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Khan M, Clijsters M, Choi S, Backaert W, Claerhout M, Couvreur F, Van Breda L, Bourgeois F, Speleman K, Klein S, Van Laethem J, Verstappen G, Dereli AS, Yoo SJ, Zhou H, Dan Do TN, Jochmans D, Laenen L, Debaveye Y, De Munter P, Gunst J, Jorissen M, Lagrou K, Meersseman P, Neyts J, Thal DR, Topsakal V, Vandenbriele C, Wauters J, Mombaerts P, Van Gerven L. Anatomical barriers against SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion at vulnerable interfaces visualized in deceased COVID-19 patients. Neuron 2022; 110:3919-3935.e6. [PMID: 36446381 PMCID: PMC9647025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Can SARS-CoV-2 hitchhike on the olfactory projection and take a direct and short route from the nose into the brain? We reasoned that the neurotropic or neuroinvasive capacity of the virus, if it exists, should be most easily detectable in individuals who died in an acute phase of the infection. Here, we applied a postmortem bedside surgical procedure for the rapid procurement of tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid samples from deceased COVID-19 patients infected with the Delta, Omicron BA.1, or Omicron BA.2 variants. Confocal imaging of sections stained with fluorescence RNAscope and immunohistochemistry afforded the light-microscopic visualization of extracellular SARS-CoV-2 virions in tissues. We failed to find evidence for viral invasion of the parenchyma of the olfactory bulb and the frontal lobe of the brain. Instead, we identified anatomical barriers at vulnerable interfaces, exemplified by perineurial olfactory nerve fibroblasts enwrapping olfactory axon fascicles in the lamina propria of the olfactory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Khan
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marnick Clijsters
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, Rhinology Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sumin Choi
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wout Backaert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel Claerhout
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Floor Couvreur
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure Van Breda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florence Bourgeois
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende AV, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Kato Speleman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende AV, Bruges, Belgium
| | - Sam Klein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Laethem
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gill Verstappen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Seung-Jun Yoo
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Frankfurt, Germany; Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai Zhou
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thuc Nguyen Dan Do
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Laenen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & National Reference Center for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Debaveye
- Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul De Munter
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Gunst
- Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Jorissen
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, Rhinology Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & National Reference Center for Respiratory Pathogens, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Meersseman
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dietmar Rudolf Thal
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Imaging & Pathology and Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vedat Topsakal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vandenbriele
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Wauters
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Mombaerts
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Laura Van Gerven
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, Rhinology Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Beiersdorfer A, Wolburg H, Grawe J, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F, Lohr C. Sublamina-specific organization of the blood brain barrier in the mouse olfactory nerve layer. Glia 2019; 68:631-645. [PMID: 31696993 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes constitute the main glial component of the mammalian blood brain barrier (BBB). However, in the olfactory bulb (OB), the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) is almost devoid of astrocytes, raising the question which glial cells are part of the BBB. We used mice expressing EGFP in astrocytes and tdTomato in olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a specialized type of glial cells in the ONL, to unequivocally identify both glial cell types and investigate their contribution to the BBB in the olfactory bulb. OECs were located exclusively in the ONL, while somata of astrocytes were located in deeper layers and extended processes in the inner sublamina of the ONL. These processes surrounded blood vessels and contained aquaporin-4, an astrocytic protein enriched at the BBB. In the outer sublamina of the ONL, in contrast, blood vessels were surrounded by aquaporin-4-negative processes of OECs. Transcardial perfusion of blood vessels with lanthanum and subsequent visualization by electron microscopy showed that blood vessels enwrapped by OECs possessed intact tight junctions. In acute olfactory bulb preparations, injection of fluorescent glucose 6-NBDG into blood vessels resulted in labeling of OECs, indicating glucose transport from the perivascular space into OECs. In addition, Ca2+ transients in OECs in the outer sublamina evoked vasoconstriction, whereas Ca2+ signaling in OECs of the inner sublamina had no effect on adjacent blood vessels. Our results demonstrate that the BBB in the inner sublamina of the ONL contains astrocytes, while in the outer ONL OECs are part of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janine Grawe
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lohr
