and personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Tateo
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Cigliola
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mercinelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Huntsman Cancer Institute (NCI-CCC), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Petros Grivas
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Marco Moschini
- Department of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Brausi
- Department of Urology, Cure Hesperia Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Shilpa Gupta
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Maurizio Colecchia
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of GU Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Gerke MB, Jansen CS, Bilen MA. Circulating Tumor DNA in Genitourinary Cancers: Detection, Prognostics, and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2280. [PMID: 38927984 PMCID: PMC11201475 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
CtDNA is emerging as a non-invasive clinical detection method for several cancers, including genitourinary (GU) cancers such as prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). CtDNA assays have shown promise in early detection of GU cancers, providing prognostic information, assessing real-time treatment response, and detecting residual disease and relapse. The ease of obtaining a "liquid biopsy" from blood or urine in GU cancers enhances its potential to be used as a biomarker. Interrogating these "liquid biopsies" for ctDNA can then be used to detect common cancer mutations, novel genomic alterations, or epigenetic modifications. CtDNA has undergone investigation in numerous clinical trials, which could address clinical needs in GU cancers, for instance, earlier detection in RCC, therapeutic response prediction in castration-resistant prostate cancer, and monitoring for recurrence in bladder cancers. The utilization of liquid biopsy for ctDNA analysis provides a promising method of advancing precision medicine within the field of GU cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo B. Gerke
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.G.); (C.S.J.)
| | - Caroline S. Jansen
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (M.B.G.); (C.S.J.)
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mehmet A. Bilen
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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3
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Hemenway G, Anker JF, Riviere P, Rose BS, Galsky MD, Ghatalia P. Advancements in Urothelial Cancer Care: Optimizing Treatment for Your Patient. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2024; 44:e432054. [PMID: 38771987 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_432054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The standard treatment paradigm for muscle invasive bladder cancer has been neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy. However, efforts are ongoing to personalize treatment by incorporating biomarkers to better guide treatment selection. In addition, bladder preservation strategies are aimed at avoiding cystectomy in well-selected patients. Similarly, in the metastatic urothelial cancer space, the standard frontline treatment option of platinum-based chemotherapy has changed with the availability of data from EV-302 trial, making the combination of enfortumab vedotin (EV) and pembrolizumab the preferred first-line treatment option. Here, we examine the optimization of treatment intensity and sequencing, focusing on the challenges and opportunities associated with EV/pembrolizumab therapy, including managing toxicities and exploring alternative dosing approaches. Together, these articles provide a comprehensive overview of contemporary strategies in bladder cancer management, highlighting the importance of individualized treatment approaches, ongoing research, and multidisciplinary collaboration to improve patient outcomes in this complex disease landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan F Anker
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Paul Riviere
- UCSD Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, San Diego, CA
| | - Brent S Rose
- UCSD Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, San Diego, CA
| | - Matthew D Galsky
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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4
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Lim LM, Lee YC, Lin TW, Hong ZX, Hsu WC, Ke HL, Hwang DY, Chung WY, Li WM, Lin HH, Kuo HT, Huang AM. NTRK3 exhibits a pro-oncogenic function in upper tract urothelial carcinomas. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2024; 40:445-455. [PMID: 38593276 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (NTRK3) has pleiotropic functions: it acts not only as an oncogene in breast and gastric cancers but also as a dependence receptor in tumor suppressor genes in colon cancer and neuroblastomas. However, the role of NTRK3 in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is not well documented. This study investigated the association between NTRK3 expression and outcomes in UTUC patients and validated the results in tests on UTUC cell lines. A total of 118 UTUC cancer tissue samples were examined to evaluate the expression of NTRK3. Survival curves were generated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, and Cox regression models were used for investigating survival outcomes. Higher NTRK3 expression was correlated with worse progression-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival. Moreover, the results of an Ingenuity Pathway Analysis suggested that NTRK3 may interact with the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway to promote cancer. NTRK3 downregulation in BFTC909 cells through shRNA reduced cellular migration, invasion, and activity in the AKT-mTOR pathway. Furthermore, the overexpression of NTRK3 in UM-UC-14 cells promoted AKT-mTOR pathway activity, cellular migration, and cell invasion. From these observations, we concluded that NTRK3 may contribute to aggressive behaviors in UTUC by facilitating cell migration and invasion through its interaction with the AKT-mTOR pathway and the expression of NTRK3 is a potential predictor of clinical outcomes in cases of UTUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Moay Lim
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Xuan Hong
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lung Ke
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institute, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chung
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Li
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Ministry of Health and Welfare Pingtung Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hui Lin
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Tien Kuo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - A-Mei Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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5
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Eturi A, Bhasin A, Zarrabi KK, Tester WJ. Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers and Tumor Antigens for Targeted Therapy in Urothelial Carcinoma. Molecules 2024; 29:1896. [PMID: 38675715 PMCID: PMC11054340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the fourth most prevalent cancer amongst males worldwide. While patients with non-muscle-invasive disease have a favorable prognosis, 25% of UC patients present with locally advanced disease which is associated with a 10-15% 5-year survival rate and poor overall prognosis. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is associated with about 50% 5 year survival when treated by radical cystectomy or trimodality therapy; stage IV disease is associated with 10-15% 5 year survival. Current therapeutic modalities for MIBC include neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery and/or chemoradiation, although patients with relapsed or refractory disease have a poor prognosis. However, the rapid success of immuno-oncology in various hematologic and solid malignancies offers new targets with tremendous therapeutic potential in UC. Historically, there were no predictive biomarkers to guide the clinical management and treatment of UC, and biomarker development was an unmet need. However, recent and ongoing clinical trials have identified several promising tumor biomarkers that have the potential to serve as predictive or prognostic tools in UC. This review provides a comprehensive summary of emerging biomarkers and molecular tumor targets including programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), DNA damage response and repair (DDR) mutations, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) expression and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), as well as their clinical utility in UC. We also evaluate recent advancements in precision oncology in UC, while illustrating limiting factors and challenges related to the clinical application of these biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Eturi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (K.K.Z.); (W.J.T.)
| | - Amman Bhasin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Kevin K. Zarrabi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (K.K.Z.); (W.J.T.)
| | - William J. Tester
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (K.K.Z.); (W.J.T.)
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Tolmeijer SH, van Wilpe S, Geerlings MJ, von Rhein D, Smilde TJ, Kloots ISH, Westdorp H, Coskuntürk M, Oving IM, van Ipenburg JA, van der Heijden AG, Hofste T, Weiss MM, Schalken JA, Gerritsen WR, Ligtenberg MJL, Mehra N. Early On-treatment Circulating Tumor DNA Measurements and Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Urothelial Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol 2024; 7:282-291. [PMID: 37673768 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can induce durable disease control in metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC), but only 20-25% of patients respond. Early identification of a nondurable response will improve management strategies. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether on-treatment circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) measurements can predict ICI responsiveness in mUC patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study consists of a discovery cohort of 40 mUC patients and a prospective multicenter validation cohort of 16 mUC patients. Plasma cell-free DNA was collected at baseline and after 3 and 6 wk on ICIs. The ctDNA levels were calculated from targeted sequencing. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Outcome measurements were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and nondurable response (PFS ≤6 mo). Relationships with ctDNA were assessed using Cox regression. Changes in ctDNA level at 3 and 6 wk were categorized by an increase or decrease relative to baseline. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS In the discovery cohort, ctDNA was detected in 37/40 (93%) of patients at baseline. A ctDNA increase was observed in 12/15 (80%) and ten of 12 (83%) patients with a nondurable response at 3 and 6 wk, respectively. Of patients with a durable response (PFS >6 mo), 94% showed a decrease. A ctDNA increase at 3 wk was associated with shorter PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 7.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1-19.5) and OS (HR 8.0, 95% CI 3.0-21.0), independent of clinical prognostic variables. Similar results were observed at 6 wk. The 3-wk association with PFS was validated in a prospective cohort (HR 7.5, 95% CI 1.3-42.6). Limitations include the limited number of patients. CONCLUSIONS Early changes in ctDNA levels are strongly linked to the duration of ICI benefit in mUC and may contribute to timely therapy modifications. PATIENT SUMMARY Benefit from immunotherapy can be predicted after only 3 wk of treatment by investigating cancer DNA in blood. This could help in timely therapy changes for urothelial cancer patients with limited benefit from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie H Tolmeijer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra van Wilpe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Geerlings
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel von Rhein
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke J Smilde
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Iris S H Kloots
- Department of Medical Oncology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Westdorp
- Department of Medical Oncology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mustafa Coskuntürk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Irma M Oving
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ziekenhuisgroep Twente, Almelo, The Netherlands
| | - Jolique A van Ipenburg
- Department of Pathology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine G van der Heijden
- Department of Urology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Hofste
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan M Weiss
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack A Schalken
- Department of Urology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Winald R Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn J L Ligtenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niven Mehra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ghoreifi A, Shishido SN, Sayeed S, Courcoubetis G, Huang A, Schuckman A, Aron M, Desai M, Daneshmand S, Gill IS, Kuhn P, Djaladat H, Mason J. Blood-based liquid biopsy: A promising noninvasive test in diagnosis, surveillance, and prognosis of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2024; 42:118.e9-118.e17. [PMID: 38383240 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of blood-based liquid biopsy in the diagnosis, surveillance, and prognosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). METHODS AND MATERIALS In this prospective study, peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with primary UTUC before surgery with curative intent and follow-up visits at University of Southern California between May 2021 and September 2022. The samples were analyzed using the third-generation comprehensive high-definition single-cell assay (HDSCA3.0) to detect rare events, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and oncosomes, based on the immunofluorescence signals of DAPI (D), cytokeratin (CK), CD45/CD31 (CD), and vimentin (V). The findings of pre-surgery liquid biopsies were compared with those of blood samples from normal donors (NDs) and matched follow-up liquid biopsies. The association between liquid biopsy findings and clinical data, including recurrence-free survival (RFS), was also assessed. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients with UTUC were included, of whom 21 had follow-up samples. Significant differences in specific rare analytes were detected in the preoperative samples compared to the NDs. In the post- vs. presurgery matched analysis, a significant decrease was detected in total-, CK-, and CK|V oncosomes, as well as in D-, D|V-, and D|V|CD cells. With a median follow-up of 11 months, 8 patients had disease recurrence. Survival analysis demonstrated that patients with >1.95 preoperative CK|V oncosomes (p = 0.020) and those with >4.18 D|CK|V cells (p = 0.050) had worse RFS compared to other patients. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated promising initial evidence for the biomarker role of CTCs and oncosomes in the diagnosis and surveillance of patients with UTUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Ghoreifi
- Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephanie N Shishido
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Salmaan Sayeed
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - George Courcoubetis
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amy Huang
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anne Schuckman
- Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Monish Aron
- Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mihir Desai
- Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Siamak Daneshmand
- Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Inderbir S Gill
- Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hooman Djaladat
- Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Jeremy Mason
- Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
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8
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Huelster HL, Gould B, Schiftan EA, Camperlengo L, Davaro F, Rose KM, Soupir AC, Jia S, Zheng T, Sexton WJ, Pow-Sang J, Spiess PE, Daniel Grass G, Wang L, Wang X, Vosoughi A, Necchi A, Meeks JJ, Faltas BM, Du P, Li R. Novel Use of Circulating Tumor DNA to Identify Muscle-invasive and Non-organ-confined Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol 2024; 85:283-292. [PMID: 37802683 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal patient selection for neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgical extirpation is limited by the inaccuracy of contemporary clinical staging methods in high-risk upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the detection of plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can predict muscle-invasive (MI) and non-organ-confined (NOC) UTUC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Plasma cell-free DNA was prospectively collected from chemotherapy-naïve, high-risk UTUC patients undergoing surgical extirpation and sequenced using a 152-gene panel and low-pass whole-genome sequencing. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS To test for concordance, whole-exome sequencing was performed on matching tumor samples. The performance of ctDNA for predicting MI/NOC UTUC was summarized using the area under a receiver-operating curve, and a variant count threshold for predicting MI/NOC disease was determined by maximizing Youden's J statistic. Kaplan-Meier methods estimated survival, and Mantel-Cox log-rank testing assessed the association between preoperative ctDNA positivity and clinical outcomes. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Of 30 patients enrolled prospectively, 14 were found to have MI/NOC UTUC. At least one ctDNA variant was detected from 21/30 (70%) patients, with 52% concordance with matching tumor samples. Detection of at least two panel-based molecular alterations yielded 71% sensitivity at 94% specificity to predict MI/NOC UTUC. Imposing this threshold in combination with a plasma copy number burden score of >6.5 increased sensitivity to 79% at 94% specificity. Furthermore, the presence of ctDNA was strongly prognostic for progression-free survival (PFS; 1-yr PFS 69% vs 100%, p < 0.001) and cancer-specific survival (CSS; 1-yr CSS 56% vs 100%, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS The detection of plasma ctDNA prior to extirpative surgery was highly predictive of MI/NOC UTUC and strongly prognostic of PFS and CSS. Preoperative ctDNA demonstrates promise as a biomarker for selecting patients to undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to nephroureterectomy. PATIENT SUMMARY Here, we show that DNA from upper tract urothelial tumors can be detected in the blood prior to surgical removal of the kidney or ureter. This circulating tumor DNA can be used to predict that upper tract urothelial carcinoma is invasive into the muscular lining of the urinary tract and may help identify those patients who could benefit from chemotherapy prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Huelster
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A Schiftan
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lucia Camperlengo
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Facundo Davaro
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kyle M Rose
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alex C Soupir
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Wade J Sexton
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Julio Pow-Sang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - G Daniel Grass
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Aram Vosoughi
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Necchi
- Department of GU Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bishoy M Faltas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pan Du
- Predicine Inc., Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Roger Li
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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9
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Mu N, Jylhä C, Axelsson T, Sydén F, Brehmer M, Tham E. Patient-specific targeted analysis of circulating tumour DNA in plasma is feasible and may be a potential biomarker in UTUC. World J Urol 2023; 41:3421-3427. [PMID: 37721600 PMCID: PMC10693512 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04583-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The prognosis of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is associated with tumour grade (G) and stage. Despite preoperative risk stratification and radical treatment, recurrence and progression are common. Thus, prognostic and monitoring biomarkers are needed. This feasibility study aimed to investigate if targeted analyses on circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) in plasma could identify tumour-specific gene variants, and thus have potential for further evaluation as a biomarker in UTUC. METHODS Nine UTUC patients with genetically characterised tumours were included in this prospective pilot study. Two tumour-specific variants were chosen for targeted analyses with multiplex droplet digital PCR on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from plasma at diagnosis or from recurrence. RESULTS Of six patients with diagnostic plasma samples, ctDNA was detected in four with G2 or G3 tumours and tumours > 300m2 in size. Three of these patients progressed in their disease and the fourth had the largest G3 tumour at sampling. In contrast, the two patients with undetectable ctDNA in diagnostic plasma had a G1 tumour and G3 carcinoma in situ (CIS), respectively. The patient with G3 CIS had detectable ctDNA later during follow-up and progressed thereafter with aggressive intravesical recurrence and CT-scan-verified CIS progression in the upper urinary tract. In three patients with small recurrent G1 or G2 tumours, none had detectable ctDNA in plasma and all were progression free. CONCLUSION Our early findings demonstrate that ctDNA in plasma can be detected by targeted analysis in patients with UTUC. However, further studies are needed to determine its role as a potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninni Mu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Jylhä
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Axelsson
- Division of Urology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip Sydén
- Department of Urology, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Brehmer
- Department of Urology, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Tham
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Ogura R, Ito S, Ueda T, Gabata Y, Sako S, Inoue Y, Yamada T, Konishi H, Fujihara A, Ukimura O. Screening for a practical method to monitor the status of patients with metastatic bladder cancer at the circulating cell-gene level. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19517. [PMID: 37945655 PMCID: PMC10636091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying a novel method to monitor metastatic bladder cancer status at the cell-gene level could lead to earlier appropriate therapeutic intervention and better outcomes. In this study, we evaluated a practical method to monitor the cancer status at the circulating cell-gene level before and after treatment in fourteen patients with metastatic bladder cancer who were indicated for systemic drug therapy. Patients were assessed via imaging before and after drug treatment, and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis was performed to detect three parameters: cfDNA level, ERRB2 gene copy numbers, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene mutations. We hypothesized that decreased cfDNA levels, a normal copy number of ERB-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2), and the absence of the TERT C228T mutation indicate cancer suppression. We found that a > 1.8-fold increase in cfDNA levels, increased copy number of ERBB2, or the existence of the TERT C228T mutation indicated disease progression. Stable cfDNA levels, normal ERBB2 copy number, and the absence of TERT C228T mutations indicate a stable cancer status. Collectively, our results show that the combination of cfDNA concentration, TERT mutation, and ERBB2 copy number may be useful for determining the efficacy of drug therapy in patients with metastatic bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Ogura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Saya Ito
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Gabata
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sako
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuta Inoue
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuko Fujihara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Osamu Ukimura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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11
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Wu S, Li R, Jiang Y, Yu J, Zheng J, Li Z, Li M, Xin K, Wang Y, Xu Z, Li S, Chen X. Liquid biopsy in urothelial carcinoma: Detection techniques and clinical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115027. [PMID: 37354812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The types of urothelial carcinoma (UC) include urothelial bladder cancer and upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Current diagnostic techniques cannot meet the needs of patients. Liquid biopsy is an accurate method of determining the molecular profile of UC and is a cutting-edge and popular technique that is expected to complement existing detection techniques and benefit patients with UC. Circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, cell-free RNA, extracellular vesicles, proteins, and metabolites can be found in the blood, urine, or other bodily fluids and are examined during liquid biopsies. This article focuses on the components of liquid biopsies and their clinical applications in UC. Liquid biopsies have tremendous potential in multiple aspects of precision oncology, from early diagnosis and treatment monitoring to predicting prognoses. They may therefore play an important role in the management of UC and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yuanhong Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Jiazheng Yu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Jianyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Kerong Xin
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, China.
| | - Zhenqun Xu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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12
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Rose KM, Huelster HL, Meeks JJ, Faltas BM, Sonpavde GP, Lerner SP, Ross JS, Spiess PE, Grass GD, Jain RK, Kamat AM, Vosoughi A, Wang L, Wang X, Li R. Circulating and urinary tumour DNA in urothelial carcinoma - upper tract, lower tract and metastatic disease. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:406-419. [PMID: 36977797 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine has transformed the way urothelial carcinoma is managed. However, current practices are limited by the availability of tissue samples for genomic profiling and the spatial and temporal molecular heterogeneity observed in many studies. Among rapidly advancing genomic sequencing technologies, non-invasive liquid biopsy has emerged as a promising diagnostic tool to reproduce tumour genomics, and has shown potential to be integrated in several aspects of clinical care. In urothelial carcinoma, liquid biopsies such as plasma circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) and urinary tumour DNA (utDNA) have been investigated as a surrogates for tumour biopsies and might bridge many shortfalls currently faced by clinicians. Both ctDNA and utDNA seem really promising in urothelial carcinoma diagnosis, staging and prognosis, response to therapy monitoring, detection of minimal residual disease and surveillance. The use of liquid biopsies in patients with urothelial carcinoma could further advance precision medicine in this population, facilitating personalized patient monitoring through non-invasive assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Rose
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Heather L Huelster
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joshua J Meeks
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bishoy M Faltas
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guru P Sonpavde
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth P Lerner
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - G Daniel Grass
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rohit K Jain
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aram Vosoughi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Tumour Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics/Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Roger Li
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
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13
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Taylor AS, Acosta AM, Al-Ahmadie HA, Mehra R. Precursors of urinary bladder cancer: molecular alterations and biomarkers. Hum Pathol 2023; 133:5-21. [PMID: 35716731 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical surveillance and follow-up of patients diagnosed with or at risk for urinary bladder cancers represent long-term, invasive, and costly processes for which supplemental biomarker information could help provide objective, personalized risk assessment. In particular, there are several precursors and possible precursors to urinary bladder cancer for which clinical behavior is heterogenous and interobserver variability in histopathologic diagnosis make it difficult to standardize management. This review seeks to highlight these precursor lesions from a diagnostic perspective (including flat urothelial lesions, papillary urothelial lesions, squamous lesions, and glandular lesions) and qualify known multiomic biomarkers that may help explain their behavior, predict patient risk, and acknowledge the nuance inherent to the question of whether these lesions are "benign" or "preneoplastic."
