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Breau MA, Schneider-Maunoury S. Cranial placodes: models for exploring the multi-facets of cell adhesion in epithelial rearrangement, collective migration and neuronal movements. Dev Biol 2014; 401:25-36. [PMID: 25541234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Key to morphogenesis is the orchestration of cell movements in the embryo, which requires fine-tuned adhesive interactions between cells and their close environment. The neural crest paradigm has provided important insights into how adhesion dynamics control epithelium-to-mesenchyme transition and mesenchymal cell migration. Much less is known about cranial placodes, patches of ectodermal cells that generate essential parts of vertebrate sensory organs and ganglia. In this review, we summarise the known functions of adhesion molecules in cranial placode morphogenesis, and discuss potential novel implications of adhesive interactions in this crucial developmental process. The great repertoire of placodal cell behaviours offers new avenues for exploring the multiple roles of adhesion complexes in epithelial remodelling, collective migration and neuronal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Anne Breau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) - Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, U1156, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-UMR7622, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR7622, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) - Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, F-75005 Paris, France; INSERM, U1156, F-75005 Paris, France
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Schlosser G. Making senses development of vertebrate cranial placodes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 283:129-234. [PMID: 20801420 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)83004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cranial placodes (which include the adenohypophyseal, olfactory, lens, otic, lateral line, profundal/trigeminal, and epibranchial placodes) give rise to many sense organs and ganglia of the vertebrate head. Recent evidence suggests that all cranial placodes may be developmentally related structures, which originate from a common panplacodal primordium at neural plate stages and use similar regulatory mechanisms to control developmental processes shared between different placodes such as neurogenesis and morphogenetic movements. After providing a brief overview of placodal diversity, the present review summarizes current evidence for the existence of a panplacodal primordium and discusses the central role of transcription factors Six1 and Eya1 in the regulation of processes shared between different placodes. Upstream signaling events and transcription factors involved in early embryonic induction and specification of the panplacodal primordium are discussed next. I then review how individual placodes arise from the panplacodal primordium and present a model of multistep placode induction. Finally, I briefly summarize recent advances concerning how placodal neurons and sensory cells are specified, and how morphogenesis of placodes (including delamination and migration of placode-derived cells and invagination) is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Schlosser
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences & Martin Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Schnaufer C, Breer H, Fleischer J. Outgrowing olfactory axons contain the Reelin receptor VLDLR and navigate through the Reelin-rich cribriform mesenchyme. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 337:393-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Djouad F, Delorme B, Maurice M, Bony C, Apparailly F, Louis-Plence P, Canovas F, Charbord P, Noël D, Jorgensen C. Microenvironmental changes during differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:R33. [PMID: 17391539 PMCID: PMC1906811 DOI: 10.1186/ar2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is a process involving stem-cell differentiation through the coordinated effects of growth/differentiation factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were found within the cartilage, which constitutes a specific niche composed of ECM proteins with unique features. Therefore, we hypothesized that the induction of MSC differentiation towards chondrocytes might be induced and/or influenced by molecules from the microenvironment. Using microarray analysis, we previously identified genes that are regulated during MSC differentiation towards chondrocytes. In this study, we wanted to precisely assess the differential expression of genes associated with the microenvironment using a large-scale real-time PCR assay, according to the simultaneous detection of up to 384 mRNAs in one sample. Chondrogenesis of bone-marrow-derived human MSCs was induced by culture in micropellet for various periods of time. Total RNA was extracted and submitted to quantitative RT-PCR. We identified molecules already known to be involved in attachment and cell migration, including syndecans, glypicans, gelsolin, decorin, fibronectin, and type II, IX and XI collagens. Importantly, we detected the expression of molecules that were not previously associated with MSCs or chondrocytes, namely metalloproteases (MMP-7 and MMP-28), molecules of the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF); cef10/cyr61 and nov (CCN) family (CCN3 and CCN4), chemokines and their receptors chemokine CXC motif ligand (CXCL1), Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FlT3L), chemokine CC motif receptor (CCR3 and CCR4), molecules with A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase domain (ADAM8, ADAM9, ADAM19, ADAM23, A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5), cadherins (4 and 13) and integrins (alpha4, alpha7 and beta5). Our data suggest that crosstalk between ECM components of the microenvironment and MSCs within the cartilage is responsible for the differentiation of MSCs into chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Djouad
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Bruno Delorme
- Inserm, ESPRI EA3855, 10 bld Tonnellé, Tours, F-37032 France
