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Kumsa FA, Fowke JH, Hashtarkhani S, White BM, Shrubsole MJ, Shaban-Nejad A. The association between neighborhood obesogenic factors and prostate cancer risk and mortality: the Southern Community Cohort Study. ARXIV 2024:arXiv:2405.18456v1. [PMID: 38855542 PMCID: PMC11160857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among men in the United States. We examined the role of neighborhood obesogenic attributes on prostate cancer risk and mortality in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). Methods From the total of 34,166 SCCS male participants, 28,356 were included in the analysis. We assessed the relationship between neighborhood obesogenic factors [neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) and neighborhood obesogenic environment indices including the restaurant environment index, the retail food environment index, parks, recreational facilities, and businesses] and prostate cancer risk and mortality by controlling for individual-level factors using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. We further stratified prostate cancer risk analysis by race and body mass index (BMI). Results Median follow-up time was 133 months [interquartile range (IQR): 103, 152], and the mean age was 51.62 (SD: ± 8.42) years. There were 1,524 (5.37%) prostate cancer diagnoses and 98 (6.43%) prostate cancer deaths during follow-up. Compared to participants residing in the wealthiest quintile, those residing in the poorest quintile had a higher risk of prostate cancer (aHR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.12-1.57, p = 0.001), particularly among non-obese men with a BMI < 30 (aHR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.07-1.98, p = 0.016). The restaurant environment index was associated with a higher prostate cancer risk in overweight (BMI ≥ 25) White men (aHR = 3.37, 95% CI 1.04-10.94, p = 0.043, quintile 1 vs. None). Obese Black individuals without any neighborhood recreational facilities had a 42% higher risk (aHR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.04-1.94, p = 0.026) compared to those with any access. Compared to residents in the wealthiest quintile and most walkable area, those residing within the poorest quintile (aHR = 3.43, 95% CI 1.54-7.64, p = 0.003) or the least walkable area (aHR = 3.45, 95% CI 1.22-9.78, p = 0.020) had a higher risk of prostate cancer death. Conclusion Living in a lower-nSES area was associated with a higher prostate cancer risk, particularly among Black men. Restaurant and retail food environment indices were also associated with a higher prostate cancer risk, with stronger associations within overweight White individuals. Finally, residing in a low-SES neighborhood or the least walkable areas were associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekede Asefa Kumsa
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) - Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Biomedical Informatics, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jay H. Fowke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Soheil Hashtarkhani
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) - Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Biomedical Informatics, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Brianna M. White
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) - Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Biomedical Informatics, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Martha J. Shrubsole
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Arash Shaban-Nejad
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) - Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Biomedical Informatics, Memphis, TN, United States
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Kumsa FA, Fowke JH, Hashtarkhani S, White BM, Shrubsole MJ, Shaban-Nejad A. The association between neighborhood obesogenic factors and prostate cancer risk and mortality: the Southern Community Cohort Study. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1343070. [PMID: 38720808 PMCID: PMC11078097 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1343070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among men in the United States. We examined the role of neighborhood obesogenic attributes on prostate cancer risk and mortality in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). Methods From the total of 34,166 SCCS male participants, 28,356 were included in the analysis. We assessed the relationship between neighborhood obesogenic factors [neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) and neighborhood obesogenic environment indices including the restaurant environment index, the retail food environment index, parks, recreational facilities, and businesses] and prostate cancer risk and mortality by controlling for individual-level factors using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. We further stratified prostate cancer risk analysis by race and body mass index (BMI). Results Median follow-up time was 133 months [interquartile range (IQR): 103, 152], and the mean age was 51.62 (SD: ± 8.42) years. There were 1,524 (5.37%) prostate cancer diagnoses and 98 (6.43%) prostate cancer deaths during follow-up. Compared to participants residing in the wealthiest quintile, those residing in the poorest quintile had a higher risk of prostate cancer (aHR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.12-1.57, p = 0.001), particularly among non-obese men with a BMI < 30 (aHR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.07-1.98, p = 0.016). The restaurant environment index was associated with a higher prostate cancer risk in overweight (BMI ≥ 25) White men (aHR = 3.37, 95% CI 1.04-10.94, p = 0.043, quintile 1 vs. None). Obese Black individuals without any neighborhood recreational facilities had a 42% higher risk (aHR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.04-1.94, p = 0.026) compared to those with any access. Compared to residents in the wealthiest quintile and most walkable area, those residing within the poorest quintile (aHR = 3.43, 95% CI 1.54-7.64, p = 0.003) or the least walkable area (aHR = 3.45, 95% CI 1.22-9.78, p = 0.020) had a higher risk of prostate cancer death. Conclusion Living in a lower-nSES area was associated with a higher prostate cancer risk, particularly among Black men. Restaurant and retail food environment indices were also associated with a higher prostate cancer risk, with stronger associations within overweight White individuals. Finally, residing in a low-SES neighborhood or the least walkable areas were associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekede Asefa Kumsa
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) - Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Biomedical Informatics, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jay H. Fowke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Soheil Hashtarkhani
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) - Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Biomedical Informatics, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Brianna M. White
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) - Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Biomedical Informatics, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Martha J. Shrubsole
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Arash Shaban-Nejad
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) - Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Center for Biomedical Informatics, Memphis, TN, United States
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Chen N, Mita C, Chowdhury-Paulino IM, Shreves AH, Hu CR, Yi L, James P. The built environment and cancer survivorship: A scoping review. Health Place 2024; 86:103206. [PMID: 38387361 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are more than 32 million cancer survivors worldwide. The built environment is one of the contextual factors that may influence cancer survivorship. However, studies investigating the interdisciplinary field of the built environment and cancer survivorship are lacking. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of the existing literature regarding the relationship between the built environment and cancer survivorship, identify any knowledge gaps, and recommend future research directions. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed by searching OVID Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science Core Collection. RESULTS Of 4235 unique records identified, 26 studies met eligibility criteria. Neighborhood walkability and greenness were the most examined built environment characteristics among the included studies. Walkability was found to be associated with various cancer survivorship experience, including increased levels of physical activity, lowered body mass index, and improved quality of life. The association between greenness and cancer survivorship outcomes were inconsistent across the included studies. Additionally, studies have reported the relationship between light and noise pollution and sleep among cancer survivors. Regarding blue space, in one qualitative study, breast cancer survivors brought up the healing properties of water. CONCLUSION Our scoping review demonstrated a breadth of current cancer survivorship research in the field of neighborhood walkability and greenness, but fewer studies detailing other aspects of the built environment as defined by this review, such as light pollution, noise pollution, and blue space. We identified future research directions for those interested in this interdisciplinary field, which can provide insights for urban planners and policy makers on how to best leverage the built environment to promote the health and wellbeing of cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiyu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Carol Mita
- Countway Library, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alaina H Shreves
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cindy R Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Yi
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, USA
| | - Peter James
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, USA