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andres M Acosta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hikmat A Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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14
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Cheng L, Zhang S, Wang M, Lopez-Beltran A. Biological and clinical perspectives of TERT promoter mutation detection on bladder cancer diagnosis and management. Hum Pathol 2023; 133:56-75. [PMID: 35700749 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations are associated with increased TERT mRNA and TERT protein levels, telomerase activity, and shorter but stable telomere length. TERT promoter mutation is the most common mutation that occurs in approximately 60-80% of patients with bladder cancer. The TERT promoter mutations occur in a wide spectrum of urothelial lesions, including benign urothelial proliferation and tumor-like conditions, benign urothelial tumors, premalignant and putative precursor lesions, urothelial carcinoma and its variants, and nonurothelial malignancies. The prevalence and incidence of TERT promoter mutations in a total of 7259 cases from the urinary tract were systematically reviewed. Different platforms of TERT promoter mutation detection were presented. In this review, we also discussed the significance and clinical implications of TERT promoter mutation detection in urothelial tumorigenesis, surveillance and early detection, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of treatment responses, and clinical outcome. Identification of TERT promoter mutations from urine or plasma cell-free DNA (liquid biopsy) will facilitate bladder cancer screening program and optimal clinical management. A better understanding of TERT promoter mutation and its pathway would open new therapeutic avenues for patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Lifespan Academic Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mingsheng Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Cordoba Medical School, Cordoba, E-14004, Spain
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15
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Erlmeier F, Klümper N, Landgraf L, Strissel PL, Strick R, Sikic D, Taubert H, Wach S, Geppert CI, Bahlinger V, Breyer J, Ritter M, Bolenz C, Roghmann F, Erben P, Schwamborn K, Wirtz RM, Horn T, Wullich B, Hölzel M, Hartmann A, Gschwend JE, Weichert W, Eckstein M. Spatial Immunephenotypes of Distant Metastases but not Matched Primary Urothelial Carcinomas Predict Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Eur Urol 2023; 83:133-142. [PMID: 36372626 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The value of programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) to predict durable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) is inconsistent. We hypothesize that the use of archived primary tumor material (PRIM) for PD-L1 testing in clinical trials not properly reflecting the metastatic disease status (MET) contributes to this clinical issue. OBJECTIVE To analyze the predictive and prognostic value of PD-L1, spatial immunephenotypes, and major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) determined in patient-matched PRIM/MET. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS PD-L1, spatial immunephenotypes, and MHC-I were examined in 154 mUC patients with at least one available pretreatment MET (138 patient-matched PRIM/MET pairs). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PD-L1, spatial immunephenotype, and MHC-I status of (patient-matched PRIM and) pretreatment MET were correlated with chemotherapy and ICI response and outcomes. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Discordance rates in patient-matched PRIM/MET were 25/30%, 36%, and 49% for PD-L1 (CPS10/IC5%), immunephenotypes, and MHC-I (loss vs preserved), respectively. Correlations with chemotherapy and ICI responses were observed for immunephenotypes and MHC-I status determined in MET (not for PD-L1 alone), but not in PRIM. In case of ICIs, patients with cytotoxic tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) showed durable responses with disease control rates of 90% and a hazard ratio for disease progression/death of 0.05 (95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.65) versus patients with immunedepleted MET (disease control rate 29%). MET MHC-I status added an incremental value to predict durable ICI responses. Limitations include the partly retrospective design and the lack of MET multisampling on individual patient level. CONCLUSIONS The TIME is subject to substantial dynamics during metastatic evolution. MET immunephenotypes and MHC-I statuses show promising potential to predict chemotherapy and durable ICI responses, while the PRIM TIME does not. Thus, future clinical trials should rather rely on pretreatment MET biopsies reflecting the current immunological disease state than on PRIM. PATIENT SUMMARY Prediction of chemotherapy and responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors might be possible using representative pretreatment metastatic biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Erlmeier
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany
| | - Niklas Klümper
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany; Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen/Bonn/Cologne/Düsseldorf (CIO-ABCD), Germany
| | - Laura Landgraf
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany
| | - Pamela L Strissel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reiner Strick
- Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Danijel Sikic
- Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany; Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helge Taubert
- Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany; Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany; Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carol I Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany
| | - Veronika Bahlinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany
| | - Johannes Breyer
- BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany; Department of Urology, University of Regensburg, Caritas St. Josef, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen/Bonn/Cologne/Düsseldorf (CIO-ABCD), Germany
| | - Christian Bolenz
- BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Roghmann
- BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Urology, Marien Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Philipp Erben
- BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Urology, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kristina Schwamborn
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany
| | - Ralph M Wirtz
- BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; STRATIFYER Molecular Pathology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Horn
- Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany; Department of Urology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Wullich
- Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany; Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Institute of Experimental Oncology, University Medical Center Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology, Aachen/Bonn/Cologne/Düsseldorf (CIO-ABCD), Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany
| | - Jürgen E Gschwend
- Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany; Department of Urology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; BRIDGE-Consortium Germany e.V, Mannheim, Germany; Bayerisches Zentrum für Krebsforschung (BZKF), Bavaria, Germany.
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16
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Madueke I, Lee RJ, Miyamoto DT. Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Tumor DNA in Urologic Cancers. Urol Clin North Am 2023; 50:109-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Scherrer E, Kang A, Bloudek LM, Koshkin VS. HER2 expression in urothelial carcinoma, a systematic literature review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1011885. [PMID: 36338710 PMCID: PMC9635895 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1011885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common malignancy with significant associated mortality. Recent clinical trials suggest an emerging role for HER2-targeted therapy. Testing for HER2 expression in UC is not part of current routine clinical practice. In consequence, the prevalence of HER2 expression in UC is not well defined. Methods A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to characterize HER2 expression in both locally advanced unresectable or metastatic (LA/mUC) and earlier stage UC, classified as HER2+, HER2-low, HER2-. HER2+ was defined as an immunohistochemistry (IHC) score of 3+ or IHC 2+ and ISH/FISH+. HER2-low was defined as an IHC score of 2+ and ISH/FISH- or IHC 1+. HER2- was defined as an IHC score of 0. Weighted averages were calculated to generate an estimate of the population prevalence. Results A total of 88 studies were identified, with 45, 30, and 13 studies investigating LA/mUC, earlier stage UC, and mixed stage/unspecified, respectively. The most common assays used were Dako HercepTest and Ventana Pathway anti-HER2/neu (4B5) for IHC to assess HER2 protein expression; Abbott PathVysion HER-2 DNA Probe Kit, FoundationOne CDx, and Guardant360 CDx for assessing HER2 gene amplification. The most frequently cited scoring guidelines were ASCO/CAP guidelines for breast cancer and gastric cancer, though most studies defined their own criteria for HER2 expression. Using the pre-specified definition, HER2+ prevalence ranged from 6.7% to 37.5% with a weighted average of 13.0% in LA/mUC. Only 1 study presented data that could be classified as HER2+ based on pre-specified criteria in earlier stage UC patients, and this study represented a likely outlier, at 76.0%. Conclusion The results from this SLR help to shed light on HER2 expression in UC, a potentially clinically relevant biomarker-driven subpopulation for emerging HER2-directed regimens. Results of this SLR illuminate the variability in how HER2+ status expression levels are being assessed and how HER2+ is defined. Consensus on standardized HER2 testing and scoring criteria is paramount to better understand the clinical relevance in patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vadim S. Koshkin
- Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Vadim S. Koshkin,
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18
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Sun X, Chen W, Qu X, Chen Y. Case Report: Fluzoparib for multiple lines of chemotherapy refractory in metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with BRCA2 pathogenic mutation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:968060. [PMID: 36034850 PMCID: PMC9411933 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) are widely used for patients with BRCA1/2 mutations. However, until now, there is no available evidence reported for the efficiency of PARPis in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Case presentation: We presented a case of a 40-year-old man diagnosed with metastatic cSCC, relapsing after multiple lines of chemotherapy. Liquid biopsy detected a BRCA2 pathogenic germline mutation (c.3109C > T), indicating PARPis might be effective for this patient. The patient achieved tumor stability, and progression-free survival was five months without severe adverse effects after taking fluzoparib. Conclusion: This result confirmed that PARPis were effective for metastatic cSCC patients with germline BRCA2 pathogenic mutations and provided a new treatment option for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Chen, , orcid.org/0000-0002-0022-4034, Xiujuan Qu, , orcid.org/0000-0002-3135-8772
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Chen, , orcid.org/0000-0002-0022-4034, Xiujuan Qu, , orcid.org/0000-0002-3135-8772
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19
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Urine Cellular DNA Point Mutation and Methylation for Identifying Upper Tract Urinary Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143537. [PMID: 35884598 PMCID: PMC9319988 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It’s difficult to detect upper tract urothelial carcinoma at early stage. Invasive testing may increase risk of cancer recurrences in the bladder after radical nephroureterectomy. Thus, in the present study, we incorporated two-gene mutation and methylation biomarkers to conduct the diagnostic tool of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and performed external validation to investigate the utility and stability of the optimal panel. It showed a highly specific and robust performance. It may be used as a replaceable approach for early detection of upper tract urothelial carcinoma, resulting in less extensive examinations in patients at low risk. Abstract Background: To improve the selection of patients for ureteroscopy, avoid excessive testing and reduce costs, we aimed to develop and validate a diagnostic urine assay for upper tract urinary carcinoma (UTUC). Methods: In this cohort study we recruited 402 patients from six Hunan hospitals who underwent ureteroscopy for hematuria, including 95 patients with UTUC and 307 patients with non-UTUC findings. Midstream morning urine samples were collected before ureteroscopy and surgery. DNA was extracted and qPCR was used to analyze mutations in TERT and FGFR3 and the methylation of NRN1. In the training set, the random forest algorithm was used to build an optimal panel. Lastly, the Beijing cohort (n = 76) was used to validate the panel. Results: The panel combining the methylation with mutation markers led to an AUC of 0.958 (95% CI: 0.933–0.975) with a sensitivity of 91.58% and a specificity of 94.79%. The panel presented a favorable diagnostic value for UTUC vs. other malignant tumors (AUC = 0.920) and UTUC vs. benign disease (AUC = 0.975). Furthermore, combining the panel with age revealed satisfactory results, with 93.68% sensitivity, 94.44% specificity, AUC = 0.970 and NPV = 98.6%. In the external validation process, the model showed an AUC of 0.971, a sensitivity of 95.83% and a specificity of 92.31, respectively. Conclusions: A novel diagnostic model for analyzing hematuria patients for the risk of UTUC was developed, which could lead to a reduction in the need for invasive examinations. Combining NRN1 methylation and gene mutation (FGFR3 and TERT) with age resulted in a validated accurate prediction model.
