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Jiang C, Huang H, Yang X, Le Q, Liu X, Ma L, Wang F. Targeting mitochondrial dynamics of morphine-responsive dopaminergic neurons ameliorates opiate withdrawal. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e171995. [PMID: 38236644 PMCID: PMC10904060 DOI: 10.1172/jci171995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Converging studies demonstrate the dysfunction of the dopaminergic neurons following chronic opioid administration. However, the therapeutic strategies targeting opioid-responsive dopaminergic ensembles that contribute to the development of opioid withdrawal remain to be elucidated. Here, we used the neuronal activity-dependent Tet-Off system to label dopaminergic ensembles in response to initial morphine exposure (Mor-Ens) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Fiber optic photometry recording and transcriptome analysis revealed downregulated spontaneous activity and dysregulated mitochondrial respiratory, ultrastructure, and oxidoreductase signal pathways after chronic morphine administration in these dopaminergic ensembles. Mitochondrial fragmentation and the decreased mitochondrial fusion gene mitofusin 1 (Mfn1) were found in these ensembles after prolonged opioid withdrawal. Restoration of Mfn1 in the dopaminergic Mor-Ens attenuated excessive oxidative stress and the development of opioid withdrawal. Administration of Mdivi-1, a mitochondrial fission inhibitor, ameliorated the mitochondrial fragmentation and maladaptation of the neuronal plasticity in these Mor-Ens, accompanied by attenuated development of opioid withdrawal after chronic morphine administration, without affecting the analgesic effect of morphine. These findings highlighted the plastic architecture of mitochondria as a potential therapeutic target for opioid analgesic-induced substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Addiction Memory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU009), Shanghai, China
| | - Han Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Addiction Memory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU009), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Addiction Memory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU009), Shanghai, China
| | - Qiumin Le
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Addiction Memory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU009), Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Addiction Memory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU009), Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Addiction Memory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU009), Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Departments of Neurosurgery and Hand Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Addiction Memory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2021RU009), Shanghai, China
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2
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Gossman KR, Dykstra B, García BH, Swopes AP, Kimbrough A, Smith AS. Pair Bond-Induced Affiliation and Aggression in Male Prairie Voles Elicit Distinct Functional Connectivity in the Social Decision-Making Network. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:748431. [PMID: 34720866 PMCID: PMC8553992 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.748431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex social behaviors are governed by a neural network theorized to be the social decision-making network (SDMN). However, this theoretical network is not tested on functional grounds. Here, we assess the organization of regions in the SDMN using c-Fos, to generate functional connectivity models during specific social interactions in a socially monogamous rodent, the prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Male voles displayed robust selective affiliation toward a female partner, while exhibiting increased threatening, vigilant, and physically aggressive behaviors toward novel males and females. These social interactions increased c-Fos levels in eight of the thirteen brain regions of the SDMN. Each social encounter generated a distinct correlation pattern between individual brain regions. Thus, hierarchical clustering was used to characterize interrelated regions with similar c-Fos activity resulting in discrete network modules. Functional connectivity maps were constructed to emulate the network dynamics resulting from each social encounter. Our partner functional connectivity network presents similarities to the theoretical SDMN model, along with connections in the network that have been implicated in partner-directed affiliation. However, both stranger female and male networks exhibited distinct architecture from one another and the SDMN. Further, the stranger-evoked networks demonstrated connections associated with threat, physical aggression, and other aversive behaviors. Together, this indicates that distinct patterns of functional connectivity in the SDMN can be detected during select social encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R. Gossman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Benjamin Dykstra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Byron H. García
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Arielle P. Swopes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Adam Kimbrough
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Adam S. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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3
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Goh GH, Maloney SK, Mark PJ, Blache D. Episodic Ultradian Events-Ultradian Rhythms. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:E15. [PMID: 30875767 PMCID: PMC6466064 DOI: 10.3390/biology8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the fast lane of chronobiology, ultradian events are short-term rhythms that have been observed since the beginning of modern biology and were quantified about a century ago. They are ubiquitous in all biological systems and found in all organisms, from unicellular organisms to mammals, and from single cells to complex biological functions in multicellular animals. Since these events are aperiodic and last for a few minutes to a few hours, they are better classified as episodic ultradian events (EUEs). Their origin is unclear. However, they could have a molecular basis and could be controlled by hormonal inputs-in vertebrates, they originate from the activity of the central nervous system. EUEs are receiving increasing attention but their aperiodic nature requires specific sampling and analytic tools. While longer scale rhythms are adaptations to predictable changes in the environment, in theory, EUEs could contribute to adaptation by preparing organisms and biological functions for unpredictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Goh
