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Li D, Zhang Z, Li Y, Wang X, Zhong H, Yang H, Xi Y, Liu H, Shen A, Hu Y. Discovery of ( S)- N-(2-Amino-4-fluorophenyl)-4-(1-(3-(4-((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)-6-oxopyridazin-1(6 H)-yl)ethyl)benzamide as Potent Class I Selective HDAC Inhibitor for Oral Anticancer Drug Candidate. J Med Chem 2023; 66:7016-7037. [PMID: 37184921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of benzamide derivatives were successively designed and synthesized prepared from the pyridazinone scaffold. Among them, (S)-17b, demonstrated potent inhibitory activity in vitro toward human class I HDAC isoforms and human myelodysplastic syndrome (SKM-1) cell line. Also, (S)-17b strongly increased the intracellular level of acetyl-histone H3 and P21 simultaneously and effectively induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Through oral dosing in SKM-1 xenograft models, (S)-17b exhibited excellent in vivo antitumor activity. In addition, compound (S)-17b showed better antitumor efficacy on mouse models with intact immune system than those with thymus deficiencies. Furthermore, this compound displayed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in ICR mice and SD rat, respectively, minimal metabolic property differences among hepatocytes from five species, and a low inhibition upon the human ether-a-go-go (hERG) channel with an IC50 value of 34.6 μΜ. This novel compound (S)-17b may serve as a new drug candidate for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 110039, China
| | - Yalei Li
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 110039, China
| | - Hanyue Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 110039, China
| | - Huajie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yong Xi
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongchun Liu
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Aijun Shen
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 110039, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Youhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 110039, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
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2
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The HDAC inhibitor zabadinostat is a systemic regulator of adaptive immunity. Commun Biol 2023; 6:102. [PMID: 36702861 PMCID: PMC9878486 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein acetylation plays a key role in regulating cellular processes and is subject to aberrant control in diverse pathologies. Although histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are approved drugs for certain cancers, it is not known whether they can be deployed in other therapeutic contexts. We have explored the clinical HDAC inhibitor, zabadinostat/CXD101, and found that it is a stand-alone regulator of the adaptive immune response. Zabadinostat treatment increased expression of MHC class I and II genes in a variety of cells, including dendritic cells (DCs) and healthy tissue. Remarkably, zabadinostat enhanced the activity of DCs, and CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. Using an antigenic peptide presented to the immune system by MHC class I, zabadinostat caused an increase in antigen-specific CD8 T lymphocytes. Further, mice immunised with covid19 spike protein and treated with zabadinostat exhibit enhanced covid19 neutralising antibodies and an increased level of T lymphocytes. The enhanced humoral response reflected increased activity of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal centre (GC) B cells. Our results argue strongly that zabadinostat has potential to augment diverse therapeutic agents that act through the immune system.
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Saunders MP, Graham J, Cunningham D, Plummer R, Church D, Kerr R, Cook S, Zheng S, La Thangue N, Kerr D. CXD101 and nivolumab in patients with metastatic microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer (CAROSELL): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase II trial. ESMO Open 2022; 7:100594. [PMID: 36327756 PMCID: PMC9808483 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal carcinoma (CRC) do not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Preclinical models suggested synergistic anti-tumour activity combining CXD101 and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 treatment; therefore, we assessed the clinical combination of CXD101 and nivolumab in heavily pre-treated patients with MSS metastatic CRC (mCRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS This single-arm, open-label study enrolled patients aged 18 years or older with biopsy-confirmed MSS CRC; at least two lines of systemic anticancer therapies (including oxaliplatin and irinotecan); at least one measurable lesion; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0, 1 or 2; predicted life expectancy above 3 months; and adequate organ and bone marrow function. Nine patients were enrolled in a safety run-in study to define a tolerable combination schedule of CXD101 and nivolumab, followed by 46 patients in the efficacy assessment phase. Patients in the efficacy assessment cohort were treated orally with 20 mg CXD101 twice daily for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks, and intravenously with 240 mg nivolumab every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was immune disease control rate (iDCR). RESULTS