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20
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Viktorsson K, Hååg P, Shah CH, Franzén B, Arapi V, Holmsten K, Sandström P, Lewensohn R, Ullén A. Profiling of extracellular vesicles of metastatic urothelial cancer patients to discover protein signatures related to treatment outcome. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3620-3641. [PMID: 35838333 PMCID: PMC9580890 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) patients is poor, and early prediction of systemic therapy response would be valuable to improve outcome. In this exploratory study, we investigated protein profiles in sequential plasma‐isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) from a subset of mUC patients treated within a Phase I trial with vinflunine combined with sorafenib. The isolated EVs were of exosome size and expressed exosome markers CD9, TSG101 and SYND‐1. We found, no association between EVs/ml plasma at baseline and progression‐free survival (PFS). Protein profiling of EVs, using an antibody‐based 92‐plex Proximity Extension Assay on the Oncology II® platform, revealed a heterogeneous protein expression pattern. Qlucore bioinformatic analyses put forward a protein signature comprising of SYND‐1, TNFSF13, FGF‐BP1, TFPI‐2, GZMH, ABL1 and ERBB3 to be putatively associated with PFS. Similarly, a protein signature from EVs that related to best treatment response was found, which included FR‐alpha, TLR 3, TRAIL and FASLG. Several of the markers in the PFS or best treatment response signatures were also identified by a machine learning classification algorithm. In conclusion, protein profiling of EVs isolated from plasma of mUC patients shows a potential to identify protein signatures that may associate with PFS and/or treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Viktorsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Petra Hååg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Shah
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Pelvic cancer, Genitourinary oncology and urology unit, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Bo Franzén
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Vasiliki Arapi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Karin Holmsten
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Capio Sankt Görans Hospital, SE-112 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Sandström
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden.,Theme Cancer, Medical Unit head and neck, lung, and skin tumors, Thoracic Oncology Center, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anders Ullén
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Pelvic cancer, Genitourinary oncology and urology unit, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 64, Solna, Sweden
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21
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Circulating tumor cells and cell-free tumor DNA analyses in urothelial cancer using the LiquidBiopsy platform. Curr Urol 2022; 16:99-106. [PMID: 36570364 PMCID: PMC9782328 DOI: 10.1097/cu9.0000000000000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging data suggested that liquid biopsy such as detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cell-free tumor DNA analysis augments the management of patients with urothelial cancer (UC). We presented our pilot experience of liquid biopsy using the Ion Torrent platform to detect CTCs and genomic alterations in UC. Materials and methods Blood or urine samples from 16 patients were subjected to CTC and plasma/urine cell-free tumor DNA isolation for next generation sequencing (NGS) using the Ion S5 system to detect mutations among 50 oncogenes on the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel. Results The Ion Torrent platform detected a higher number of CTCs than those in previous studies using the CellSearchTM system. Overall, mutations were detected in 13/16 (81.3%) patients with a median number of 18 (range 12-25). NGS isolated 17 hotspot mutations from 11 genes and 41 novel genomic alterations from 24 genes, some of which are supposed to be clinically actionable. Conclusions The Ion Torrent platform efficiently detected CTCs compared with previous reports. NGS with the present system also allowed for detection of gene alterations which are likely to be therapeutic targets and provided an attractive tool to guide personalized therapy for patients with advanced UC.
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22
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Nakano K, Koh Y, Yamamichi G, Yumiba S, Tomiyama E, Matsushita M, Hayashi Y, Wang C, Ishizuya Y, Yamamoto Y, Kato T, Hatano K, Kawashima A, Ujike T, Fujita K, Kiyotani K, Katayama K, Yamaguchi R, Imoto S, Imamura R, Nonomura N, Uemura M. Perioperative Circulating Tumor DNA Enables Identification of Patients with Poor Prognosis in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1830-1842. [PMID: 35293110 PMCID: PMC9128184 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative systemic chemotherapy improves the prognosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). The first objective of this study is to verify whether perioperative circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis using a pan-cancer gene panel and next-generation sequencing can identify patients with poor prognosis who require perioperative chemotherapy. Secondly, we will investigate whether ctDNA is useful for minimal residual disease (MRD) detection and treatment monitoring in UTUC. This study included fifty patients with untreated UTUC, including 43 cases of localized UTUC. We performed targeted ultradeep sequencing of plasma cfDNA and buffy coat DNA and whole-exome sequencing of cancer tissues, allowing exclusion of possible false positives. We attempted to stratify the prognosis according to the perioperative ctDNA levels in patients with localized UTUC. In patients with metastatic UTUC, ctDNA was evaluated before, during, and after systemic treatment. Twenty-three (46%) of 50 patients with untreated UTUC were ctDNA-positive, and 17 (40%) of 43 patients with localized UTUC were ctDNA-positive. Of the detected TP53 mutations, 19% were false-positive due to clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Among preoperative risk factors, only the preoperative ctDNA fraction>2% was a significant and independent risk factor associated with worse recurrence-free survival (RFS). Furthermore, the existence of ctDNA early point after the operation was significantly associated with worse RFS, suggesting the presence of MRD. ctDNA also showed potential as a real-time marker for systemic therapy in patients with metastatic UTUC. Detection of ctDNA may indicate potential metastasis and guide decisions of perioperative chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Nakano
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoko Koh
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gaku Yamamichi
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoru Yumiba
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eisuke Tomiyama
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Ishizuya
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taigo Kato
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Hatano
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsunari Kawashima
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ujike
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kiyotani
- Project for Immunogenomics, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Kotoe Katayama
- Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Rui Yamaguchi
- Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo.,Division of Cancer Systems Biology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Division of Cancer Informatics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ryoichi Imamura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motohide Uemura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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23
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Ravi P, Ravi A, Riaz IB, Freeman D, Curran C, Mantia C, McGregor BA, Kilbridge KL, Pan CX, Pek M, Choudhury Y, Tan MH, Sonpavde GP. Longitudinal Evaluation of Circulating Tumor DNA Using Sensitive Amplicon-Based Next-Generation Sequencing to Identify Resistance Mechanisms to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. Oncologist 2022; 27:e406-e409. [PMID: 35294031 PMCID: PMC9074964 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyac037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial evaluation of circulating tumor DNA may allow noninvasive assessment of drivers of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in advanced urothelial cancer (aUC). We used a novel, amplicon-based next-generation sequencing assay to identify genomic alterations (GAs) pre- and post-therapy in 39 patients with aUC receiving ICI and 6 receiving platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC). One or more GA was seen in 95% and 100% of pre- and post-ICI samples, respectively, commonly in TP53 (54% and 54%), TERT (49% and 59%), and BRCA1/BRCA2 (33% and 33%). Clearance of ≥1 GA was seen in 7 of 9 patients responding to ICI, commonly in TP53 (n = 4), PIK3CA (n = 2), and BRCA1/BRCA2 (n = 2). A new GA was seen in 17 of 20 patients progressing on ICI, frequently in BRCA1/BRCA2 (n = 6), PIK3CA (n = 3), and TP53 (n = 3), which seldom emerged in patients receiving PBC. These findings highlight the potential for longitudinal circulating tumor DNA evaluation in tracking response and resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praful Ravi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arvind Ravi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Serial ctDNA analysis predicts clinical progression in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:430-439. [PMID: 35046520 PMCID: PMC8810988 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted sequencing of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) is a promising tool to monitor dynamic changes in the variant allele frequencies (VAF) of genomic alterations and predict clinical outcomes in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC). METHODS We performed targeted sequencing of 182 serial ctDNA samples from 53 patients with advanced UC. RESULTS Serial ctDNA-derived metrics predicted the clinical outcomes in patients with advanced UC. Combining serial ctDNA aggregate VAF (aVAF) values with clinical factors, including age, sex, and liver metastasis, improved the performance of prognostic models. An increase of the ctDNA aVAF by ≥1 in serial ctDNA samples predicted disease progression within 6 months in 90% of patients. The majority of patients with aVAFs ≤0.7 in three consecutive ctDNA samples achieved durable clinical responses (≥6 months). CONCLUSIONS Serial ctDNA analysis predicts disease progression and enables dynamic monitoring to guide precision medicine in patients with advanced UC.
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25
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Molecular intricacies of upper tract urothelial carcinoma and their relevance for therapy considerations. Curr Opin Urol 2022; 32:48-53. [PMID: 34772864 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to give an overview of molecular alterations in upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUCs) and to discuss them in the context of current and prospective systemic therapies. RECENT FINDINGS UTUCs not only share a similar molecular landscape with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB), but also have distinct molecular features that can have an impact on therapy selection. FGFR3 alterations occur with a significant higher frequency in UTUC, with up to 40% of tumours harbouring FGFR3 driver mutations compared with 20% in UCB. In addition, a substantial number of high-grade UTUC show an immune-depleted phenotype and a luminal papillary expression subtype, thus predisposing them for FGFR inhibitor treatment. Approximately 20% of UTUC tumours have acquired mutations in TP53 and demonstrate a significant degree of genomic instability, which makes them candidates for systemic chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Whereas microsatellite instability (MSI) is rare in sporadic UTUC, 5-10% of UTUC patients have germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, which leads to high MSI with enriched neoantigen load and presumably better response rates to immunotherapy. SUMMARY Treatment decisions in UTUC should take molecular tumour characteristics into account. The currently most therapy-relevant molecular alterations in UTUC comprise FGFR3 mutational status and mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes with concomitant microsatellite instability.