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Shane K Maloney
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment and UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
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4
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Bedos M, Antaramian A, Gonzalez-Gallardo A, Paredes RG. Paced mating increases the expression of μ opioid receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus of male rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:401-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Ferré S. Hormones and Neuropeptide Receptor Heteromers in the Ventral Tegmental Area. Targets for the Treatment of Loss of Control of Food Intake and Substance Use Disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:167-183. [PMID: 28580231 PMCID: PMC5432584 DOI: 10.1007/s40501-017-0109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hormones and neuropeptides represent biological correlates of internal homeostatic signals detected and integrated in the hypothalamus, which establishes a robust functional connection with the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The hypothalamus-VTA connection determines the ability of these signals to influence central dopaminergic neurotransmission and, therefore, their ability to increase responsiveness to their reward-associated stimuli and to establish appropriate associative learning. The hypothalamus also provides the main source of the multiple neuropeptides that are released in the VTA. With volume transmission of neuropeptides and hormones, extrasynaptic receptors within the VTA provide a fine-tune mechanism, which depends on the ability of molecularly different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to form heteromers. GPCR heteromer is defined as a macromolecular complex composed of at least two different receptor units (protomers) with biochemical properties that are demonstrably different from those of its individual components. GPCR heteromers can provide unique allosteric properties to specific ligands, which provides new avenues for drug development. We have identified specific GPCR heteromers in the VTA that integrate orexin and CRF neurotransmission and opioid and galanin neurotransmission, which play a very significant role in the modulation of dopaminergic neuronal activity and which can constitute targets for the treatment of loss of control of food intake and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Triad Technology Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
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6
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Prendergast BJ, Zucker I. Ultradian rhythms in mammalian physiology and behavior. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 40:150-154. [PMID: 27568859 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diverse mammalian ultradian rhythms (URs) with periods in the 1-6h range, are omnipresent at multiple levels of biological organization and of functional and adaptive significance. Specification of neuroendocrine substrates that generate URs remains elusive. The suprachiasmatic (SCN) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei of the rodent hypothalamus subserve several behavioral URs. Recently, in a major advance, dopaminergic signaling in striatal circuitry, likely at D2 receptors, has been implicated in behavioral and thermoregulatory URs of mice. We propose a neural network in which reciprocal communication among the SCN, the ARC and striatal dopaminergic circuitry modulates the period and waveform of behavioral and physiological URs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Prendergast
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, 940 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Irving Zucker
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Science Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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7
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Understanding opioid reward. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:217-25. [PMID: 25637939 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are the most potent analgesics in clinical use; however, their powerful rewarding properties can lead to addiction. The scientific challenge is to retain analgesic potency while limiting the development of tolerance, dependence, and addiction. Both rewarding and analgesic actions of opioids depend upon actions at the mu opioid (MOP) receptor. Systemic opioid reward requires MOP receptor function in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) which contains dopaminergic neurons. VTA dopaminergic neurons are implicated in various aspects of reward including reward prediction error, working memory, and incentive salience. It is now clear that subsets of VTA neurons have different pharmacological properties and participate in separate circuits. The degree to which MOP receptor agonists act on different VTA circuits depends upon the behavioral state of the animal, which can be altered by manipulations such as food deprivation or prior exposure to MOP receptor agonists.
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8
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Feelings about food: the ventral tegmental area in food reward and emotional eating. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 35:31-40. [PMID: 24332673 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Overconsumption of high caloric food plays an important role in the etiology of obesity. Several factors drive such hedonic feeding. High caloric food is often palatable. In addition, when an individual is sated, stress and food-related cues can serve as potent feeding triggers. A better understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of food palatability and environmentally triggered overconsumption would aid the development of new treatment strategies. In the current review we address the pivotal role of the mesolimbic dopamine reward system in the drive towards high caloric palatable food and its relation to stress- and cue-induced feeding. We also discuss how this system may be affected by both established and potential anti-obesity drug targets.