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Robinson JRM, Hastert TA, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Schwartz AG, Ruterbusch JJ, Pandolfi SS, Rundle AG. Housing instability and psychological distress in African American cancer survivors: findings from the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors study. J Cancer Surviv 2023:10.1007/s11764-023-01471-5. [PMID: 37798594 PMCID: PMC11181878 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-023-01471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As health care systems seek to screen for and address housing instability in patient populations, robust evidence linking unstable housing to patient-reported outcomes is needed. Housing instability may increase psychological distress in cancer survivors, potentially more so among African American cancer survivors who are also likely to experience disproportionate burden of housing instability. The purpose of this analysis was to estimate associations between housing instability and psychological distress in African Americans diagnosed with cancer. METHODS We included survey responses from 2875 African American cancer survivors in the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors (ROCS) study. We examined how housing instability at enrollment, using an item adapted from the Health Leads Screening Toolkit, related to psychological distress at enrollment, using Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement System (PROMIS) 4-item anxiety and depression short forms. Linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographic factors were used to estimate associations overall and stratified by stage at diagnosis. RESULTS Approximately 12% of participants reported being unstably housed. Housing instability was associated with significant differences in PROMIS scores for both anxiety (difference: 6.79; 95% CI: 5.57-8.01) and depression (difference: 6.16; 95% CI: 4.99-7.34). We did not find meaningful differences stratifying by disease stage. CONCLUSION Housing instability was experienced by over a tenth of this cohort of African American cancer survivors and was related to statistically and clinically meaningful differences in psychological distress even following adjustment for sociodemographics. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS These findings provide evidence supporting screening of housing instability in cancer survivors, especially those from medically underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamaica R M Robinson
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, MM04, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Theresa A Hastert
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, MM04, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer L Beebe-Dimmer
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, MM04, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ann G Schwartz
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, MM04, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Julie J Ruterbusch
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, MM04, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie S Pandolfi
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, MM04, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andrew G Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Ferrari G, Alberico C, Marques A, Kovalskys I, Gómez G, Rigotti A, Cortés LY, García MY, Pareja RG, Herrera-Cuenca M, Drenowatz C, Leme ACB, Cristi-Montero C, da Costa RF, Farías‑Valenzuela C, Fisberg M. Perceived urban environment attributes and obesity indices in adults: an 8-Nation study from Latin America. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19598. [PMID: 36380054 PMCID: PMC9666441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the associations between perceived urban environment attributes and obesity indices by country using data from an eight-nation study from Latin America. The data were collected from 8185 adults. The Neighbourhood Environment Walkability-abbreviated scale was used to assess perceived urban environment attributes. Obesity indices considered were body mass index, waist circumference, neck circumference, a body shape index and waist-to-height ratio. The perception of a more and better land use mix-diversity (β - 0.44; 95% CI - 0.59, - 0.28), traffic safety (- 0.39; - 0.66, - 0.12), and safety from crime (- 0.36; - 0.57, - 0.15) was associated with lower body mass index across the entire sample. Land use mix-diversity (- 1.21; - 1.60, - 0.82), street connectivity (- 0.26; - 0.37, - 0.15), and traffic safety (- 0.79; - 1.47, - 0.12) were negatively associated with waist circumference. Land use mix-diversity (- 0.11; - 0.20, - 0.03), land use mix-access (- 0.23; - 0.34, 0.12), walking/cycling facilities (- 0.22; - 0.37, - 0.08), and safety from crime (- 0.27; - 0.42, - 0.12) were negatively associated with neck circumference. No associations between perceived urban environment attributes and a body shape index were found. Land use mix-diversity (- 0.01; - 0.02, - 0.01), aesthetics (- 0.02; - 0.03, - 0.01), and safety from crime (- 0.02; - 0.04, - 0.01) were associated with waist-to-height ratio. Environmental interventions involving urban environment attributes are associated with obesity indices and, therefore, may help decrease the prevalence of overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Ferrari
- grid.441837.d0000 0001 0765 9762Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Dirección: Av. Pedro de Valdivia 425, Santiago, Providencia Chile
| | - Claudia Alberico
- grid.261038.e0000000122955703North Carolina Central University (NCCU), Julius L. Chambers Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Institute (JLC-BBRI), Durham, NC USA
| | - Adilson Marques
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Faculdade de Medicina, ISAMB, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Irina Kovalskys
- grid.412525.50000 0001 2097 3932Carrera de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgina Gómez