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26
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Park CK, Cho NH. Differences in genomic profile of high-grade urothelial carcinoma according to tumor location. Urol Oncol 2021; 40:109.e1-109.e9. [PMID: 34663543 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish targeted therapies based on the molecular landscape in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), we tried to investigate the molecular characteristics of UTUC compared with those of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLUC) by next-generation sequencing (NGS). MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected 71 high-grade infiltrating urothelial carcinoma tissue specimens from 33 UTUC and 38 BLUC patients. NGS analysis was performed with the Illumina TruShigt Oncology-500 panel. RESULTS Both UTUC and BLUC showed similar clinicopathologic characteristics, as well as morphologic similarities. The median tumor mutation burden (TMB) of all cases was 7.8 mutations/Mb. The majority of alterations were missense mutations. TP53 (40/71, 56.3%), KDM6A (30/71, 42.3%), and TERT promoter mutations (23/71, 32.4%) were observed regardless of tumor location. Compared with UTUC, BLUC showed frequent mutations in several genes: ARID1A (P = 0.001), ASXL1 (P = 0.017), ERBB3 (P = 0.005), PRKDC (P = 0.004) and RB1 (P = 0.041). On the contrary, copy number loss of FGFR3 was observed more in UTUC than BLUC (P = 0.018). Also, 6 cases showed oncogenic fusions: 3 cases with FGFR2 fusion in UTUC and 3 cases with FGFR3-TACC3 fusion in BLUC. CONCLUSION Despite the small cohort size, we identified genetic differences between UTUC and BLUC in Korean patients by NGS. An understanding of the comprehensive molecular characteristics of UTUC and BLUC may be helpful in detecting candidates for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Keun Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Claps F, Mir MC, Zargar H. Molecular markers of systemic therapy response in urothelial carcinoma. Asian J Urol 2021; 8:376-390. [PMID: 34765445 PMCID: PMC8566362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of reliable molecular biomarkers that can complement clinical practice represents a fascinating challenge in any cancer field. Urothelial carcinoma is a very heterogeneous disease and responses to systemic therapies, and outcomes after radical cystectomy are difficult to predict. Advances in molecular biology such as next generation sequencing and whole genome or transcriptomic analysis provide promising platforms to achieve a full understanding of the biology behind the disease and can identify emerging predictive biomarkers. Moreover, the ability to categorize patients' risk of recurrence after curative treatment, or even predict benefit from a conventional or targeted therapies, represents a compelling challenge that may reshape both selection for tailored treatment and disease monitoring. Progress has been made but currently no molecular biomarkers are used in the clinical setting to predict response to systemic agents in either neoadjuvant or adjuvant settings highlighting a relevant unmet need. Here, we aim to present the emerging role of molecular biomarkers in predicting response to systemic agents in urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Claps
- Department of Urology, Fundacion Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
- Urological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Carmen Mir
- Department of Urology, Fundacion Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Homayoun Zargar
- Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Esagian SM, Khaki AR, Diamantopoulos LN, Carril-Ajuria L, Castellano D, De Kouchkovsky I, Park JJ, Alva A, Bilen MA, Stewart TF, McKay RR, Santos VS, Agarwal N, Jain J, Zakharia Y, Morales-Barrera R, Devitt ME, Nelson A, Hoimes CJ, Shreck E, Gartrell BA, Sankin A, Tripathi A, Zakopoulou R, Bamias A, Rodriguez-Vida A, Drakaki A, Liu S, Kumar V, Lythgoe MP, Pinato DJ, Murgic J, Fröbe A, Joshi M, Isaacsson Velho P, Hahn N, Alonso Buznego L, Duran I, Moses M, Barata P, Galsky MD, Sonpavde G, Yu EY, Msaouel P, Koshkin VS, Grivas P. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced upper and lower tract urothelial carcinoma: a comparison of outcomes. BJU Int 2021; 128:196-205. [PMID: 33556233 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare clinical outcomes between patients with locally advanced (unresectable) or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (aUC) in the upper and lower urinary tract receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study collecting clinicopathological, treatment, and outcome data for patients with aUC receiving ICIs from 2013 to 2020 across 24 institutions. We compared the objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) between patients with upper and lower tract UC (UTUC, LTUC). Uni- and multivariable logistic and Cox regression were used to assess the effect of UTUC on ORR, OS, and PFS. Subgroup analyses were performed stratified based on histology (pure, mixed) and line of treatment (first line, subsequent line). RESULTS Out of a total of 746 eligible patients, 707, 717, and 738 were included in the ORR, OS, and PFS analyses, respectively. Our results did not contradict the hypothesis that patients with UTUC and LTUC had similar ORRs (24% vs 28%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43-1.24), OS (median 9.8 vs 9.6 months; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.93, 95% CI 0.73-1.19), and PFS (median 4.3 vs 4.1 months; aHR 1.01, 95% CI 0.81-1.27). Patients with mixed-histology UTUC had a significantly lower ORR and shorter PFS vs mixed-histology LTUC (aOR 0.20, 95% CI 0.05-0.91 and aHR 1.66, 95% CI 1.06-2.59), respectively). CONCLUSION Overall, patients with UTUC and LTUC receiving ICIs have comparable treatment response and outcomes. Subgroup analyses based on histology showed that those with mixed-histology UTUC had a lower ORR and shorter PFS compared to mixed-histology LTUC. Further studies and evaluation of molecular biomarkers can help refine patient selection for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan M Esagian
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ali Raza Khaki
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lucia Carril-Ajuria
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Castellano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan De Kouchkovsky
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph J Park
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ajjai Alva
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mehmet A Bilen
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tyler F Stewart
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rana R McKay
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Victor S Santos
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jayanshu Jain
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yousef Zakharia
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rafael Morales-Barrera
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d' Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael E Devitt
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ariel Nelson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center at Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christopher J Hoimes
- Division of Medical Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center at Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Evan Shreck
- Department of Medical Oncology and Urology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin A Gartrell
- Department of Medical Oncology and Urology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alex Sankin
- Department of Medical Oncology and Urology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Abhishek Tripathi
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Roubini Zakopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Bamias
- 2nd Propaedeutic Dept of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alejo Rodriguez-Vida
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandra Drakaki
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandy Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark P Lythgoe
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J Pinato
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jure Murgic
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Fröbe
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Dental Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Joshi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Pedro Isaacsson Velho
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noah Hahn
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ignacio Duran
- Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Marcus Moses
- Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Pedro Barata
- Deming Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Matthew D Galsky
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- Genitourinary Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan Y Yu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vadim S Koshkin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Petros Grivas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Hayashi Y, Fujita K, Netto GJ, Nonomura N. Clinical Application of TERT Promoter Mutations in Urothelial Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:705440. [PMID: 34395278 PMCID: PMC8358429 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.705440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common urological malignancy with a high rate of disease recurrence. Telomerase activity, a hallmark of cancer characterized by overcoming the replicative senescence, is upregulated in over 90% of patients with UC. Somatic mutations in the promoter region of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) are frequently detected in UC, and drive telomerase activity. Recent studies have demonstrated a strong association between TERT promoter mutation and tumorigenesis of UC. Also, TERT promoter mutation has great potential for diagnosis, as well as prognosis in UC treatment, and this is also applicable for the liquid biopsy techniques. In this review, we discuss the progress in these areas and highlight the challenges, clinical potential, and future direction for developing UC treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Department of Urology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Grivas P, Kiedrowski LA, Sonpavde GP, Gupta SV, Thomas RA, Gourdin TS, Hardin AI, Hamann KM, Faltas BM, Vogelzang NJ. Spectrum of FGFR2/3 Alterations in Cell-Free DNA of Patients with Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. Bladder Cancer 2021; 7:143-148. [PMID: 38994535 PMCID: PMC11181711 DOI: 10.3233/blc-201517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Detecting genomic alterations (GAs) in advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC) can expand treatment options by identifying candidates for targeted therapies. Erdafitinib is FDA-approved for patients with platinum-refractory aUC with activating mutation or fusion in FGFR2/3. We explored the prevalence and spectrum of FGFR2/3 GAs identified with plasma cfDNA NGS testing (Guardant360) in 997 patients with aUC. FGFR2/3 GAs were detected in 201 patients (20%) with characterized activating GAs in 141 (14%). Our results indicate the Guardant360-based FGFR2/3 GA detection rate is similar to those described from previous studies employing tumor tissue testing, suggesting that plasma-based cfDNA NGS may non-invasively identify candidates for anti-FGFR targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Grivas
- University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sumati V. Gupta
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Roby A. Thomas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theodore S. Gourdin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Bishoy M. Faltas
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Vogelzang
- US Oncology Research, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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31
