1
|
Li H, Xiang BL, Li X, Li C, Li Y, Miao Y, Ma GL, Ma YH, Chen JQ, Zhang QY, Lv LB, Zheng P, Bi R, Yao YG. Cognitive Deficits and Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathologies in the Aged Chinese Tree Shrew. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1892-1906. [PMID: 37814108 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. It has an increasing prevalence and a growing health burden. One of the limitations in studying AD is the lack of animal models that show features of Alzheimer's pathogenesis. The tree shrew has a much closer genetic affinity to primates than to rodents and has great potential to be used for research into aging and AD. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether tree shrews naturally develop cognitive impairment and major AD-like pathologies with increasing age. Pole-board and novel object recognition tests were used to assess the cognitive performance of adult (about 1 year old) and aged (6 years old or older) tree shrews. The main AD-like pathologies were assessed by Western blotting, immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence staining, and Nissl staining. Our results showed that the aged tree shrews developed an impaired cognitive performance compared to the adult tree shrews. Moreover, the aged tree shrews exhibited several age-related phenotypes that are associated with AD, including increased levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and phosphorylated tau protein, synaptic and neuronal loss, and reactive gliosis in the cortex and the hippocampal tissues. Our study provides further evidence that the tree shrew is a promising model for the study of aging and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo-Lin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Cong Li
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, School of Life Science, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Lan Ma
- Kunming Biological Diversity Regional Center of Large Apparatus and Equipments, Public Technology Service Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ma
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, China
| | - Jia-Qi Chen
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, China
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, China
| | - Long-Bao Lv
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China.
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650107, China.
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yoo S, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM. The effects of pain following disbudding on calf memory. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9507-9513. [PMID: 37678789 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies have found evidence of pain in the hours following hot-iron disbudding, but little is known about longer-lasting pain following this procedure. Work on humans and rats has shown that lasting pain can have negative effects on the formation and recall of memories. The objective of this study was to assess whether lasting pain following disbudding affects learning and memory in calves. A modified hole-board apparatus was used to assess how quickly calves were able to learn the locations of 4 bottles containing milk dispersed among 11 locations with empty bottles. At 14 d of age and after 6 d of training on this task, calves (n = 30) were randomly assigned to 3 treatments: disbudding with analgesic on the day of the procedure, disbudding with analgesic throughout the study, and sham disbudding. All calves were sedated, given a lidocaine cornual local block and a single injection of an nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Starting on the day after their disbudding treatment, calves were tested daily using the modified hole-board apparatus. After 12 d of testing, the locations of the 4 milk-containing bottles were switched, and calves then relearned the locations of the rewarded bottles over the next 6 daily test sessions. We found general working memory (i.e., short-term memory) and reference memory (i.e., long-term memory) increased over the 12 d of testing, declined when locations were switched on d 13, and then again increased over the final 6 d of testing. We did not find an effect of treatment on any measure, perhaps because there was no lasting pain or because effects were too minor to detect using this test of spatial memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seonpil Yoo
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z6
| | - Marina A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z6
| | - Daniel M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z6.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ai JQ, Luo R, Tu T, Yang C, Jiang J, Zhang B, Bi R, Tu E, Yao YG, Yan XX. Doublecortin-Expressing Neurons in Chinese Tree Shrew Forebrain Exhibit Mixed Rodent and Primate-Like Topographic Characteristics. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:727883. [PMID: 34602987 PMCID: PMC8481370 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.727883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is transiently expressed in new-born neurons in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) related to adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampal formation. DCX immunoreactive (DCX+) immature neurons also occur in the cerebral cortex primarily over layer II and the amygdala around the paralaminar nucleus (PLN) in various mammals, with interspecies differences pointing to phylogenic variation. The tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) are phylogenetically closer to primates than to rodents. Little is known about DCX+ neurons in the brain of this species. In the present study, we characterized DCX immunoreactivity (IR) in the forebrain of Chinese tree shrews aged from 2 months- to 6 years-old (n = 18). DCX+ cells were present in the OB, SVZ, SGZ, the piriform cortex over layer II, and the amygdala around the PLN. The numerical densities of DCX+ neurons were reduced in all above neuroanatomical regions with age, particularly dramatic in the DG in the 5–6 years-old animals. Thus, DCX+ neurons are present in the two established neurogenic sites (SVZ and SGZ) in the Chinese tree shrew as seen in other mammals. DCX+ cortical neurons in this animal exhibit a topographic pattern comparable to that in mice and rats, while these immature neurons are also present in the amygdala, concentrating around the PLN as seen in primates and some nonprimate mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Ai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunan Province, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tian Tu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunan Province, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ewen Tu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunan Province, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,CSA Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