Between 2018 and 2020, 55 patients were treated with CXD101 and nivolumab. The combination therapy was well tolerated with the most frequent grade 3 or 4 adverse events being neutropenia (18%) and anaemia (7%). Immune-related adverse reactions commonly ascribed to checkpoint inhibitors were surprisingly rare although we did see single cases of pneumonitis, hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism. There were no treatment-related deaths. Of 46 patients assessable for efficacy, 4 (9%) achieved partial response and 18 (39%) achieved stable disease, translating to an immune disease control rate of 48%. The median overall survival (OS) was 7.0 months (95% confidence interval 5.13-10.22 months). CONCLUSIONS The primary endpoint was met in this phase II study, which showed that the combination of CXD101 and nivolumab, at full individual doses in the treatment of advanced or metastatic MSS CRC, was both well tolerated and efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Saunders
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - J Graham
- The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - D Cunningham
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R Plummer
- The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - D Church
- The Churchill Hospital Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - R Kerr
- The Churchill Hospital Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - S Cook
- Celleron Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
| | - S Zheng
- Celleron Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
| | | | - D Kerr
- The Churchill Hospital Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK; Celleron Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK
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4
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Lu J, He X, Zhang L, Zhang R, Li W. Acetylation in Tumor Immune Evasion Regulation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:771588. [PMID: 34880761 PMCID: PMC8645962 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.771588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylation is considered as one of the most common types of epigenetic modifications, and aberrant histone acetylation modifications are associated with the pathological process of cancer through the regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Recent studies have shown that immune system function and tumor immunity can also be affected by acetylation modifications. A comprehensive understanding of the role of acetylation function in cancer is essential, which may help to develop new therapies to improve the prognosis of cancer patients. In this review, we mainly discussed the functions of acetylase and deacetylase in tumor, immune system and tumor immunity, and listed the information of drugs targeting these enzymes in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Wenzheng Li
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Booth SW, Eyre TA, Whittaker J, Campo L, Wang LM, Soilleux E, Royston D, Rees G, Kesavan M, Hildyard C, Kazmi F, La Thangue N, Kerr D, Middleton MR, Collins GP. A Phase 2a cohort expansion study to assess the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of CXD101 in patients with advanced solid-organ cancer expressing HR23B or lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:851. [PMID: 34301221 PMCID: PMC8306282 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This Phase 2a dose expansion study was performed to assess the safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of the maximum tolerated dose of the oral histone de-acetylase (HDAC) inhibitor CXD101 in patients with relapsed / refractory lymphoma or advanced solid organ cancers and to assess HR23B protein expression by immunohistochemistry as a biomarker of HDAC inhibitor sensitivity. Methods Patients with advanced solid-organ cancers with high HR23B expression or lymphomas received CXD101 at the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). Key exclusions: corrected QT > 450 ms, neutrophils < 1.5 × 109/L, platelets < 75 × 109/L, ECOG > 1. Baseline HR23B expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results Fifty-one patients enrolled between March 2014 and September 2019, 47 received CXD101 (19 solid-organ cancer, 28 lymphoma). Thirty-four patients received ≥80% RP2D. Baseline characteristics: median age 57.4 years, median prior lines 3, male sex 57%. The most common grade 3–4 adverse events were neutropenia (32%), thrombocytopenia (17%), anaemia (13%), and fatigue (9%) with no deaths on CXD101. No responses were seen in solid-organ cancers, with disease stabilisation in 36% or patients; the overall response rate in lymphoma was 17% with disease stabilisation in 52% of patients. Median progression-free survival was 1.2 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–5.4) in solid-organ cancers and 2.6 months (95%CI 1.2–5.6) in lymphomas. HR23B status did not predict response. Conclusions CXD101 showed acceptable tolerability with efficacy seen in Hodgkin lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma. Further studies assessing combination approaches are warranted. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01977638. Registered 07 November 2013. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08595-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Booth
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK.