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Grivas P, Loriot Y, Morales-Barrera R, Teo MY, Zakharia Y, Feyerabend S, Vogelzang NJ, Grande E, Adra N, Alva A, Necchi A, Rodriguez-Vida A, Gupta S, Josephs DH, Srinivas S, Wride K, Thomas D, Simmons A, Loehr A, Dusek RL, Nepert D, Chowdhury S. Efficacy and safety of rucaparib in previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma from a phase 2, open-label trial (ATLAS). BMC Cancer 2021; 21:593. [PMID: 34030643 PMCID: PMC8147008 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATLAS evaluated the efficacy and safety of the PARP inhibitor rucaparib in patients with previously treated locally advanced/unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC). METHODS Patients with UC were enrolled independent of tumor homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) status and received rucaparib 600 mg BID. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed objective response rate (RECIST v1.1) in the intent-to-treat and HRD-positive (loss of genome-wide heterozygosity ≥10%) populations. Key secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and safety. Disease control rate (DCR) was defined post-hoc as the proportion of patients with a confirmed complete or partial response (PR), or stable disease lasting ≥16 weeks. RESULTS Of 97 enrolled patients, 20 (20.6%) were HRD-positive, 30 (30.9%) HRD-negative, and 47 (48.5%) HRD-indeterminate. Among 95 evaluable patients, there were no confirmed responses. However, reductions in the sum of target lesions were observed, including 6 (6.3%) patients with unconfirmed PR. DCR was 11.6%; median PFS was 1.8 months (95% CI, 1.6-1.9). No relationship was observed between HRD status and efficacy endpoints. Median treatment duration was 1.8 months (range, 0.1-10.1). Most frequent any-grade treatment-emergent adverse events were asthenia/fatigue (57.7%), nausea (42.3%), and anemia (36.1%). Of 64 patients with data from tumor tissue samples, 10 (15.6%) had a deleterious alteration in a DNA damage repair pathway gene, including four with a deleterious BRCA1 or BRCA2 alteration. CONCLUSIONS Rucaparib did not show significant activity in unselected patients with advanced UC regardless of HRD status. The safety profile was consistent with that observed in patients with ovarian or prostate cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03397394). Date of registration: 12 January 2018. This trial was registered in EudraCT (2017-004166-10).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grivas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, 1144 Eastlake Avenue E, LG- 465, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Y Loriot
- Department of Medicine, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, INSERM U981, Université Paris-Saclay, 39 Rue Camille Desmoulins, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | | | - M Y Teo
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Y Zakharia
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of Iowa and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - S Feyerabend
- Studienpraxis Urologie, Steinengrabenstraße 17, 72622, Nürtingen, Germany
| | - N J Vogelzang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, 3730 S Eastern Avenue, Las Vegas, NV, 89169, USA
| | - E Grande
- Department of Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Calle de Arturo Soria, 270 28033, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Adra
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, 535 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - A Alva
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - A Necchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Giacomo Venezian, 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - A Rodriguez-Vida
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Maritim 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Gupta
- Division of Medical Oncology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 1950 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - D H Josephs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - S Srinivas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - K Wride
- Clovis Oncology, Inc., 5500 Flatiron Parkway, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - D Thomas
- Clovis Oncology, Inc., 5500 Flatiron Parkway, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - A Simmons
- Clovis Oncology, Inc., 5500 Flatiron Parkway, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - A Loehr
- Clovis Oncology, Inc., 5500 Flatiron Parkway, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - R L Dusek
- Clovis Oncology, Inc., 5500 Flatiron Parkway, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - D Nepert
- Clovis Oncology, Inc., 5500 Flatiron Parkway, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - S Chowdhury
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust & Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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Ferguson HR, Smith MP, Francavilla C. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) and Noncanonical Partners in Cancer Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1201. [PMID: 34068954 PMCID: PMC8156822 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that success of targeted therapies in the treatment of cancer is context-dependent and is influenced by a complex crosstalk between signaling pathways and between cell types in the tumor. The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)/FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling axis highlights the importance of such context-dependent signaling in cancer. Aberrant FGFR signaling has been characterized in almost all cancer types, most commonly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), breast cancer, glioblastoma, prostate cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. This occurs primarily through amplification and over-expression of FGFR1 and FGFR2 resulting in ligand-independent activation. Mutations and translocations of FGFR1-4 are also identified in cancer. Canonical FGF-FGFR signaling is tightly regulated by ligand-receptor combinations as well as direct interactions with the FGFR coreceptors heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and Klotho. Noncanonical FGFR signaling partners have been implicated in differential regulation of FGFR signaling. FGFR directly interacts with cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, contributing to invasive and migratory properties of cancer cells, whereas interactions with other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulate angiogenic, resistance to therapy, and metastatic potential of cancer cells. The diversity in FGFR signaling partners supports a role for FGFR signaling in cancer, independent of genetic aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet R. Ferguson
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Michael P. Smith
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health (FBMH), The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
- Manchester Breast Centre, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
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Sonpavde GP. Management of Bladder Cancer: The First Inning of a New Era of Rapid Advances. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2021; 35:xiii-xx. [PMID: 33958157 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guru P Sonpavde
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, D924, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Green EA, Li R, Albiges L, Choueiri TK, Freedman M, Pal S, Dyrskjøt L, Kamat AM. Clinical Utility of Cell-free and Circulating Tumor DNA in Kidney and Bladder Cancer: A Critical Review of Current Literature. Eur Urol Oncol 2021; 4:893-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lopez-Beltran A, Cimadamore A, Montironi R, Cheng L. Molecular pathology of urothelial carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2021; 113:67-83. [PMID: 33887300 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current personalized oncology era has witnessed significant efforts to integrate clinical, pathological, and molecular classifications. The growing need for molecular biomarkers to feed personalized oncology, together with the unprecedented wealth of knowledge on the molecular basis of bladder cancer, has led to a novel approach to this disease, incorporating molecularly generated data in clinical practice for locally advanced or metastatic disease. Translational research allows a better understanding of the early events in the development of urothelial carcinoma in the urinary bladder. Thus, mutations in the KMT2D and KDM6A chromatin-modifying genes confer competitive advantages that drive cells to colonize larger regions of the urothelium. Additional mutations in TP53, PIK3CA, FGFR3, or RB1 genes then trigger the process of malignant transformation in the urothelium. In the current review, we provide an overview of what could be the expected transition from the morphology-based classification to a combined, molecularly enriched reporting of clinically meaningful parameters aiming to promote personalized oncology of urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cordoba University Medical School, Cordoba, E-14004, Spain.
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, 60126, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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36
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Hayashi Y, Fujita K. Toward urinary cell-free DNA-based treatment of urothelial carcinoma: a narrative review. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:1865-1877. [PMID: 33968675 PMCID: PMC8100839 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy technique targeting urinary cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is getting a lot of attention to overcome limitations of the present treatment strategy for urothelial carcinoma, including urothelial bladder carcinoma (UBC) and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). Analysis of tumor-derived DNA in urine focusing either on genomic or epigenomic alterations, holds great potential as a noninvasive method for the detection of urothelial carcinoma with high accuracy. It is also predictive of prognosis and response to drugs, and reveals the underlying characteristics of different stages of urothelial carcinoma. Although cfDNA methylation analyses based on a combination of several methylation profiles have demonstrated high sensitivity for UBC diagnosis, there have been few reports involving epigenomic studies of urinary cfDNA. In mutational analyses, frequent gene mutations (TERT promoter, TP53, FGFR3, PIK3CA, RAS, etc.) have been detected in urine supernatant by using remarkable technological innovations such as next-generation sequencing and droplet digital PCR. These methods allow highly sensitive detection of rare mutation alleles while minimizing artifacts. In this review, we summarize the current insights into the clinical applications of urinary cfDNA from patients with urothelial carcinoma. Although it is necessary to conduct prospective multi-institutional clinical trials, noninvasive urine biopsy is expected to play an important role in the realization of precision medicine in patients with urothelial carcinoma in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
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Herranz R, Oto J, Plana E, Fernández-Pardo Á, Cana F, Martínez-Sarmiento M, Vera-Donoso CD, España F, Medina P. Circulating Cell-Free DNA in Liquid Biopsies as Potential Biomarker for Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1448. [PMID: 33810039 PMCID: PMC8005001 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is among the most frequent cancer types in the world and is the most lethal urological malignancy. Presently, diagnostic and follow-up methods for BC are expensive and invasive. Thus, the identification of novel predictive biomarkers for diagnosis, progression, and prognosis of BC is of paramount importance. To date, several studies have evidenced that cell-free DNA (cfDNA) found in liquid biopsies such as blood and urine may play a role in the particular scenario of urologic tumors, and its analysis may improve BC diagnosis report about cancer progression or even evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment or anticipate whether a treatment would be useful for a specific patient depending on the tumor characteristics. In the present review, we have summarized the up-to-date studies evaluating the value of cfDNA as potential diagnostic, prognostic, or monitoring biomarker for BC in several biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Herranz
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis, Arteriosclerosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Medical Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.O.); (E.P.); (Á.F.-P.); (F.C.); (F.E.)
| | - Julia Oto
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis, Arteriosclerosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Medical Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.O.); (E.P.); (Á.F.-P.); (F.C.); (F.E.)
| | - Emma Plana
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis, Arteriosclerosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Medical Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.O.); (E.P.); (Á.F.-P.); (F.C.); (F.E.)
- Angiology and Vascular Surgery Service, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Pardo
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis, Arteriosclerosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Medical Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.O.); (E.P.); (Á.F.-P.); (F.C.); (F.E.)
| | - Fernando Cana
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis, Arteriosclerosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Medical Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.O.); (E.P.); (Á.F.-P.); (F.C.); (F.E.)
| | - Manuel Martínez-Sarmiento
- Department of Urology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (C.D.V.-D.)
| | - César D. Vera-Donoso
- Department of Urology, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (C.D.V.-D.)
| | - Francisco España
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis, Arteriosclerosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Medical Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.O.); (E.P.); (Á.F.-P.); (F.C.); (F.E.)
| | - Pilar Medina
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis, Arteriosclerosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Medical Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (R.H.); (J.O.); (E.P.); (Á.F.-P.); (F.C.); (F.E.)