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Beiersdorfer A, Lohr C. AMPA Receptor-Mediated Ca 2+ Transients in Mouse Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:451. [PMID: 31636544 PMCID: PMC6788192 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling in glial cells is primarily triggered by metabotropic pathways and the subsequent Ca2+ release from internal Ca2+ stores. However, there is upcoming evidence that various ion channels might also initiate Ca2+ rises in glial cells by Ca2+ influx. We investigated AMPA receptor-mediated inward currents and Ca2+ transients in olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a specialized glial cell population in the olfactory bulb (OB), using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings and confocal Ca2+ imaging. By immunohistochemistry we showed immunoreactivity to the AMPA receptor subunits GluA1, GluA2 and GluA4 in OECs, suggesting the presence of AMPA receptors in OECs. Kainate-induced inward currents were mediated exclusively by AMPA receptors, as they were sensitive to the specific AMPA receptor antagonist, GYKI53655. Moreover, kainate-induced inward currents were reduced by the selective Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptor inhibitor, NASPM, suggesting the presence of functional Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors in OECs. Additionally, kainate application evoked Ca2+ transients in OECs which were abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, indicating that Ca2+ influx via Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors contribute to kainate-induced Ca2+ transients. However, kainate-induced Ca2+ transients were partly reduced upon Ca2+ store depletion, leading to the conclusion that Ca2+ influx via AMPA receptor channels is essential to trigger Ca2+ transients in OECs, whereas Ca2+ release from internal stores contributes in part to the kainate-evoked Ca2+ response. Endogenous glutamate release by OSN axons initiated Ca2+ transients in OECs, equally mediated by metabotropic receptors (glutamatergic and purinergic) and AMPA receptors, suggesting a prominent role for AMPA receptor mediated Ca2+ signaling in axon-OEC communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Lohr
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Crespo C, Liberia T, Blasco-Ibáñez JM, Nácher J, Varea E. Cranial Pair I: The Olfactory Nerve. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:405-427. [PMID: 29659152 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory nerve constitutes the first cranial pair. Compared with other cranial nerves, it depicts some atypical features. First, the olfactory nerve does not form a unique bundle. The olfactory axons join other axons and form several small bundles or fascicles: the fila olfactoria. These fascicles leave the nasal cavity, pass through the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone and enter the brain. The whole of these fascicles is what is known as the olfactory nerve. Second, the olfactory sensory neurons, whose axons integrate the olfactory nerve, connect the nasal cavity and the brain without any relay. Third, the olfactory nerve is composed by unmyelinated axons. Fourth, the olfactory nerve contains neither Schwann cells nor oligodendrocytes wrapping its axons. But it contains olfactory ensheathing glia, which is a type of glia unique to this nerve. Fifth, the olfactory axons participate in the circuitry of certain spherical structures of neuropil that are unique in the brain: the olfactory glomeruli. Sixth, the axons of the olfactory nerve are continuously replaced and their connections in the central nervous system are remodeled continuously. Therefore, the olfactory nerve is subject to lifelong plasticity. Finally seventh, the olfactory nerve can be a gateway for the direct entrance of viruses, neurotoxins and other xenobiotics to the brain. In the same way, it can be used as a portal of entry to the brain for therapeutic substances, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. In this article, we analyze some features of the anatomy and physiology of the first cranial pair. Anat Rec, 302:405-427, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Crespo
- Department of Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Liberia
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - José Miguel Blasco-Ibáñez
- Department of Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Nácher
- Department of Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Varea
- Department of Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Spain
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Oprych K, Cotfas D, Choi D. Common olfactory ensheathing glial markers in the developing human olfactory system. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1877-1895. [PMID: 27718014 PMCID: PMC5406434 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The in situ immunocytochemical properties of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have been well studied in several small to medium sized animal models including rats, mice, guinea pigs, cats and canines. However, we know very little about the antigenic characteristics of OECs in situ within the adult and developing human olfactory bulb and nerve roots. To address this gap in knowledge we undertook an immunocytochemical analysis of the 11–19 pcw human foetal olfactory system. Human foetal OECs in situ possessed important differences compared to rodents in the expression of key surface markers. P75NTR was not observed in OECs but was strongly expressed by human foetal Schwann cells and perineurial olfactory nerve fibroblasts surrounding OECs. We define OECs throughout the 11–19 pcw human olfactory system as S100/vimentin/SOX10+ with low expression of GFAP. Our results suggest that P75NTR is a robust marker that could be utilised with cell sorting techniques to generate enriched OEC cultures by first removing P75NTR expressing Schwann cells and fibroblasts, and subsequently to isolate OECs after P75NTR upregulation in vitro. O4 and PSA-NCAM were not found to be suitable surface antigens for OEC purification owing to their ambiguous and heterogeneous expression. Our results highlight the importance of corroborating cell markers when translating cell therapies from animal models to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Oprych
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Daniel Cotfas
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David Choi
- Department of Brain, Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.,National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Singh B, Sharma RA. Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:129-151. [PMID: 28324581 PMCID: PMC4362742 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate-mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Singh
- AIB, Amity University Rajasthan, NH-11C, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur, 303 002, India.