| | - Toby A Eyre
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Leticia Campo
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lai Mun Wang
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Daniel Royston
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabrielle Rees
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Murali Kesavan
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Hildyard
- Department of Haematology, Milton Keynes University Hospital, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Farasat Kazmi
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nick La Thangue
- Celleron Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Kerr
- Celleron Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Graham P Collins
- Department of Haematology, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
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Blaszczak W, Liu G, Zhu H, Barczak W, Shrestha A, Albayrak G, Zheng S, Kerr D, Samsonova A, La Thangue NB. Immune modulation underpins the anti-cancer activity of HDAC inhibitors. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3280-3298. [PMID: 33773029 PMCID: PMC8637571 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant protein acetylation is strongly linked to tumorigenesis, and modulating acetylation through targeting histone deacetylase (HDAC) with small‐molecule inhibitors has been the focus of clinical trials. However, clinical success on solid tumours, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), has been limited, in part because the cancer‐relevant mechanisms through which HDAC inhibitors act remain largely unknown. Here, we have explored, at the genome‐wide expression level, the effects of a novel HDAC inhibitor CXD101. In human CRC cell lines, a diverse set of differentially expressed genes were up‐ and downregulated upon CXD101 treatment. Functional profiling of the expression data highlighted immune‐relevant concepts related to antigen processing and natural killer cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. Similar profiles were apparent when gene expression was investigated in murine colon26 CRC cells treated with CXD101. Significantly, these changes were also apparent in syngeneic colon26 tumours growing in vivo. The ability of CXD101 to affect immune‐relevant gene expression coincided with changes in the tumour microenvironment (TME), especially in the subgroups of CD4 and CD8 tumour‐infiltrating T lymphocytes. The altered TME reflected enhanced antitumour activity when CXD101 was combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐CTLA4. The ability of CXD101 to reinstate immune‐relevant gene expression in the TME and act together with ICIs provides a powerful rationale for exploring the combination therapy in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geng Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Hong Zhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wojciech Barczak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Amit Shrestha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Gulsah Albayrak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - David Kerr
- Celleron Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Anastasia Samsonova
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia.,Centre for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Celleron Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
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7
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Su M, Gong X, Liu F. An update on the emerging approaches for histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor drug discovery and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:745-761. [PMID: 33530771 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1877656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HDACs catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from the ε-N-acetylated lysine residues of various protein substrates including both histone and nonhistone proteins. Different HDACs have distinct biological functions and are recruited to specific regions of the genome. HDAC inhibitors have attracted much attention in recent decades; indeed, there have been more than thirty HDAC inhibitors investigated in clinic trials with five approvals being achieved. AREAS COVERED This review covers the emerging approaches for HDAC inhibitor drug discovery from the past five years and includes discussion of structure-based rational design, isoform selectivity, and dual mechanism/multi-targeting. Chemical structures in addition to the in vitro and in vivo inhibiting activity of these compounds have also been discussed. EXPERT OPINION The exact role and biological functions of HDACs is still under investigation with a variety of HDAC inhibitors having been designed and evaluated. HDAC inhibitors have shown promise in treating cancer, AD, metabolic disease, viral infection, and multiple sclerosis, but there is still a lot of room for clinical improvement. In the future, more efforts should be put into (i) HDAC isoform identification (ii) the optimization of selectivity, activity, and pharmacokinetics; and (iii) unconventional approaches for discovering different effective scaffolds and pharmacophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Xingyu Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
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8
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Chen IC, Sethy B, Liou JP. Recent Update of HDAC Inhibitors in Lymphoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:576391. [PMID: 33015069 PMCID: PMC7494784 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.576391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating epigenetic modification has been recognized for over a decade as an effective therapeutic approach to cancer and many studies of histone deacetylase (HDAC), one of the best known epigenetic modulators, have been published. HDAC modulates cell proliferation and angiogenesis and plays an essential role in cell growth. Research shows that up-regulated HDACs are present in many cancer types and synthetic or natural HDAC inhibitors have been used to silence overregulated HDACs. Inhibiting HDACs may cause arrest of cell proliferation, angiogenesis reduction and cell apoptosis. Recent studies indicate that HDAC inhibitors can provide a therapeutic effect in various cancers, such as B-cell lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma and some virus-associated cancers. Some evidence has demonstrated that HDAC inhibitors can increase the expression of immune-related molecules leading to accumulation of CD8 + T cells and causing unresponsive tumor cells to be recognized by the immune system, reducing tumor immunity. This may be a solution for the blockade of PD-1. Here, we review the emerging development of HDAC inhibitors in various cancer treatments and reduction of tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chung Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bidyadhar Sethy
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