d'Isa R, Comi G, Leocani L. The 4-Hole-Board Test for Assessment of Long-Term Spatial Memory in Mice. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e228. [PMID: 34432376 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hole-board test has been used in rodents since the early 60s to measure exploratory behavior, locomotor activity and cognitive function. The test is based on rodents' natural curiosity and attraction for novelty. Basically, the hole-board consists of a small square arena with an extractable platform as floor, which has a set of equally spaced circular holes on its surface. In this article, we describe the protocol of a 4-hole-board test allowing the assessment of long-term spatial memory in mice without the employment of water or food restriction, painful stimuli (as electrical shocks) or any aversive condition (as forced swimming or exposure to intense light). Four holes are present on the floor of the square arena (one for each of its four quadrants). Mice released in the arena spontaneously approach the holes and explore them by briefly inserting the snout inside, a behavior defined as nose-poking (or head-dipping). If, after 24 hr, rodents are re-exposed to the hole-board, the novelty of the holes decreases. Animals with an intact long-term memory will show a reduction of the frequency of nose-poking into the holes. The total number of nose-pokes on day 1 is an index of exploration, while the percentage of decrease in nose-poking on day 2 represents an index of long-term spatial memory. Number of quadrant crossings is scored as a control measure for locomotor activity, which with the present protocol should remain stable across the days of testing. Indeed, the 4-hole-board test represents a stress-free and animal-friendly option to evaluate long-term spatial memory. In the present paper, we provide detailed description of the hole-board apparatus and step-by-step protocol for assessment of spatial memory in mice. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Validation of the 4-hole-board Basic Protocol 2: Evaluation of long-term spatial memory through the 4-hole-board test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele d'Isa
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Casa di Cura del Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu C, Li M, Sun X, Li N, Wang W, Tong P, Dai J. Comparing the hippocampal miRNA expression profiles of wild and domesticated Chinese tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis). BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:12. [PMID: 33514308 PMCID: PMC7853310 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The domestication of tree shrews represents an important advance in the development of standardized laboratory animals. Little is known regarding the miRNA changes that accompany the transformation of wild tree shrews into domestic tree shrews. Results By performing miRNA-seq analysis on wild and domestic tree shrews, we identified 2410 miRNAs and 30 differentially expressed miRNAs in the hippocampus during tree shrew domestication. A KEGG analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed that the differentially expressed miRNAs were associated with ECM-receptor interaction, the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, protein digestion and absorption, inositol phosphate metabolism, lysine degradation, fatty acid degradation and focal adhesion. Most of these pathways could be classified under environmental information processing, organismal systems and metabolism. The miRNAs exclusively expressed in wild and tame tree shrews GO enriched in terms of divergent functions. The miRNA-mRNA networks suggested that novel-m1388-5p and novel-m0746-5p might play regulatory roles in domestication of tree shrews. Real–time RT-PCR analysis was employed to verify the presence of these miRNAs. Conclusion We identified a number of candidate miRNA-regulated domestication genes that may represent targets for selection during the domestication of tree shrews.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Lu
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development On Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China.
| | - Mingxue Li
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development On Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Na Li
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development On Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development On Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Pinfen Tong
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development On Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Jiejie Dai
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development On Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodriguez-Callejas JD, Fuchs E, Perez-Cruz C. Increased oxidative stress, hyperphosphorylation of tau, and dystrophic microglia in the hippocampus of aged Tupaia belangeri. Glia 2020; 68:1775-1793. [PMID: 32096580 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by abnormal and prominent protein aggregation in the brain, partially due to deficiency in protein clearance. It has been proposed that alterations in microglia phagocytosis and debris clearance hasten the onset of neurodegeneration. Dystrophic microglia are abundant in aged humans, and it has been associated with the onset of disease. Furthermore, alterations in microglia containing ferritin are associated with neurodegenerative conditions. To further understand the process of microglia dysfunction during the aging process, we used hippocampal sections from Tupaia belangeri (tree shrews). Adult (mean age 3.8 years), old (mean age 6 years), and aged (mean age 7.5 years) tree shrews were used for histochemical and immunostaining techniques to determine ferritin and Iba1 positive microglia, iron tissue content, tau hyperphosphorylation and oxidized-RNA in dentate gyrus, subiculum, and CA1-CA3 hippocampal regions. Our results indicated that aged tree shrews presented an increased number of activated microglia containing ferritin, but microglia labeled with Iba1 with a dystrophic phenotype was more abundant in aged individuals. With aging, oxidative damage to RNA (8OHG) increased significantly in all hippocampal regions, while tau hyperphosphorylation (AT100) was enhanced in DG, CA3, and SUB in aged animals. Phagocytic inclusions of 8OHG- and AT100-damaged cells were observed in activated M2 microglia in old and aged animals. These data indicate that aged tree shrew may be a suitable model for translational research to study brain and microglia alterations during the aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Y, Qin J, Yan J, Zhang N, Xu Y, Zhu Y, Sheng L, Zhu X, Ju S. Differences of physical vs. psychological stress: evidences from glucocorticoid receptor expression, hippocampal subfields injury, and behavioral abnormalities. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 13:1780-1788. [PMID: 30229371 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is the main effector of the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is caused by different types of stress that can be divided into two major categories: physical stress and psychological stress. Given the marked presence of GR in the hippocampus, GR-mediated hippocampal injury might be the core event under stress. The aim of this study was to investigate GR expression, hippocampal injury, and behaviors in rats to explore the differences between these types of stressors. Adult male rats were stressed using a classical model (electrical foot shock and a yoked psychologically stressful situation) to induce physical or psychological stress. The GR expression, injury of hippocampal subfields and behavioral abnormalities were dynamic, as demonstrated using immunofluorescence, 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and open field exploration (OFE), respectively. In addition, housing in a normal environment for 6 weeks was used to verify the recovery ability of rats. First, GR-mediated hippocampal atrophy and behavioral abnormalities were found in the second week under physical stress, but those changes did not appear until the fourth week under psychological stress. Second, the effects of stress were more pronounced after physical stressors than after psychological stressors in the fourth week, but this trend had reversed by the sixth week, especially in the DG (Dentate Gyrus) subfield. Except for the rats that had experienced 6 weeks of psychological stress, all rats showed significant recovery after 6 weeks of housing in a normal environment. The effects of physical stress appeared early but were relatively moderate, whereas the effects of psychological stress appeared late but were more severe. In addition, GR-mediated serious injury in the DG might be the cause of the DG volume loss and behaviors that could not be reversed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, No.87, Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiasheng Qin
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuhao Xu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liangju Sheng
- Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No.20, Zhengdong Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, No.87, Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hernandez AR, Hernandez CM, Truckenbrod LM, Campos KT, McQuail JA, Bizon JL, Burke SN. Age and Ketogenic Diet Have Dissociable Effects on Synapse-Related Gene Expression Between Hippocampal Subregions. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:239. [PMID: 31607897 PMCID: PMC6755342 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As the number of individuals living beyond the age of 65 is rapidly increasing, so is the need to develop strategies to combat the age-related cognitive decline that may threaten independent living. Although the link between altered neuronal signaling and age-related cognitive impairments is not completely understood, it is evident that declining cognitive abilities are at least partially due to synaptic dysfunction. Aging is accompanied by well-documented changes in both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic signaling across species. Age-related synaptic alterations are not uniform across the brain, however, with different regions showing unique patterns of vulnerability in advanced age. In the hippocampus, increased activity within the CA3 subregion has been observed across species, and this can be reversed with anti-epileptic medication. In contrast to CA3, the dentate gyrus shows reduced activity with age and declining metabolic activity. Ketogenic diets have been shown to decrease seizure incidence and severity in epilepsy, improve metabolic function in diabetes type II, and improve cognitive function in aged rats. This link between neuronal activity and metabolism suggests that metabolic interventions may be able to ameliorate synaptic signaling deficits accompanying advanced age. We therefore investigated the ability of a dietary regimen capable of inducing nutritional ketosis and improving cognition to alter synapse-related gene expression across the dentate gyrus, CA3 and CA1 subregions of the hippocampus. Following 12 weeks of a ketogenic or calorie-matched standard diet, RTq-PCR was used to quantify expression levels of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic signaling genes within CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus. While there were no age or diet-related changes in CA1 gene expression, expression levels were significantly altered within CA3 by age and within the dentate gyrus by diet for several genes involved in presynaptic glutamate regulation and postsynaptic excitation and plasticity. These data demonstrate subregion-specific alterations in synaptic signaling with age and the potential for a ketogenic diet to alter these processes in dissociable ways across different brain structures that are uniquely vulnerable in older animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbi R. Hernandez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Caesar M. Hernandez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Leah M. Truckenbrod
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Keila T. Campos
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joseph A. McQuail
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Bizon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sara N. Burke
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu C, Sun X, Li N, Wang W, Kuang D, Tong P, Han Y, Dai J. CircRNAs in the tree shrew ( Tupaia belangeri) brain during postnatal development and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:833-852. [PMID: 29723158 PMCID: PMC5940110 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of non-coding RNA expressed across different species and tissues. At present, little is known about the expression and function of circRNAs in the tree shrew brain. In this study, we used RNA-seq to identify 35,007 circRNAs in hippocampus and cerebellum samples from infant (aged 47-52 days), young (aged 15-18 months), and old (aged 78-86 months) tree shrews. We observed no significant changes in the total circRNA expression profiles in different brain regions over time. However, circRNA tended to be downregulated in the cerebellum over time. Real-time RT-PCR analysis verified the presence of circRNAs. KEGG analysis indicated the occurrence of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, the MAPK signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, long-term depression, the rap1 signaling pathway, and long-term potentiation in both brain regions. We also observed that 29,087 (83.1%) tree shrew circRNAs shared homology with human circRNAs. The competing endogenous RNA networks suggested novel_circRNA_007362 potential functions as a 24-miRNAs sponge to regulate UBE4B expression. Thus, we obtained comprehensive circRNA expression profiles in the tree shrew brain during postnatal development and aging, which might help to elucidate the functions of circRNAs during brain aging and in age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CaiXia Lu