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Rizzo A, Mollica V, Cimadamore A, Santoni M, Scarpelli M, Schiavina R, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Brunocilla E, Montironi R, Massari F. TNM staging towards a personalized approach in metastatic urothelial carcinoma: what will the future be like?-a narrative review. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:1541-1552. [PMID: 33850788 PMCID: PMC8039595 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC) tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification, with its periodical updates and modifications, has represented and still represents the basis of cancer staging. The historical, long-standing limitations of anatomic-based TNM staging have been recently “threatened” by the impressive amount of data derived from molecular analyses, which have led to an unprecedented level of understanding of cancer genomics. In fact, current era of personalized oncology has witnessed important efforts towards the integration between clinical, anatomical and molecular features; however, despite the promises, personalized oncology faces many obstacles, due to the complex relationship between tumor biomarkers, previously unknown cancer subtypes and clinical and anatomical characteristics. With regard to urothelial carcinoma (UC), the characterization of tumors in large cohorts of patients has provided important information concerning genetic alterations, revealing the presence of biologically relevant subtypes of UC. In the current review, we will provide an overview regarding this recent “translation” from the anatomic-based TNM to a novel horizon, aiming at further “tailoring” personalized oncology, especially focusing on recently published data about the molecular landscape of UC with its therapeutic and prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rizzo
- Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Mollica
- Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Schiavina
- Department of Urology, University of Bologna, S-Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Eugenio Brunocilla
- Department of Urology, University of Bologna, S-Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Massari
- Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Yang B, Zhao X, Wan C, Ma X, Niu S, Guo A, Wang J, Wang J, Sun D, Jiao S. Genomic profiling of Chinese patients with urothelial carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:162. [PMID: 33588785 PMCID: PMC7885246 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07829-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common genitourinary malignancy in China. In this study, we surveyed the genomic features in Chinese UC patients and investigated the concordance of genetic alterations between circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in plasma and matched tumor tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 112 UC patients were enrolled, of which 31 were upper tract UC (UTUC) and 81 were UC of bladder (UCB). Genomic alterations in 92 selected genes were analyzed by targeted next-generation sequencing. RESULTS In the study cohort, 94.64, 86.61 and 62.50% of patients were identified as having valid somatic, oncogenic and actionable somatic alterations, respectively. The most frequently altered genes included TP53, KMT2D, KDM6A, FAT4, FAT1, CREBBP and ARID1A. The higher prevalence of HRAS (22.0% vs 3.7%) and KMT2D (59.26% vs 34.57%) was identified in UTUC than in UCB. Comparisons of somatic alterations of UCB and UTUC between the study cohort and western cohorts revealed significant differences in mutant prevalence. Notably, 28.57, 17.86 and 47.32% of the cases harbored alterations in FGFRs, ERBBs and DNA damage repair genes, respectively. Furthermore, 75% of the patients carried non-benign germline variants, but only two (1.79%) were pathogenic. The overall concordance for genomic alterations in ctDNA and matched tumor tissue was 42.97% (0-100%). Notably, 47.25% of alterations detected in ctDNA were not detected in the matched tissue, and 54.14% of which were oncogenic mutations. CONCLUSIONS We found a unique genomic feature of Chinese UC patients. A reasonably good concordance of genomic features between ctDNA and tissue samples were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Wan
- Lifehealthcare Clinical Laboratories, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoxi Niu
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aitao Guo
- Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jieli Wang
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, China
| | - Decong Sun
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, China
| | - Shunchang Jiao
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28, Beijing, China.
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40
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Clinical Trials in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma. Bladder Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70646-3_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Huang H, Li H. Tumor heterogeneity and the potential role of liquid biopsy in bladder cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2020; 41:91-108. [PMID: 33377623 PMCID: PMC7896752 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease that characterized by genomic instability and a high mutation rate. Heterogeneity in tumor may partially explain the diversity of responses to targeted therapies and the various clinical outcomes. A combination of cytology and cystoscopy is the standard methodology for BC diagnosis, prognosis, and disease surveillance. However, genomics analyses of single tumor‐biopsy specimens may underestimate the mutational burden of heterogeneous tumors. Liquid biopsy, as a promising technology, enables analysis of tumor components in the bodily fluids, such as blood and urine, at multiple time points and provides a minimally invasive approach that can track the evolutionary dynamics and monitor tumor heterogeneity. In this review, we describe the multiple faces of BC heterogeneity at the genomic and transcriptional levels and how they affect clinical care and outcomes. We also summarize the outcomes of liquid biopsy in BC, which plays a potential role in revealing tumor heterogeneity. Finally, we discuss the challenges that must be addressed before liquid biopsy can be widely used in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Ming Huang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryPeking University First HospitalBeijing100034P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Xia Li
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryPeking University First HospitalBeijing100034P. R. China
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Sfakianos JP, Gul Z, Shariat SF, Matin SF, Daneshmand S, Plimack E, Lerner S, Roupret M, Pal S. Genetic Differences Between Bladder and Upper Urinary Tract Carcinoma: Implications for Therapy. Eur Urol Oncol 2020; 4:170-179. [PMID: 33386276 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) have genetic differences, which may influence therapy. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current review was to summarize the current genetic understanding of upper tract and BUC. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science online databases were searched systematically up to February 2020, using the following keywords: urothelial carcinomas, upper urinary tract, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder cancer, and genetics. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS UTUC and BUC share mutations in similar genes, such as FGFR3, TP53, and HRAS, and epigenetic genes, such as KDM6A and KMT2A-C, but at varying frequencies. Furthermore, subtyping of UTUC and BUC has identified similar expression subtypes, but UTUC is more often luminal with more T-cell depletion. Clonal studies indicate that BUC after UTUC is also likely luminal, while UTUC after BUC is often basal. CONCLUSIONS UTUC and BUC share many genomic alterations, but at different frequencies, which recapitulate with their metachronous recurrences. These differences likely contribute to the behavior of these two cancers and imply that they and their metachronous recurrences should be treated as two related yet distinct entities. PATIENT SUMMARY Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder has distinct genomic features, which are different from distinct genomic features of urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis and/or ureter. These features can be used for tailored treatment options specific to tumors of different locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Sfakianos
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Zeynep Gul
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Surena F Matin
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Siamak Daneshmand
- Institute of Urology and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Seth Lerner
- Scott Department of Urology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Morgan Roupret
- Urology Department, GRC n°5, Predictive Onco-Uro, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Sumanta Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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Montazeri K, Sonpavde G. Salvage systemic therapy for metastatic urothelial carcinoma: an unmet clinical need. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 21:299-313. [PMID: 33249937 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1855981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) remains a fatal malignancy, despite the recent addition of immune check point inhibitors (ICIs), an FGFR inhibitor and an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) to the therapeutic armamentarium. The survival rates are particularly dismal after first-line treatment failure, entailing an urgent need for more effective therapies. Advances in understanding biomarkers and identifying targetable molecules have broadened the pathways under investigation in mUC. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes mUC salvage therapy options, including chemotherapy, ICI, and novel promising agents, including targeted therapies, ADCs, cytotoxic agents and vaccines. For the literature review, a PubMed search and relevant data presented at international conferences were used. EXPERT OPINION The approval of ICIs, FGFR inhibitor erdafitinib and ADC enfortumab vedotin in the salvage setting has transformed the mUC landscape. Yet there are additional promising agents currently under study. Toxicities are observed with ADCs and FGFR inhibitors, but appear manageable in most patients. The molecular heterogeneity and complex tumor biology are challenging barriers for progress in the therapy of mUC. Advances in molecular profiling, defining validated predictive markers, rational combinations of agents and therapeutically actionable targets will help develop personalized compounds with higher efficacy and less toxicity with hopes to improve outcomes for mUC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guru Sonpavde
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Yang H, Liu Z, Wang Y, Li J, Li R, Wang Q, Hu C, Jiang H, Wu H, Song L, Bai Y. Olaparib is effective for recurrent urothelial carcinoma with BRCA2 pathogenic germline mutation: first report on olaparib response in recurrent UC. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920970845. [PMID: 33240400 PMCID: PMC7675892 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920970845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common malignancy of the lower and upper urinary tract. Recurrent UC has poor prognosis due to delayed diagnosis and a lack of clinical management guidance, especially for upper urinary tract UC. Patients with germline or somatic BRCA1/2 mutations are a special population in UC. No evidence is available so far on the effectiveness of poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) in this population. Here, we report a 60-year-old female patient diagnosed with left ureter high-grade UC. Recurrent lesions were found 20 months after radical surgery. Computed tomography (CT) examination showed a slightly high-density soft tissue mass (3.2 × 3.1 cm) on the left posterior wall of the abdomen (waist), soft tissue mass adjacent to the left inner wall of the pelvis (3.2 × 4.2 cm), and multiple enlarged lymph nodes to the left of abdominal aorta. A next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based 605-gene panel detected a novel BRCA2 pathogenic germline mutation c.1670T>A (p.L557*), and a series of somatic insertion and deletion (INDEL) mutations of BRCA1, RB1, and JAK2, and single nucleotide variation (SNV) mutations of TP53, KMT2D, MET, ROS1, and IL7R. The above lesions were reduced significantly or disappeared (partial response, PR) after a 3-month Olaparib treatment, and the patient’s general condition remained well. In conclusion, this study proved for the first time that PARPi was effective for UC treatment in patients carrying germline BRCA2 pathogenic mutations, providing new treatment options for such patients. In addition, the circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) test can be used for drug selection and response monitoring in UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Yufang Wang
- HaploX Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Ruiqian Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Qilin Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Hongyi Wu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Lele Song
- HaploX Biotechnology, Co., Ltd. 8th Floor, Auto Electric Power Building, Songpingshan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