| | - Ram A Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302 055, India
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Kavoi BM, Plendl J, Makanya AN, Ochieng' S, Kiama SG. Effects of anticancer drug docetaxel on the structure and function of the rabbit olfactory mucosa. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:213-24. [PMID: 24846480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel (DCT) is an anticancer drug which acts by disrupting microtubule dynamics in the highly mitotic cancer cells. Thus, this drug has a potential to affect function and organization of tissues exhibiting high cellular turnover. We investigated, in the rabbit, the effects of a single human equivalent dose (6.26 mg/kg, i.v.) of DCT on the olfactory mucosa (OM) through light and electron microscopy, morphometry, Ki-67 immunostaining, TUNEL assay and the buried food test for olfactory sensitivity. On post-exposure days (PED) 5 and 10, there was disarrangement of the normal cell layering in the olfactory epithelium (OE), apoptotic death of cells of the OE, Bowman's glands and axon bundles, and the presence (including on PED 3) of blood vessels in the bundle cores. A decrease in bundle diameters, olfactory cell densities and cilia numbers, which was most significant on PED 10 (49.3%, 63.4% and 50%, respectively), was also evident. Surprisingly by PED 15, the OM regained normal morphology. Furthermore, olfactory sensitivity decreased progressively until PED 10 when olfaction was markedly impaired, and with recovery from the impairment by PED 15. These observations show that DCT transiently alters the structure and function of the OM suggesting a high regenerative potential for this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boniface M Kavoi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Koserstrasse 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew N Makanya
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Balzerstrasse 2, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Shem Ochieng'
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Kasarani, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen G Kiama
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Riverside Drive, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Carvalho LA, Nobrega AF, Soares ID, Carvalho SL, Allodi S, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Cavalcante LA. The mannose receptor is expressed by olfactory ensheathing cells in the rat olfactory bulb. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1572-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Litia A. Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Alberto F. Nobrega
- Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Igor D.P. Soares
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Sergio L. Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Silvana Allodi
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Centro de Cirurgia Experimental, Departamento de Cirurgia; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicina; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Leny A. Cavalcante
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Comparative and Developmental Neurobiology; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Guest J. Towards treating spinal cord injury in 'patients': one step at a time. Brain 2013; 135:3203-5. [PMID: 23169916 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Guest
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Kavoi BM, Makanya AN, Plendl J, Johanna P, Kiama SG. Morphofunctional adaptations of the olfactory mucosa in postnatally developing rabbits. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1352-63. [PMID: 22707244 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rabbits are born blind and deaf and receive unusually limited maternal care. Consequently, their suckling young heavily rely on the olfactory cue for nipple attachment. However, the postnatal morphofunctional adaptations of olfactory mucosa (OM) are not fully elucidated. To clarify on the extent and the pattern of refinement of the OM following birth in the rabbit, morphologic and morphometric analysis of the mucosa were done at neonatal (0-1 days), suckling (2 weeks), weanling (4 weeks), and adult (6-8 months) stages of postnatal development. In all the age groups, the basic components of the OM were present. However, proliferative activity of cells of the mucosal epithelium decreased with increasing age as revealed by Ki-67 immunostaining. Diameters of axon bundles, packing densities of olfactory cells, and cilia numbers per olfactory cell knob increased progressively with age being 5.5, 2.1, and 2.6 times, respectively, in the adult as compared with the neonate. Volume fraction values for the bundles increased by 5.3% from