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9
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Lax E, Friedman A, Croitoru O, Sudai E, Ben-Moshe H, Redlus L, Sasson E, Blumenfeld-Katzir T, Assaf Y, Yadid G. Neurodegeneration of lateral habenula efferent fibers after intermittent cocaine administration: Implications for deep brain stimulation. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:246-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Contribution of the mesolimbic dopamine system in mediating the effects of leptin and ghrelin on feeding. Proc Nutr Soc 2012; 71:435-45. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665112000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Feeding behaviour is crucial for the survival of an organism and is regulated by different brain circuits. Among these circuits the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system is implicated in the anticipation and motivation for food rewards. This system consists of the dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and their projections to different cortico-limbic structures such as the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex. While the importance of this system in motivational drive for different rewards, including drugs of abuse, has been clearly established, its role in energy balance remains largely unexplored. Evidence suggests that peripheral hormones such as leptin and ghrelin are involved in the anticipation and motivation for food and this might be partially mediated through their effects on the VTA. Yet, it remains to be determined whether these effects are direct effects of ghrelin and leptin onto VTA DA neurons, and to what extent indirect effects through other brain areas contribute. Elucidation of the role of leptin and ghrelin signalling on VTA DA neurons in relation to disruptions of energy balance might provide important insights into the role of this neural circuit in obesity and anorexia nervosa.
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11
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Lü BC, Li H, Chen T, Huo FQ, Zhang T, Li YQ. Endomorphin 1- and Endomorphin 2-Containing Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarii Send Axons to the Parabrachial Nuclei in the Rat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:488-97. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Dayas CV, McGranahan TM, Martin-Fardon R, Weiss F. Stimuli linked to ethanol availability activate hypothalamic CART and orexin neurons in a reinstatement model of relapse. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:152-7. [PMID: 17570346 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a recent upsurge of interest in the role of hypothalamic feeding peptides, in particular, orexin (hypocretin), in drug-seeking behavior. However, the potential role of other hypothalamic feeding peptides, such as cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), in conditioned reinstatement has yet to be explored. METHODS Animals were exposed to environmental stimuli previously associated with ethanol availability (EtOH S+), and sections from the hypothalamus and paraventricular thalamus (PVT), a recipient of CART and orexin innervation, were dual labeled for Fos-protein and either CART or orexin. RESULTS Significantly larger numbers of Fos-positive arcuate nucleus CART and hypothalamic orexin neurons were seen in animals exposed to the EtOH S+ compared with nonreward S- animals. Presentation of the EtOH S+ also increased numbers of Fos-positive PVT neurons. Fos-positive PVT neurons were observed to be closely associated with orexin and CART terminal fields. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide systems may be a common mechanism underlying drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher V Dayas
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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13
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Job MO, Tang A, Hall FS, Sora I, Uhl GR, Bergeson SE, Gonzales RA. Mu (mu) opioid receptor regulation of ethanol-induced dopamine response in the ventral striatum: evidence of genotype specific sexual dimorphic epistasis. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:627-34. [PMID: 17336938 PMCID: PMC3076952 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol stimulates the dopaminergic mesoaccumbal pathway, which is thought to play a role in ethanol reinforcement. Mu (mu)-opioid (MOP) receptors modulate accumbal dopamine activity, but it is not clear whether MOP receptors are involved in the mechanism of ethanol-stimulated accumbal dopamine release. METHODS We investigated the role that MOP receptors play in ethanol (2.0 g/kg)-stimulated accumbal dopamine release by using MOP receptor knockout mice (C57BL/6J-129SvEv and congenic C57BL/6J genotypes) along with blockade of MOP receptors with a mu1 selective antagonist (naloxonazine). RESULTS Both gene deletion and pharmacological antagonism of the MOP receptor decreased ethanol-stimulated accumbal dopamine release compared with controls with female mice showing a larger effect in the C57BL/6J-129SvEv genotype. However, both male and female mice showed reduced ethanol-stimulated dopamine release in the congenic MOP receptor knockout mice (C57BL/6J). No differences in the time course of dialysate ethanol concentration were found in any of the experiments. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate the existence of a novel interaction between genotype and sex in the regulation of ethanol-stimulated mesolimbic dopamine release by the MOP receptor. This implies that a more complete understanding of the epistatic influences on the MOP receptor and mesolimbic dopamine function may provide more effective pharmacotherapeutic interventions in the treatment of alcoholism.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Drinking/genetics