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Grivas P, Lalani AKA, Pond GR, Nagy RJ, Faltas B, Agarwal N, Gupta SV, Drakaki A, Vaishampayan UN, Wang J, Barata PC, Gopalakrishnan D, Naik G, McGregor BA, Kiedrowski LA, Lanman RB, Sonpavde GP. Circulating Tumor DNA Alterations in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma and Association with Clinical Outcomes: A Pilot Study. Eur Urol Oncol 2020; 3:695-699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Giannatempo P, Raggi D, Marandino L, Bandini M, Farè E, Calareso G, Colecchia M, Gallina A, Ross JS, Alessi A, Briganti A, Montorsi F, Madison R, Necchi A. Pembrolizumab and nab-paclitaxel as salvage therapy for platinum-treated, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: interim results of the open-label, single-arm, phase II PEANUT study. Ann Oncol 2020; 31:1764-1772. [PMID: 32979512 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pembrolizumab is a new standard of care for patients with platinum-treated, metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC). Nab-paclitaxel is active in advanced UC. In the PEANUT study (NCT03464734) we investigated their combination in advanced UC. PATIENTS AND METHODS PEANUT was an open-label, single-arm, phase II trial that included patients who had failed one or two chemotherapy regimens, including platinum chemotherapy. Biomarker analyses focused on programmed cell-death ligand-1 combined positive score (CPS) and comprehensive genomic profiling on tumor samples and circulating tumor DNA. Patients received 200 mg pembrolizumab on day 1 (D1), and 125 mg/m2 nab-paclitaxel on D1 and D8, every 3 weeks, until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) according to RECIST (v1.1). The assumption was to detect an improvement in the median PFS from ≤3.0 months (H0) to ≥5.0 months (H1). RESULTS Between January 2019 and January 2020, the PEANUT study enrolled 70 patients: 24% had failed two prior systemic therapies; 31% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 1; and 28.6% had liver metastases. After a median follow-up of 9.8 months, 40 patients have relapsed (57.1%). The median PFS was 5.9 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1-11.5]. The confirmed objective response rate (ORR) was 38.6% (95% CI 27-51) with 17 partial responses and 10 complete responses (14.3%). The median duration of response was not reached. Five patients (7.1%) had ongoing responses lasting >12 months. The most common any-grade treatment-related adverse events included alopecia (71.4%), neutropenia (32.9%), and peripheral neuropathy (34.3%). Neither tumor mutational burden nor CPS was significantly associated with PFS at univariable analyses. The single-arm design of the trial was the major limitation. CONCLUSIONS Pembrolizumab combined with nab-paclitaxel, as second- and third-line chemoimmunotherapy for metastatic UC, showed a favorable safety profile, durable PFS, and a clinically meaningful ORR in these preliminary analyses. This combination warrants additional randomized studies in earlier disease stages. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV NUMBER ClinicalTrials.govNCT03464734; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03464734.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Giannatempo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - D Raggi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - L Marandino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M Bandini
- Department of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - E Farè
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - G Calareso
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M Colecchia
- Department of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - A Gallina
- Department of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - J S Ross
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, USA; Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA
| | - A Alessi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - A Briganti
- Department of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - F Montorsi
- Department of Urology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - R Madison
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, USA
| | - A Necchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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Pritchard JJG, Hamilton G, Hurst CD, Fraser S, Orange C, Knowles MA, Jones RJ, Leung HY, Iwata T. Monitoring of urothelial cancer disease status after treatment by digital droplet PCR liquid biopsy assays. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:737.e1-737.e10. [PMID: 32532529 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Real-time monitoring of disease status would be beneficial for timely decision making in the treatment of urothelial cancer (UC), and may accelerate the evaluation of clinical trials. Use of cell free tumor DNA (cftDNA) as a biomarker in liquid biopsy is minimally invasive and its successful use has been reported in various cancer types, including UC. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of digital droplet PCR (ddPCR)-based assays to monitor UC after treatment. METHOD AND MATERIALS Blood, urine and matching formalin fixed, paraffin embedded diagnostic specimens were collected from 20 patients diagnosed with stage T1 (n = 2) and T2/T3 (n = 18) disease. SNaPshot assays, Sanger sequencing and whole exome sequencing were used to identify tumor-specific mutations, and somatic mutation status was confirmed using patient-matched DNAs extracted from buffy coats and peripheral blood mononucleocytes. The ddPCR assays of the tumor-specific mutations were used to detect the fractional abundance of cftDNA in plasma and urine. RESULTS SNaPshot and Sanger sequencing identified point mutations in 70% of the patients that were assayable by ddPCR. Cases of remission and relapse monitored by assays for PIK3CA E542K and TP53 Y163C mutations in plasma and urine concurred with clinical observations up to 48 months from the start of chemotherapy. A new ddPCR assay for the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter (-124) mutation was developed. The TERT assay was able to detect mutations in cases below the limit of detection by SNaPshot. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel mutation, CNTNAP4 G727*. A ddPCR assay designed to detect this mutation was able to distinguish mutant from wild-type alleles. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated that ddPCR assays could be used to detect cftDNA in liquid biopsy monitoring of the post-therapy disease status in patients with UC. Overall, 70% of the patients in our study harbored mutations that were assayable by ddPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J G Pritchard
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hamilton
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn D Hurst
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sioban Fraser
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Orange
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Jones
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tomoko Iwata
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Mentis AFA, Grivas PD, Dardiotis E, Romas NA, Papavassiliou AG. Circulating tumor cells as Trojan Horse for understanding, preventing, and treating cancer: a critical appraisal. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3671-3690. [PMID: 32333084 PMCID: PMC11104835 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are regarded as harbingers of metastases. Their ability to predict response to therapy, relapse, and resistance to treatment has proposed their value as putative diagnostic and prognostic indicators. CTCs represent one of the zeniths of cancer evolution in terms of cell survival; however, the triggers of CTC generation, the identification of potentially metastatic CTCs, and the mechanisms contributing to their heterogeneity and aggressiveness represent issues not yet fully deciphered. Thus, prior to enabling liquid biopsy applications to reach clinical prime time, understanding how the above mechanistic information can be applied to improve treatment decisions is a key challenge. Here, we provide our perspective on how CTCs can provide mechanistic insights into tumor pathogenesis, as well as on CTC clinical value. In doing so, we aim to (a) describe how CTCs disseminate from the primary tumor, and their link to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); (b) trace the route of CTCs through the circulation, focusing on tumor self-seeding and the possibility of tertiary metastasis; (c) describe possible mechanisms underlying the enhanced metastatic potential of CTCs; (d) discuss how CTC could provide further information on the tissue of origin, especially in cancer of unknown primary origin. We also provide a comprehensive review of meta-analyses assessing the prognostic significance of CTCs, to highlight the emerging role of CTCs in clinical oncology. We also explore how cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis, using a combination of genomic and phylogenetic analysis, can offer insights into CTC biology, including our understanding of CTC heterogeneity and tumor evolution. Last, we discuss emerging technologies, such as high-throughput quantitative imaging, radiogenomics, machine learning approaches, and the emerging breath biopsy. These technologies could compliment CTC and ctDNA analyses, and they collectively represent major future steps in cancer detection, monitoring, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Petros D Grivas
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A Romas
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias Street-Bldg. 16, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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49
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Hassler MR, Bray F, Catto JWF, Grollman AP, Hartmann A, Margulis V, Matin SF, Roupret M, Sfakianos JP, Shariat SF, Faltas BM. Molecular Characterization of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma in the Era of Next-generation Sequencing: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature. Eur Urol 2020; 78:209-220. [PMID: 32571725 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT While upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) share histological appearance with bladder cancer (BC), the former has differences in etiology and clinical phenotype consistent with characteristic molecular alterations. OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate current genomic sequencing and proteomic data examining molecular alterations in UTUC. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic review using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed in December 2019 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses statement. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 46 publications were selected for inclusion in this report, including 13 studies assessing genome-wide alterations, 18 studies assessing gene expression or microRNA expression profiles, three studies assessing proteomics, one study assessing genome-wide DNA methylation, and 14 studies evaluating distinct pathway alteration patterns. Differences between sporadic and hereditary UTUC, and between UTUC and BC, as well as molecular profiles associated with exposure to aristolochic acid are highlighted. Molecular pathways relevant to UTUC biology, such as alterations in FGFR3, TP53, or microsatellite instability, are discussed. Our findings are limited by tumor and patient heterogeneity and different platforms used in the studies. CONCLUSIONS Molecular events in UTUC and BC can be shared or distinct. Consequently, molecular subtypes differ according to location. Further work is needed to define the epigenomic and proteomic features of UTUC, and understand the mechanisms by which they shape the clinical behavior of UTUC. PATIENT SUMMARY We report the current data on the molecular alterations specific to upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), resulting from novel genomic and proteomic technologies. Although UTUC biology is comparable with that of bladder cancer, the rates and UTUC-enriched alterations support its uniqueness and the need for precision medicine strategies for this rare tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Hassler
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Freddie Bray
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - James W F Catto
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Surena F Matin
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Morgan Roupret
- Urology, GRC n°5, Predictive Onco-Uro, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - John P Sfakianos
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; European Association of Urology research foundation, Arnhem, Netherlands.
| | - Bishoy M Faltas
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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50
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Bieg‐Bourne CC, Okamura R, Kurzrock R. Concordance between TP53 alterations in blood and tissue: impact of time interval, biopsy site, cancer type and circulating tumor DNA burden. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1242-1251. [PMID: 32187847 PMCID: PMC7266274 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the impact of spatial, temporal, histologic, and quantitative factors on concordance between TP53 alterations in tissue DNA vs in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Four hundred and thirty-three patients underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS) in which both tissue and blood samples were evaluated. TP53 was detected in 258 of 433 patients (59.6%); 215 had tissue TP53 alterations (49.7%); 159, ctDNA (36.7%); and 116, both tissue and ctDNA (27.8%). Overall concordance rate between ctDNA and tissue biopsies for TP53 alterations was 67.2%; positive concordance was 45.0%. Overall concordance for TP53 did not vary among patients with ≤ 2 months vs > 6 months between test samples; however, positive concordance trended higher when time intervals between test samples were shorter, suggesting that the lack of difference in overall concordance may be due to the large number of negative/negative tests. There was a trend toward higher overall concordance based on biopsy site (metastatic vs primary) (P = 0.07) and significantly higher positive concordance if the tissue biopsy site was a metastatic lesion (P = 0.03). Positive concordance significantly decreased in noncolorectal cancer patients vs colorectal cancer patients (P = 0.02). Finally, higher %ctDNA was associated with higher concordance rates between blood and tissue (P < 0.001). Taken together, these data indicate that both blood and tissue DNA sequencing are necessary to evaluate the full scope of TP53 alterations, and that concordance rates may be related to multiple factors including, but not limited to, amount of ctDNA, histologic context, and site of tissue biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheyennedra C. Bieg‐Bourne
- Center for Personalized Cancer TherapyMoores Cancer CenterUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Ryosuke Okamura
- Center for Personalized Cancer TherapyMoores Cancer CenterUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer TherapyMoores Cancer CenterUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
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