birth to suckling age and by 7.4% from weaning to adulthood and the bundle cores were infiltrated with blood capillaries in all ages except in the adult where such vessels were lacking. The pattern of cilia projection from olfactory cell knobs also showed age-related variations, that is, arose as a tuft from the tips of the knobs in neonates and sucklings and in a radial pattern from the knob bases in weanlings and adults. These morphological changes may be attributed to the high olfactory functional demand associated with postnatal development in the rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boniface M Kavoi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Olfactory ensheathing cells from the nose: clinical application in human spinal cord injuries. Exp Neurol 2010; 229:174-80. [PMID: 20832402 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory mucosa, the sense organ of smell, is an adult tissue that is regenerated and repaired throughout life to maintain the integrity of the sense of smell. When the sensory neurons of the olfactory epithelium die they are replaced by proliferation of stem cells and their axons grow from the nose to brain assisted by olfactory ensheathing cells located in the lamina propria beneath the sensory epithelium. When transplanted into the site of traumatic spinal cord injury in rat, olfactory lamina propria or purified olfactory ensheathing cells promote behavioural recovery and assist regrowth of some nerves in the spinal cord. A Phase I clinical trial demonstrated that autologous olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation is safe, with no adverse outcomes recorded for three years following transplantation. Autologous olfactory mucosa transplantation is also being investigated in traumatic spinal cord injury although this whole tissue contains many cells in addition to olfactory ensheathing cells, including stem cells. If olfactory ensheathing cells are proven therapeutic for human spinal cord injury there are several important practical issues that will need to be solved before they reach general clinical application. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Understanding olfactory ensheathing glia and their prospect for nervous system repair.
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Kavoi B, Makanya A, Hassanali J, Carlsson HE, Kiama S. Comparative functional structure of the olfactory mucosa in the domestic dog and sheep. Ann Anat 2010; 192:329-37. [PMID: 20801626 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory acuity differs among animal species depending on age and dependence on smell. However, the attendant functional anatomy has not been elucidated. We sought to determine the functional structure of the olfactory mucosa in suckling and adult dog and sheep. Mucosal samples harvested from ethmoturbinates were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In both species, the olfactory mucosa comprised olfactory, supporting and basal cells, and a lamina propria containing bundles of olfactory cell axons, Bowman's glands and vascular elements. The olfactory cells terminated apically with an expanded knob, from which cilia projected in a radial fashion from its base and in form of a tuft from its apex in the dog and the sheep respectively. Olfactory cilia per knob were more numerous in the dog (19 ± 3) compared to the sheep (7 ± 2) (p<0.05). In the dog, axonal bundles exhibited one to two centrally located capillaries and the bundles were of greater diameters (73.3 ± 10.3 μm) than those of the sheep (50.6 ± 6.8 μm), which had no capillaries. From suckling to adulthood in the dog, the packing density of the olfactory and supporting cells increased by 22.5% and 12.6% respectively. Surprisingly in the sheep, the density of the olfactory cells decreased by 26.2% while that of the supportive cells showed no change. Overall epithelial thickness reached 72.5 ± 2.9 μm in the dog and 56.8 ± 3.1 μm in the sheep. These observations suggest that the mucosa is better structurally refined during maturation in the dog than in the sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boniface Kavoi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology, University of Nairobi, Riveside Drive, PO Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Vukovic J, Ruitenberg MJ, Roet K, Franssen E, Arulpragasam A, Sasaki T, Verhaagen J, Harvey AR, Busfield SJ, Plant GW. The glycoprotein fibulin-3 regulates morphology and motility of olfactory ensheathing cellsin vitro. Glia 2009; 57:424-43. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kawaja MD, Boyd JG, Smithson LJ, Jahed A, Doucette R. Technical Strategies to Isolate Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Intraspinal Implantation. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:155-77. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Kawaja