- Alcohol Drinking/metabolism
- Alcohol Drinking/physiopathology
- Alcoholism/physiopathology
- Alcoholism/therapy
- Animals
- Basal Ganglia/drug effects
- Basal Ganglia/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine/physiology
- Epistasis, Genetic
- Ethanol/pharmacology
- Genotype
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microdialysis
- Naloxone/analogs & derivatives
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/physiology
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Sex Characteristics
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin O Job
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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14
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Greenwell TN, Martin-Schild S, Inglis FM, Zadina JE. Colocalization and shared distribution of endomorphins with substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and the mu opioid receptor. J Comp Neurol 2007; 503:319-33. [PMID: 17492626 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The endomorphins are endogenous opioids with high affinity and selectivity for the mu opioid receptor (MOR, MOR-1, MOP). Endomorphin-1 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH(2); EM1) and endomorphin-2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2); EM2) have been localized to many regions of the central nervous system (CNS), including those that regulate antinociception, autonomic function, and reward. Colocalization or shared distribution (overlap) of two neurotransmitters, or a transmitter and its cognate receptor, may imply an interaction of these elements in the regulation of functions mediated in that region. For example, previous evidence of colocalization of EM2 with substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and MOR in primary afferent neurons suggested an interaction of these peptides in pain modulation. We therefore investigated the colocalization of EM1 and EM2 with SP, CGRP, and MOR in other areas of the CNS. EM2 was colocalized with SP and CGRP in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and with SP, CGRP and MOR in the parabrachial nucleus. Several areas in which EM1 and EM2 showed extensive shared distributions, but no detectable colocalization with other signaling molecules, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Greenwell
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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15
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Margolis EB, Hjelmstad GO, Bonci A, Fields HL. Both kappa and mu opioid agonists inhibit glutamatergic input to ventral tegmental area neurons. J Neurophysiol 2004; 93:3086-93. [PMID: 15615834 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00855.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays a critical role in motivation and reinforcement. Kappa and mu opioid receptor (KOP-R and MOP-R) agonists microinjected into the VTA produce powerful and largely opposing motivational actions. Glutamate transmission within the VTA contributes to these motivational effects. Therefore information about opioid control of glutamate release onto VTA neurons is important. To address this issue, we performed whole cell patch-clamp recordings in VTA slices and measured excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). There are several classes of neuron in the VTA: principal, secondary, and tertiary. The KOP-R agonist (trans)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl] benzeneacetamide methane-sulfonate hydrate (U69593; 1 microM) produced a small reduction in EPSC amplitude in principal neurons (14%) and a significantly larger inhibition in secondary (47%) and tertiary (33%) neurons. The MOP-R agonist [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO; 3 microM) inhibited glutamate release in principal (42%), secondary (45%), and tertiary neurons (35%). Unlike principal and tertiary neurons, in secondary neurons, the magnitude of the U69593 EPSC inhibition was positively correlated with that produced by DAMGO. Finally, DAMGO did not occlude the U69593 effect in principal neurons, suggesting that some glutamatergic terminals are independently controlled by KOP and MOP receptor activation. These findings show that MOP-R and KOP-R agonists regulate excitatory input onto each VTA cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyssa B Margolis
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, 5858 Horton St., Suite 200, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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16