It is now 30 years since the first report of a potent zinc-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor appeared. Since then, five HDAC inhibitors have received regulatory approval for cancer chemotherapy while many others are in clinical development for oncology as well as other therapeutic indications. This Perspective reviews the biological and medicinal chemistry advances over the past 3 decades with an emphasis on the design of selective inhibitors that discriminate between the 11 human HDAC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence C S Ho
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex H Y Chan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - A Ganesan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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10
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Booth S, Collins G. Epigenetic targeting in lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2020; 192:50-61. [PMID: 32609383 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the treatment of patients with lymphoid malignancies in recent decades, the prognosis of patients with relapsed or refractory lymphomas often remains disappointing. Increasing evidence has established the relevance of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies, and a succession of agents has been evaluated in clinical studies with varying efficacy. In the present review, we outline the importance of epigenetic modifications in lymphoma biology and discuss the published experience with epigenetic modifying agents by lymphoma subtype before considering ongoing clinical studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Booth
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Collins
- Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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11
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Kulka LAM, Fangmann PV, Panfilova D, Olzscha H. Impact of HDAC Inhibitors on Protein Quality Control Systems: Consequences for Precision Medicine in Malignant Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:425. [PMID: 32582706 PMCID: PMC7291789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is one of the major posttranslational modifications (PTM) in human cells and thus needs to be tightly regulated by the writers of this process, the histone acetyl transferases (HAT), and the erasers, the histone deacetylases (HDAC). Acetylation plays a crucial role in cell signaling, cell cycle control and in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Bromodomain (BRD)-containing proteins are readers of the acetylation mark, enabling them to transduce the modification signal. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been proven to be efficient in hematologic malignancies with four of them being approved by the FDA. However, the mechanisms by which HDACi exert their cytotoxicity are only partly resolved. It is likely that HDACi alter the acetylation pattern of cytoplasmic proteins, contributing to their anti-cancer potential. Recently, it has been demonstrated that various protein quality control (PQC) systems are involved in recognizing the altered acetylation pattern upon HDACi treatment. In particular, molecular chaperones, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are able to sense the structurally changed proteins, providing additional targets. Recent clinical studies of novel HDACi have proven that proteins of the UPS may serve as biomarkers for stratifying patient groups under HDACi regimes. In addition, members of the PQC systems have been shown to modify the epigenetic readout of HDACi treated cells and alter proteostasis in the nucleus, thus contributing to changing gene expression profiles. Bromodomain (BRD)-containing proteins seem to play a potent role in transducing the signaling process initiating apoptosis, and many clinical trials are under way to test BRD inhibitors. Finally, it has been demonstrated that HDACi treatment leads to protein misfolding and aggregation, which may explain the effect of panobinostat, the latest FDA approved HDACi, in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in multiple myeloma. Therefore, proteins of these PQC systems provide valuable targets for precision medicine in cancer. In this review, we give an overview of the impact of HDACi treatment on PQC systems and their implications for malignant disease. We exemplify the development of novel HDACi and how affected proteins belonging to PQC can be used to determine molecular signatures and utilized in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Anna Michelle Kulka
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pia-Victoria Fangmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Diana Panfilova
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Heidi Olzscha
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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12
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Jászai J, Schmidt MHH. Trends and Challenges in Tumor Anti-Angiogenic Therapies. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091102. [PMID: 31540455 PMCID: PMC6770676 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive abnormal angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and is a hallmark of solid tumors. This process is driven by an imbalance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors dominated by the tissue hypoxia-triggered overproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF-mediated signaling has quickly become one of the most promising anti-angiogenic therapeutic targets in oncology. Nevertheless, the clinical efficacy of this approach is severely limited in certain tumor types or shows only transient efficacy in patients. Acquired or intrinsic therapy resistance associated with anti-VEGF monotherapeutic approaches indicates the necessity of a paradigm change when targeting neoangiogenesis in solid tumors. In this context, the elaboration of the conceptual framework of “vessel normalization” might be a promising approach to increase the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapies and the survival rates of patients. Indeed, the promotion of vessel maturation instead of regressing tumors by vaso-obliteration could result in reduced tumor hypoxia and improved drug delivery. The implementation of such anti-angiogenic strategies, however, faces several pitfalls due to the potential involvement of multiple pro-angiogenic factors and modulatory effects of the innate and adaptive immune system. Thus, effective treatments bypassing relapses associated with anti-VEGF monotherapies or breaking the intrinsic therapy resistance of solid tumors might use combination therapies or agents with a multimodal mode of action. This review enumerates some of the current approaches and possible future directions of treating solid tumors by targeting neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Jászai
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 61920 Heidelberg, Germany.
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