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| | - XiaoMei Sun
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| | - Na Li
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - WenGuang Wang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - DeXuan Kuang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - PinFen Tong
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - YuanYuan Han
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - JieJie Dai
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin N, Dong XJ, Wang TY, He WJ, Wei J, Wu HY, Wang TH. Characteristics of olfactory ensheathing cells and microarray analysis in Tupaia belangeri (Wagner, 1841). Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1819-1825. [PMID: 31257532 PMCID: PMC6625397 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree shrews are most closely related to the primates and so possess a number of advantages in experimental studies; they have been used as an animal model in bacterial and virus infection, cancer, endocrine system disease, and certain nervous system diseases. Their olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are able to release several cytokines to promote neuronal survival, regeneration and remyelination. The present study used western blot analysis to identify antibody specificity in protein extracts from whole tree shrew brains to identify the specificity of p75 nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) derived from rabbits (75 kDa). OECs were cultured and isolated, then stained and identified using the antibodies for p75NGFR. To investigate the capacity of OECs to express cytokines and growth factors, microarray technology was used, and the analysis revealed that OECs were able to express 9,821 genes. Of these genes, 44 genes were from the neurotrophic factor family, which may indicate their potential in transplantation in vivo. The present study considered the function of OECs as revealed by other studies, and may contribute to future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Juan Dong
- Department of Physical Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571100, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Yong Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ji He
- Department of Ultrasonic Cardiogram, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Ying Wu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Castelli V, Benedetti E, Antonosante A, Catanesi M, Pitari G, Ippoliti R, Cimini A, d'Angelo M. Neuronal Cells Rearrangement During Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease: Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Organelles Dynamic. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:132. [PMID: 31191244 PMCID: PMC6546816 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain cells normally respond adaptively to oxidative stress or bioenergetic challenges, resulting from ongoing activity in neuronal circuits. During aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, these mechanisms are compromised. In fact, neurons show unique age-related changes in functions and metabolism, resulting in greater susceptibility to insults and disease. Aging affects the nervous system as well as other organs. More precisely, as the nervous system ages, neuron metabolism may change, inducing glucose hypometabolism, impaired transport of critical substrates underlying metabolism, alterations in calcium signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, in neuronal aging, an accumulation of impaired and aggregated proteins in the cytoplasm and in mitochondria is observed, as the result of oxidative stress: reduced antioxidant defenses and/or increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These changes lead to greater vulnerability of neurons in various regions of the brain and increased susceptibility to several diseases. Specifically, the first part of the review article will focus on the major neuronal cells’ rearrangements during aging in response to changes in metabolism and oxidative stress, while the second part will cover the neurodegenerative disease areas in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pitari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Abruzzo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Neuroprotective effects of Tualang honey against oxidative stress and memory decline in young and aged rats exposed to noise stress. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2018.1465275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
13
|
Fiuza FP, Aquino ACQ, Câmara DA, Cavalcanti JRLP, Nascimento Júnior ES, Lima RH, Engelberth RCGJ, Cavalcante JS. Region-specific glial hyperplasia and neuronal stability of rat lateral geniculate nucleus during aging. Exp Gerontol 2017; 100:91-99. [PMID: 29113752 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The normal aging process is accompanied by functional declines in image-forming and non-image forming visual systems. Among the components of these systems, the thalamic lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) offers a good model for aging studies since its three anatomical subdivisions, namely dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN), receives light information from retina and projects to different brain areas involved in visual-related functions. Nevertheless, there is very little data available about quantitative morphological aspects in LGN across lifespan. In this study, we used design-based stereology to estimate the number of neurons, glial cells, the glia/neuron ratio and the volume of the LGN of Wistar rats from 3, 13 or 23months of age. We examined each LGN subdivision processed by immunohistochemistry for NeuN and Nissl counterstain. We observed no significant age-related neuronal loss in any nuclei and a 21% and 33% significant increase in dLGN and IGL glial cells of 23month-old rats. We also observed the glia/neuron relation increases in dLGN of 13month-old rats and in dLGN, IGL and vLGN internal portion of 23month-old ones. Moreover, we report an age-related increase in IGL volume. These results show region-specific glial hyperplasia during aging within LGN nuclei, perhaps due to compensatory responses to inflammation. In addition, we observed the glia/neuron ratio as a more sensitive parameter to quantify age-related alterations. Hence, we provide an updated and expanded quantitative characterization of these visual-related thalamic nuclei and its variability across lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe P Fiuza