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Wu HE, MacDougall RS, Clithero AD, Leitermann RJ, Terashvili M, Tseng LF. Opposite conditioned place preference responses to endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in the mouse. Neurosci Lett 2004; 365:157-61. [PMID: 15246539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Revised: 03/28/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An unbiased conditioned place preference paradigm was used to evaluate the reward effect of selective endogenous mu-opioid ligands, endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2, in male CD-1 mice. Pre- and post-conditioning free-movement were measured on day 1 and day 5, respectively. Conditioning sessions were conducted twice daily from day 2 through day 4 consisting of the alternate injection of conditioning drug or vehicle. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of endomorphin-1 (0.3-10 microg) induced place preference in a dose-dependent manner; whereas, endomorphin-2 (1-10 microg) dose-dependently induced place aversion. Both endomorphin-1-induced place preference and endomorphin-2-induced place aversion were blocked by pretreatment i.c.v. with mu-opioid receptor antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine. Selective delta-opioid receptor antagonist, naltrindole, co-administered i.c.v. with endomorphin-1 or endomorphin-2 did not affect reward effect. However, endomorphin-2-induced place aversion, but not endomorphin-1-induced place preference, was blocked by the i.c.v.-administered selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist, WIN 44,441-3. It is concluded that endomorphin-1 produces conditioned place preference, which is mediated by the stimulation of mu-, but not delta- or kappa-opioid receptors, while endomorphin-2 produces conditioned place aversion, which is mediated by the stimulation of mu- and kappa-, but not delta-opioid receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Azocines/pharmacology
- Conditioning, Operant/drug effects
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Ligands
- Male
- Mice
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Oligopeptides/administration & dosage
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-en Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Medical Education Building, M4308 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Chen T, Hui R, Dong YX, Li YQ, Mizuno N. Endomorphin 1- and endomorphin 2-like immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus send axons to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2004; 357:139-42. [PMID: 15036594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Endomorphin 1 (EM1) and endomorphin 2 (EM2) are the endogenous peptides with high affinity and selectivity for the mu-opioid receptor (MOR). We examined whether or not EM1- and EM2-expressing hypothalamic neurons might send their axons to the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), where many MOR-expressing neurons have been observed. Immunofluorescence histochemistry was combined with fluorescent retrograde tract-tracing method. In the rats injected with Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the PBN, some of EM1- and EM2-immunoreactive hypothalamic neurons were labeled retrogradely with FG. The majority of the EM1/FG and EM2/FG double-labeled neurons were distributed in the dorsomedial hypothalamus nucleus, centromedial hypothalamic region, and arcuate nucleus; a few of them were also seen in the periventricular hypothalamic nucleus and posterior hypothalamic nucleus. Endomorphins released from PBN-projecting hypothalamic neurons may modulate the gustatory, autonomic and nociceptive functions through MOR-expressing PBN neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-fifth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It summarizes papers published during 2002 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Wang QP, Zadina JE, Guan JL, Kastin AJ, Shioda S. Electron microscopic examination of the endomorphin 2-like immunoreactive neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Brain Res 2003; 969:126-34. [PMID: 12676373 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Endomorphins are endogenous opioid peptides with high affinity and selectivity for the mu-opioid receptor. In the present study, we examined the morphology of the endomorphin 2-like immunoreactive (EM2-LI) neurons in the hypothalamus at the light and electron microscopic levels. At the light microscopic level, EM2-LI neurons were found mostly distributed in the regions between the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei and the region near the third ventricle. At the electron microscopic level, EM2-LI perikarya could be divided into two groups. Type I perikarya contained relatively undeveloped endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus while type II perikarya contained well-developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Both type I and type II neurons contained numerous EM2-LI dense-cored vesicles. Type II perikarya and dendrites received synapses and showed immunoreactivity in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. EM2-LI axon terminals formed synapses with both immunonegative and immunopositive dendrites. In some cases, the axon terminals contained both immunonegative and immunopositive dense-cored vesicles. EM2-LI neurons often had synaptic relationships with neurons containing immunonegative dense-cored vesicles. Myelinated axon shafts containing EM2-LI were also found. This first demonstration of the ultrastructure and synaptic relationships of EM2-LI neurons in the hypothalamus provides morphological evidence that suggests (1) endomorphin 2-containing neurons modulate physiological function through synaptic relationships; (2) endomorphin 2 may coexist with other neurotransmitters in the same neurons; and (3) endomorphin 2-containing neurons could modulate other endomorphin 2-containing neurons as well as those containing other neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-P Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, 142-8555, Tokyo, Japan
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