| | | | - Claire Bony
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Florence Apparailly
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Pascale Louis-Plence
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - François Canovas
- CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, F-34295 France
| | - Pierre Charbord
- Inserm, ESPRI EA3855, 10 bld Tonnellé, Tours, F-37032 France
| | - Danièle Noël
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- Inserm, U 844, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, F-34091 France
- Université Montpellier 1, 2 rue Ecole de Médecine, Montpellier, F-34000 France
- CHU Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, F-34295 France
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Akins MR, Benson DL, Greer CA. Cadherin expression in the developing mouse olfactory system. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:483-97. [PMID: 17278136 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although odor receptors have been implicated in establishing the topography of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory bulb (OB), it is likely other molecules are also involved. The cadherins (CDHs) are a large family of cell adhesion molecules that mediate cell:cell interactions elsewhere in the central nervous system. However, their distribution and role in the olfactory system have remained largely unexplored. We previously demonstrated that intracellular binding partners of cadherins, the catenins, have unique spatiotemporal patterns of expression in the developing olfactory system. To further our understanding of cadherin function within the developing olfactory system, we now report on the localization of 11 classical cadherins-CDH1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 15. We demonstrate the expression of all but CDH5 and CDH15 in neuronal and/or glial cells in primary olfactory structures. CDH1 and CDH2 are expressed by OSNs; CDH2 expression closely parallels that seen for gamma-catenin in OSN axons. CDH3 and CDH11 are expressed by olfactory ensheathing glia, which surround OSN axons in the outer OB. CDH2, CDH4, and CDH6 are expressed within neuropil. CDH2, CDH4, CDH6, CDH8, CDH10, CDH11, and CDH13 are expressed by projection neurons within the main and accessory OBs. We conclude that cadherin proteins in the developing olfactory system are positioned to underlie the formation of the odorant map and local circuits within the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Akins
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082, USA
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Akins MR, Greer CA. Axon behavior in the olfactory nerve reflects the involvement of catenin-cadherin mediated adhesion. J Comp Neurol 2007; 499:979-89. [PMID: 17072833 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to the olfactory bulb (OB) is a complex but well-regulated process. Although odorant receptor proteins, and other molecules, are implicated in this process, our understanding remains incomplete. We demonstrate that axons remain restricted to the outer olfactory nerve layer (ONLo) until they are proximal to their target glomeruli, where they enter the inner ONL (ONLi), dividing the ONL into extension and sorting zones. Sorting is likely contingent on cell:cell interactions mediated in part by cell adhesion molecules. The cadherins are a large family of adhesion molecules whose function is contingent on their intracellular binding partners, the catenins, which in turn link to the cytoskeleton. We previously demonstrated that the organization of the cytoskeleton changed as olfactory sensory neuron axons moved from the ONLo to the ONLi. To further assess the role of cadherin mediated adhesion in the developing mouse ONL, we localized alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and p120-catenins as well as neural cadherin (N-cadherin; CDH2) in the OB. alpha- and beta-catenins are found throughout the OB and are uniform throughout the ONL. In contrast, gamma-catenin and CDH2 are expressed predominantly in the ONLo during perinatal development, but are uniform across the ONL beginning at P7 and into adulthood. Finally, p120- and delta-catenins are expressed in nonoverlapping patterns by olfactory axons and OB neuronal dendrites, respectively. We conclude that gamma-catenin-mediated CDH2 adhesion may influence OSN targeting by restricting axons to the ONLo until they reach the appropriate domain of the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Akins
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082, USA
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Balmer CW, LaMantia AS. Noses and neurons: induction, morphogenesis, and neuronal differentiation in the peripheral olfactory pathway. Dev Dyn 2006; 234:464-81. [PMID: 16193510 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-axial mesenchymal/epithelial (M/E) induction guides peripheral olfactory pathway differentiation using cellular and molecular mechanisms similar to those in the developing limbs, aortic arches, and branchial arches. At each of these bilaterally symmetric sites off the midline axis, a thickened ectodermal epithelium is apposed to a specialized mesenchyme derived largely, but not exclusively, from the neural crest. The capacity of M/E interaction in the olfactory primordia (the combined olfactory placodal epithelium and adjacent mesenchyme) to induce a distinct class of sensory receptor neurons-olfactory receptor neurons-suggests that this mechanism has been modified to accommodate neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and axon guidance, in addition to musculoskeletal differentiation, chondrogenesis, and vasculogenesis. Accordingly, although the olfactory primordia share signaling molecules and transcriptional regulators with other bilaterally symmetric, non-axial sites such as limb buds, their activity may be adapted to mediate distinct aspects of cellular differentiation and process outgrowth during the initial assembly of a sensory pathway-the primary olfactory pathway-during early forebrain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis W Balmer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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