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - J. Gordon Boyd
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Laura J. Smithson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Ali Jahed
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Ron Doucette
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, City Hospital, Saskatoon, Canada
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Steinke A, Meier-Stiegen S, Drenckhahn D, Asan E. Molecular composition of tight and adherens junctions in the rat olfactory epithelium and fila. Histochem Cell Biol 2008. [PMID: 18523797 DOI: 10.1007/s00418‐008‐0441‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tight and adherens junctions (TJs, AJs) between neurons, epithelial and glial cells provide barrier and adhesion properties in the olfactory epithelium (OE), and subserve functions such as compartmentalization and axon growth in the fila olfactoria (FO). Immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopy were combined in sections of rat OE and FO to document the cellular and subcellular localization of TJ proteins occludin(Occl), claudins(Cl) 1-5 and zonula occludens(ZO) proteins 1-3, and of AJ proteins N-cadherin(cad), E-cad, and alpha-, beta- and p120-catenin(cat). With the exception of Cl2, all TJ proteins were colocalized in OE junctions. Differences in relative immunolabeling intensities were noted between neuronal and epithelial TJs. In the FO, Cl5-reactivity was localized in olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) junctions, Cl1-reactivity in the FO periphery, with differential colocalization with ZOs. Supporting cells formed N-cad-immunoreactive (ir) AJs with olfactory sensory neurons, E-cad-ir junctions with microvillar and gland duct cells, and both N-cad and E-cad-ir junctions in homotypic contacts. Alpha, beta- and p120-cat were localized in all AJs of the OE. AJs were scarce in the globose basal cell layer. Immature and mature neurons formed numerous contacts. In the FO, AJs were documented between OECs, between OECs and axons, and between axons. Most AJs colocalized N-cad with catenins, occasionally E-cad-ir AJs were found in the FO periphery. Characteristics of molecular composition suggest differential properties of TJs formed by neuronal, epithelial and glial cells in the OE and FO. The presence and molecular composition of AJs are consistent with a role of AJ proteins in neuroplastic processes in the peripheral olfactory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Steinke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Steinke A, Meier-Stiegen S, Drenckhahn D, Asan E. Molecular composition of tight and adherens junctions in the rat olfactory epithelium and fila. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:339-61. [PMID: 18523797 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tight and adherens junctions (TJs, AJs) between neurons, epithelial and glial cells provide barrier and adhesion properties in the olfactory epithelium (OE), and subserve functions such as compartmentalization and axon growth in the fila olfactoria (FO). Immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopy were combined in sections of rat OE and FO to document the cellular and subcellular localization of TJ proteins occludin(Occl), claudins(Cl) 1-5 and zonula occludens(ZO) proteins 1-3, and of AJ proteins N-cadherin(cad), E-cad, and alpha-, beta- and p120-catenin(cat). With the exception of Cl2, all TJ proteins were colocalized in OE junctions. Differences in relative immunolabeling intensities were noted between neuronal and epithelial TJs. In the FO, Cl5-reactivity was localized in olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) junctions, Cl1-reactivity in the FO periphery, with differential colocalization with ZOs. Supporting cells formed N-cad-immunoreactive (ir) AJs with olfactory sensory neurons, E-cad-ir junctions with microvillar and gland duct cells, and both N-cad and E-cad-ir junctions in homotypic contacts. Alpha, beta- and p120-cat were localized in all AJs of the OE. AJs were scarce in the globose basal cell layer. Immature and mature neurons formed numerous contacts. In the FO, AJs were documented between OECs, between OECs and axons, and between axons. Most AJs colocalized N-cad with catenins, occasionally E-cad-ir AJs were found in the FO periphery. Characteristics of molecular composition suggest differential properties of TJs formed by neuronal, epithelial and glial cells in the OE and FO. The presence and molecular composition of AJs are consistent with a role of AJ proteins in neuroplastic processes in the peripheral olfactory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Steinke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Guest