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Antônio Carlos Q Aquino
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Diego A Câmara
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - José Rodolfo L P Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Health Science Center, University of State of Rio Grande do Norte, 59607-360 Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Expedito S Nascimento Júnior
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ramon H Lima
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Rovena Clara G J Engelberth
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Jeferson S Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li Y, Zhu X, Ju S, Yan J, Wang D, Zhu Y, Zang F. Detection of volume alterations in hippocampal subfields of rats under chronic unpredictable mild stress using 7T MRI: A follow-up study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:1456-1463. [PMID: 28225578 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine hippocampal subfields volume loss in depression, which was simulated by a rat chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model. As different cellular and molecular characteristics in hippocampal subfields, these subfields are regarded as differentially vulnerable to processes associated with stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty male Wistar rats were exposed to various stressors until the model was successfully established. The effects of physical exercise on recovery of hippocampal volume in depressed rats were simulated using the wheel running test (WRT). These rats hippocampal volumes were dynamically measured using T2 -weighted images (T2 WIs) at 7T structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS After 4 weeks of CUMS (CUMS-4W), the behavioral tests showed that the rat model of depression was successfully established (P < 0.001). In this process, the bilateral CA1 volume was significantly atrophic after 2 weeks of CUMS (CUMS-2W) compared with controls (left: 21.09 ± 2.31 vs. 26.16 ± 3.83 mm3 , P < 0.001; right: 21.05 ± 2.36 vs. 26.12 ± 3.78 mm3 , P < 0.001), whereas the other subfields did not show a similar change (all P > 0.05). The volume of CA3, dentate gyrus (DG), and subiculum displayed atrophy after CUMS-4W (CA3: left:12.23 ± 1.10 mm3 , right: 12.20 ± 1.14 mm3 ; DG: left:8.16 ± 0.58 mm3 , right: 8.18 ± 0.92 mm3 ; subiculum: left: 4.30 ± 0.52 mm3 , right: 4.29 ± 0.44 mm3 ; all P < 0.05). The rats' (CUMS-4W) hippocampal DG volume was restored (left: 10.67 ± 1.60 mm3 , right: 10.71 ± 1.58 mm3 ), and the depression-like behaviors of these rats improved after WRT-4W (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In general, volume loss was demonstrated in various rat hippocampal subfields during the development and recovery from depression, which were detected by ultrahigh-field MRI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1456-1463.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Fengchao Zang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A diffusion tensor imaging atlas of white matter in tree shrew. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1733-1751. [PMID: 27624528 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tree shrews are small mammals now commonly classified in the order of Scandentia, but have relatively closer affinity to primates than rodents. The species has a high brain-to-body mass ratio and relatively well-differentiated neocortex, and thus has been frequently used in neuroscience research, especially for studies on vision and neurological/psychiatric diseases. The available atlases on tree shrew brain provided only limited information on white matter (WM) anatomy. In this study, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to study the WM anatomy of tree shrew, with the goal to establish an image-based WM atlas. DTI and T2-weighted anatomical images were acquired in vivo and from fixed brain samples. Deterministic tractography was used for three-dimensional reconstruction and rendering of major WM tracts. Myelin and neurofilaments staining were used to study the microstructural properties of certain WM tracts. Taking into account prior knowledge on tree shrew neuroanatomy, tractography results, and comparisons to the homologous structures in rodents and primates, an image-based WM atlas of tree shrew brain was constructed, which is available to research community upon request.
Collapse
|
16
|
van Dijk RM, Huang SH, Slomianka L, Amrein I. Taxonomic Separation of Hippocampal Networks: Principal Cell Populations and Adult Neurogenesis. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:22. [PMID: 27013984 PMCID: PMC4783399 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While many differences in hippocampal anatomy have been described between species, it is typically not clear if they are specific to a particular species and related to functional requirements or if they are shared by species of larger taxonomic units. Without such information, it is difficult to infer how anatomical differences may impact on hippocampal function, because multiple taxonomic levels need to be considered to associate behavioral and anatomical changes. To provide information on anatomical changes within and across taxonomic ranks, we present a quantitative assessment of hippocampal principal cell populations in 20 species or strain groups, with emphasis on rodents, the taxonomic group that provides most animals used in laboratory research. Of special interest is the importance of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) in species-specific adaptations relative to other cell populations. Correspondence analysis of cell numbers shows that across taxonomic units, phylogenetically related species cluster together, sharing similar proportions of principal cell populations. CA3 and hilus are strong separators that place rodent species into a tight cluster based on their relatively large CA3 and small hilus while non-rodent species (including humans and non-human primates) are placed on the opposite side of the spectrum. Hilus and CA3 are also separators within rodents, with a very large CA3 and rather small hilar cell populations separating mole-rats from other rodents that, in turn, are separated from each other by smaller changes in the proportions of CA1 and granule cells. When adult neurogenesis is included, the relatively small populations of young neurons, proliferating cells and hilar neurons become main drivers of taxonomic separation within rodents. The observations provide challenges to the computational modeling of hippocampal function, suggest differences in the organization of hippocampal information streams in rodent and non-rodent species, and support emerging concepts of functional and structural interactions between CA3 and the dentate gyrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Maarten van Dijk
- Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of ZürichZurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH ZurichZürich, Switzerland; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH ZurichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Shih-Hui Huang
- Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of ZürichZurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH ZurichZürich, Switzerland; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH ZurichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Slomianka
- Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irmgard Amrein
- Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of ZürichZurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH ZurichZürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Grimberg-Henrici CGE, Vermaak P, Bolhuis JE, Nordquist RE, van der Staay FJ. Effects of environmental enrichment on cognitive performance of pigs in a spatial holeboard discrimination task. Anim Cogn 2015; 19:271-83. [PMID: 26520648 PMCID: PMC4751158 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-015-0932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of environmental enrichment on the cognitive performance of female conventional farm (growing) pigs in a spatial holeboard task. Ten pairs of littermates matched for weight were used. From each litter, one piglet was randomly assigned to a barren environment; the other was assigned to an enriched environment from 4 weeks of age. The enriched environment was double the size of the barren environment, had a floor covered with straw, a rooting area filled with peat, and one of the four different enrichment toys which were exchanged daily. Starting at 11 weeks of age, all pigs were tested in a spatial holeboard discrimination task in which 4 out of 16 holes were baited. Furthermore, basal salivary cortisol levels of all pigs were determined after the end of all testing. All pigs were able to acquire the pattern of baited holes (acquisition phase, 40 trials) and the diagonally mirrored pattern (reversal phase, 20 trials). During the acquisition phase, the reference memory performance of the enriched-housed pigs was better than that of their barren-housed littermates, i.e. they reduced visits to the unbaited set of holes. During the reversal phase, enriched-housed pigs had a better general working memory performance than the barren-housed pigs as indicated by reduced revisits to holes already visited during a trial, irrespective of whether they were of the baited or the unbaited set. The enriched-housed pigs also searched for the hidden bait faster during both phases. The environments did not affect basal salivary cortisol levels. In conclusion, environmental enrichment slightly improved the cognitive performance of pigs in a spatial learning task. We hypothesise that the long period of habituation to and testing in the holeboard acted as enrichment that partially reduced the effects of barren housing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G E Grimberg-Henrici
- Emotion and Cognition Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Paul Vermaak
- Applied Biology, HAS, University of Applied Sciences, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| | - J Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca E Nordquist
- Emotion and Cognition Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F Josef van der Staay
- Emotion and Cognition Group, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Slomianka L, Drenth T, Cavegn N, Menges D, Lazic SE, Phalanndwa M, Chimimba CT, Amrein I. The hippocampus of the eastern rock sengi: cytoarchitecture, markers of neuronal function, principal cell numbers, and adult neurogenesis. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:34. [PMID: 24194702 PMCID: PMC3810719 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The brains of sengis (elephant shrews, order Macroscelidae) have long been known to contain a hippocampus that in terms of allometric progression indices is larger than that of most primates and equal in size to that of humans. In this report, we provide descriptions of hippocampal cytoarchitecture in the eastern rock sengi (Elephantulus myurus), of the distributions of hippocampal calretinin, calbindin, parvalbumin, and somatostatin, of principal neuron numbers, and of cell numbers related to proliferation and neuronal differentiation in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Sengi hippocampal cytoarchitecture is an amalgamation of characters that are found in CA1 of, e.g., guinea pig and rabbits and in CA3 and dentate gyrus of primates. Correspondence analysis of total cell numbers and quantitative relations between principal cell populations relate this sengi to macaque monkeys and domestic pigs, and distinguish the sengi from distinct patterns of relations found in humans, dogs, and murine rodents. Calretinin and calbindin are present in some cell populations that also express these proteins in other species, e.g., interneurons at the stratum oriens/alveus border or temporal hilar mossy cells, but neurons expressing these markers are often scarce or absent in other layers. The distributions of parvalbumin and somatostatin resemble those in other species. Normalized numbers of PCNA+ proliferating cells and doublecortin-positive (DCX+) differentiating cells of neuronal lineage fall within the overall ranges of murid rodents, but differed from three murid species captured in the same habitat in that fewer DCX+ cells relative to PCNA+ were observed. The large and well-differentiated sengi hippocampus is not accompanied by correspondingly sized cortical and subcortical limbic areas that are the main hippocampal sources of afferents and targets of efferents. This points to intrinsic hippocampal information processing as the selective advantage of the large sengi hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Slomianka
- Institute of Anatomy, University of ZürichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Drenth
- Institute of Anatomy, University of ZürichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Cavegn
- Institute of Anatomy, University of ZürichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Menges
- Institute of Anatomy, University of ZürichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Stanley E. Lazic
- In Silico Lead Discovery, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical ResearchBasel, Switzerland
| | - Mashudu Phalanndwa
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of PretoriaHatfield, South Africa
- Western Cape Nature Conservation Board (CapeNature)Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christian T. Chimimba
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of PretoriaHatfield, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology and Entomology University of PretoriaHatfield, South Africa
| | - Irmgard Amrein