- grid.412889.e0000 0004 1937 0706Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Centro de Nutrición Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes Y Metabolismo, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilia Yadira Cortés
- grid.41312.350000 0001 1033 6040Departamento de Nutrición Y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martha Yépez García
- grid.412251.10000 0000 9008 4711Colégio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rossina G. Pareja
- grid.419080.40000 0001 2236 6140Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, La Molina, Lima Peru
| | - Marianella Herrera-Cuenca
- grid.8171.f0000 0001 2155 0982Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo, Universidad Central de Venezuela (CENDES-UCV)/Fundación Bengoa, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Clemens Drenowatz
- grid.508763.f0000 0004 0412 684XDivision of Physical Education, University of Education Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Ana Carolina B. Leme
- Centro de Excelencia em Nutrição e Dificuldades Alimentaes (CENDA), Instituto Pensi, Fundação José Luiz Egydio Setubal, Hospital Infantil Sabará, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- grid.8170.e0000 0001 1537 5962IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Roberto Fernandes da Costa
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XPhysical Education Department, Research Group in Physical Activity and Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Claudio Farías‑Valenzuela
- grid.441811.90000 0004 0487 6309Instituto del Deporte, Universidad de las Americas, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauro Fisberg
- Centro de Excelencia em Nutrição e Dificuldades Alimentaes (CENDA), Instituto Pensi, Fundação José Luiz Egydio Setubal, Hospital Infantil Sabará, São Paulo, Brazil ,grid.411249.b0000 0001 0514 7202Departamento de Pediatria da, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Qin B, Kim K, Goldman N, Rundle AG, Chanumolu D, Zeinomar N, Xu B, Pawlish KS, Ambrosone CB, Demissie K, Hong CC, Lovasi GS, Bandera EV. Multilevel Factors for Adiposity Change in a Population-Based Prospective Study of Black Breast Cancer Survivors. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:2213-2223. [PMID: 35333586 PMCID: PMC9273374 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Unfavorable weight change after breast cancer diagnosis increases the risk of mortality, but individual and neighborhood risk factors affecting postdiagnosis weight and body fat changes are unclear among Black women, who have higher rates of obesity and mortality than any other racial/ethnic group. METHODS Adiposity changes during the period approximately 10 months-24 months after diagnosis were evaluated among 785 women diagnosed between 2012 and 2018 and enrolled in the Women's Circle of Health Follow-Up Study, a population-based prospective cohort of Black breast cancer survivors in New Jersey. Multilevel factors for weight and fat mass change (with gain or loss defined as a relative difference of 3% or more, and considering whether changes were intentional or unintentional) were estimated using multivariable polytomous logistic regressions and multilevel models. RESULTS Adiposity gain was prevalent: 28% and 47% gained weight and body fat, respectively, despite a high baseline prevalence of overweight or obesity (86%). Risk factors for fat mass gain included receiving chemotherapy (relative risk ratio: 1.59, 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.33) and residing in neighborhoods with a greater density of fast-food restaurants (relative risk ratio comparing highest with lowest tertile: 2.18, 95% CI, 1.38 to 3.46); findings were similar for weight gain. Only 9% of women had intentional weight loss, and multilevel risk factors differed vastly from unintentional loss. CONCLUSION Both individual and neighborhood factors were associated with adiposity change among Black breast cancer survivors. Residential environment characteristics may offer clinically meaningful information to identify cancer survivors at higher risk for unfavorable weight change and to address barriers to postdiagnosis weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Cancer Epidemiology and Health Outcomes, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Kate Kim
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Noreen Goldman
- Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Andrew G. Rundle
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Dhanya Chanumolu
- Cancer Epidemiology and Health Outcomes, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Nur Zeinomar
- Cancer Epidemiology and Health Outcomes, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Baichen Xu
- Cancer Epidemiology and Health Outcomes, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Karen S. Pawlish
- New Jersey State Cancer Registry, New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, NJ
| | - Christine B. Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Kitaw Demissie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University School of Public Health, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Chi-Chen Hong
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | - Gina S. Lovasi
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elisa V. Bandera
- Cancer Epidemiology and Health Outcomes, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
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