- Institute of Anatomy, University of ZürichZürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yamashita A, Fuchs E, Taira M, Yamamoto T, Hayashi M. Somatostatin-immunoreactive senile plaque-like structures in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of aged tree shrews and Japanese macaques. J Med Primatol 2012; 41:147-57. [PMID: 22512242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2012.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we demonstrated decreased expression of somatostatin mRNA in aged macaque brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex. To investigate whether or not this age-dependent decrease in mRNA is related to morphological changes, we analyzed somatostatin cells in the cerebra of aged Japanese macaques and compared them with those in rats and tree shrews, the latter of which are closely related to primates. METHODS Brains of aged macaques, tree shrews, and rats were investigated by immunohistochemistry with special emphasis on somatostatin. RESULTS We observed degenerating somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the cortices of aged macaques and tree shrews. Somatostatin-immunoreactive senile plaque-like structures were found in areas 6 and 8 and in the nucleus accumbens of macaques, as well as in the nucleus accumbens and the cortex of aged tree shrews, where amyloid accumulations were observed. CONCLUSIONS Somatostatin degenerations may be related to amyloid accumulations and may play roles in impairments of cognitive functions during aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamashita
- Division of Applied System Neuroscience, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The literature on the neuroanatomical changes that occur during normal, non-demented aging is reviewed here with an emphasis on the improved accuracy of studies that use stereological techniques. Loss of neural tissue involved in cognition occurs during aging of humans as well as the other mammals that have been examined. There is considerable regional specificity within the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus in both the degree and cellular basis for loss. The anatomy of the prefrontal cortex is especially vulnerable to the effects of aging while the major subfields of the hippocampus are not. A loss of neurons, dendrites and synapses has been documented, as well as changes in neurotransmitter systems, in some regions of the cortex and hippocampus but not others. Species differences are also apparent in the cortical white matter and the corpus callosum where there are indications of loss of myelin in humans, but most evidence favors preservation in rats. The examination of whether the course of neuroanatomical aging is altered by hormone replacement in females is just beginning. When hormone replacement is started close to the time of cycle cessation, there are indications in humans and rats that replacement can preserve neural tissue but there is some variability due to the type of hormones and regimen of administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Juraska
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois, 603 E Daniel, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
van der Staay FJ, Gieling ET, Pinzón NE, Nordquist RE, Ohl F. The appetitively motivated “cognitive” holeboard: A family of complex spatial discrimination tasks for assessing learning and memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:379-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
22
|
Morphological changes in nerve cells during normal aging. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 216:85-9. [PMID: 21431333 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
23
|
Shamy JL, Habeck C, Hof PR, Amaral DG, Fong SG, Buonocore MH, Stern Y, Barnes CA, Rapp PR. Volumetric correlates of spatiotemporal working and recognition memory impairment in aged rhesus monkeys. Cereb Cortex 2010; 21:1559-73. [PMID: 21127015 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal and recognition memory are affected by aging in humans and macaque monkeys. To investigate whether these deficits are coupled with atrophy of memory-related brain regions, T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance images were acquired and volumes of the cerebrum, ventricles, prefrontal cortex (PFC), calcarine cortex, hippocampus, and striatum were quantified in young and aged rhesus monkeys. Subjects were tested on a spatiotemporal memory procedure (delayed response [DR]) that requires the integrity of the PFC and a medial temporal lobe-dependent recognition memory task (delayed nonmatching to sample [DNMS]). Region of interest analyses revealed that age inversely correlated with striatal, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and anterior cingulate cortex volumes. Hippocampal volume predicted acquisition of the DR task. Striatal volume correlated with DNMS acquisition, whereas total prefrontal gray matter, prefrontal white matter, and dlPFC volumes each predicted DNMS accuracy. A regional covariance analysis revealed that age-related volumetric changes could be captured in a distributed network that was coupled with declining performance across delays on the DNMS task. This volumetric analysis adds to growing evidence that cognitive aging in primates arises from region-specific morphometric alterations distributed across multiple memory-related brain systems, including subdivisions of the PFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jul Lea Shamy
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Porzionato A, Macchi V, Parenti A, De Caro R. Morphometric Analysis of Infant and Adult Medullary Nuclei Through Optical Disector Method. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1619-29. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
25
|
Mehrdad J, Sadeghi Y, Hosseini A, Naghdi N. The astrocytes number in different subfield of rat's hippocampus in reference memory learning method. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:3964-3966. [PMID: 19090265 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.3964.3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study with usage of morris water maze and reference memory technique, we used 10 male albino wistar rats. Five rats in control group and 5 rats in Reference memory group. After histological preparation, the slides were stained with PTAH staining for showing the Astrocytes. Present results showed significant difference in astrocytes number in CA1, CA2 and CA3 area of hippocampus between control and reference memory group. The number of astrocytes is increased in reference memory group. Then we divided the hippocampus to three parts: Anterior, middle and posterior and with compare of different area (CA1, CA2 and CA3) of hippocampus, we found that the increase of astrocytes number in posterior two-third of CA2 and CA3 is more than of it's number in the anterior one-third.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jahanshahi Mehrdad
- Department of Anatomy, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rutten BPF, Schmitz C, Gerlach OHH, Oyen HM, de Mesquita EB, Steinbusch HWM, Korr H. The aging brain: Accumulation of DNA damage or neuron loss? Neurobiol Aging 2007; 28:91-8. [PMID: 16338029 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Age-related molecular and cellular alterations in the central nervous system are known to show selectivity for certain cell types and brain regions. Among them age-related accumulation of nuclear (n) DNA damage can lead to irreversible loss of genetic information content. In the present study on the aging mouse brain, we observed a substantial increase in the amount of nDNA single-strand breaks in hippocampal pyramidal and granule cells as well as in cerebellar granule cells but not in cerebellar Purkinje cells. The reverse pattern was found for age-related reductions in total numbers of neurons. Only the total number of cerebellar Purkinje cells was significantly reduced during aging whereas the total numbers of hippocampal pyramidal and granule cells as well as of cerebellar granule cells were not. This formerly unknown inverse relation between age-related accumulation of nDNA damage and age-related loss of neurons may reflect a fundamental process of aging in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Division of Cellular Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mueller S, Stables L, Du A, Schuff N, Truran D, Cashdollar N, Weiner M. Measurement of hippocampal subfields and age-related changes with high resolution MRI at 4T. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:719-26. [PMID: 16713659 PMCID: PMC1820772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Histological studies suggest that hippocampal subfields are differently affected by aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aims of this study were: (1) To test if hippocampal subfields can be identified and marked using anatomical landmarks on high resolution MR images obtained on a 4T magnet. (2) To test if age-specific volume changes of subfields can be detected. Forty-two healthy controls (21-85 years) and three AD subjects (76-86 years) were studied with a high resolution T2 weighted fast spin echo sequence. The entorhinal cortex (ERC), subiculum, CA1, CA2 and CA3/4 and dentate were marked. A significant correlation between age and CA1 (r=-0.51, p=0.0002) which was most pronounced in the seventh decade of life was found in healthy controls. In AD subjects, CA1 and subiculum were smaller than in age-matched controls. These preliminary findings suggest that measurement of hippocampal subfields may be helpful to distinguish between normal aging and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M.W. Weiner
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 415 221 4810x3642; fax: +1 415 668 2864. E-mail address: (M.W. Weiner)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Keuker JIH, Keijser JN, Nyakas C, Luiten PGM, Fuchs E. Aging is accompanied by a subfield-specific reduction of serotonergic fibers in the tree shrew hippocampal formation. J Chem Neuroanat 2005; 30:221-9. [PMID: 16169187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is a crucial structure for learning and memory, and serotonin together with other neurotransmitters is essential in these processes. Although the effects of aging on various neurotransmitter systems in the hippocampus have been extensively investigated, it is not entirely clear whether or how the hippocampal serotonergic innervation changes during aging. Rat studies, which have mostly focused on aging-related changes in the dentate gyrus, have implied a loss of hippocampal serotonergic fibers. We used the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), an intermediate between insectivores and primates, as a model of aging. We applied immunocytochemistry with an antibody against serotonin to assess serotonergic fiber densities in the various hippocampal subfields of adult (0.9-1.3 years) and old (5-7 years) tree shrews. Our results have revealed a reduction of serotonergic fiber densities in the stratum radiatum of CA1 and CA3, and in the stratum oriens of CA3. A partial depletion of serotonin in the hippocampal formation, as can be expected from our current observations, will probably have an impact on the functioning of hippocampal principal neurons. Our findings also indicate that the rat and the tree shrew hippocampal serotonergic innervation show some variations that seem to be differentially affected during aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine I H Keuker
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Czeh B, Simon M, van der Hart MG, Schmelting B, Hesselink MB, Fuchs E. Chronic stress decreases the number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons in the hippocampus: prevention by treatment with a substance P receptor (NK1) antagonist. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:67-79. [PMID: 15470372 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that stress may affect the hippocampal GABAergic system. Here, we examined whether long-term psychosocial stress influenced the number of parvalbumin-containing GABAergic cells, known to provide the most powerful inhibitory input to the perisomatic region of principal cells. Adult male tree shrews were submitted to 5 weeks of stress, after which immunocytochemical and quantitative stereological techniques were used to estimate the total number of hippocampal parvalbumin-immunoreactive (PV-IR) neurons. Stress significantly decreased the number of PV-IR cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) (-33%), CA2 (-28%), and CA3 (-29%), whereas the CA1 was not affected. Additionally, we examined whether antidepressant treatment offered protection from this stress-induced effect. We administered fluoxetine (15 mg/kg per day) and SLV-323 (20 mg/kg per day), a novel neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist, because the NK1R has been proposed as a possible target for novel antidepressant therapies. Animals were subjected to a 7-day period of psychosocial stress before the onset of daily oral administration of the drugs, with stress continued throughout the 28-day treatment period. NK1R antagonist administration completely prevented the stress-induced reduction of the number of PV-IR interneurons, whereas fluoxetine attenuated this decrement in the DG, without affecting the CA2 and CA3. The effect of stress on interneuron numbers may reflect real cell loss; alternatively, parvalbumin concentration is diminished in the neurons, which might indicate a compensatory attempt. In either case, antidepressant treatment offered protection from the effect of stress and appears to modulate the hippocampal GABAergic system. Furthermore, the NK1R antagonist SLV-323 showed neurobiological efficacy similar to that of fluoxetine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boldizsár Czeh
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|