JD, Herrera L, Margitich I, Oliveria M, Marcillo A, Casas CE. Xenografts of expanded primate olfactory ensheathing glia support transient behavioral recovery that is independent of serotonergic or corticospinal axonal regeneration in nude rats following spinal cord transection. Exp Neurol 2008; 212:261-74. [PMID: 18511045 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing glial cells (OEG) may improve the outcome from spinal cord injury. Proof-of-principle studies in primates are desirable and the feasibility and efficacy of using in vitro expanded OEG should be tested. An intermediate step between the validation of rodent studies and human clinical trials is to study expanded primate OEG (POEG) xenografts in immunotolerant rodents. In this study the time course to generate purified POEG was evaluated as well as their survival, effect on damaged axons of the corticospinal and serotonergic systems, tissue sparing, and chronic locomotor recovery following transplantation. Fifty-seven nude rats underwent T9/10 spinal cord transection. Thirty-eight rats received POEG, 19 controls were injected with cell medium, and 10 received lentivirally-GFP-transfected POEG. Histological evaluation was conducted at 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 14 weeks and 23-24 weeks. Of these 57 rats, 18 were studied with 5-HT immunostaining, 16 with BDA anterograde CST labeling, and six were used for transmission electron microscopy. In grafted animals, behavioral recovery, sprouting and limited regeneration of 5-HT fibers, and increased numbers of proximal collateral processes but not regeneration of CST fibers was observed. Grafted animals had less cavitation in the spinal cord stumps than controls. Behavioral recovery peaked at three months and then declined. Five POEG-transplanted animals that had shown behavioral recovery underwent retransection and behavioral scores did not change significantly, suggesting that long tract axonal regeneration did not account for the locomotor improvement. At the ultrastructural level presumptive POEG were found to have direct contacts with astrocytes forming the glia limitans, distinct from those formed by Schwann cells. At 6 weeks GFP expression was detected in cells within the lesion site and within nerve roots but did not match the pattern of Hoechst nuclear labeling. At 3.5 months only GFP-positive debris in macrophages could be detected. Transplanted POEG support behavioral recovery via mechanisms that appear to be independent of long tract regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Guest
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Andrews MR, Stelzner DJ. Evaluation of olfactory ensheathing and schwann cells after implantation into a dorsal injury of adult rat spinal cord. J Neurotrauma 2008; 24:1773-92. [PMID: 18001205 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2007.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs) obtained from adult transgenic rats expressing alkaline phosphatase (AP) were studied following implantation into intact spinal cord and after dorsal column crush (DCC) injury, either within the lesion or near the lesion borders. We observed no evidence of migration of AP OECs or AP SCs after lesion site injections, with most cells remaining in or nearby the injection/lesion site. Acute injection of either cell type outside of the lesion site resulted in the presence of cells in the lesion even two hours after injection. However, after a 2-week delay between DCC injury and cell injection, only OECs injected 2.5-mm outside of a DCC lesion entered the lesion, while SCs did not pass a region of increased astroglial immunoreactivity. GFAP-immunoreactivity also revealed differences in the astroglial scar at the lesion border with openings apparent in this region only in the OEC group. SCs induced greater ingrowth of CGRP-positive axons within the lesion, two weeks post-injury. Equivalent numbers of GAP-43-positive axons grew within the lesion after SC or OEC implantation. These findings show that, although there is no active migration for either cell type, both OECs and SCs are able to support axonal regrowth and/or sprouting into the lesion. The openings in the astroglial boundary at the lesion site may give OECs a potential advantage over SCs in promoting axonal growth through the astroglial scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Andrews
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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Krudewig C, Deschl U, Wewetzer K. Purification and in vitro characterization of adult canine olfactory ensheathing cells. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 326:687-96. [PMID: 16788833 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are known to promote neural repair under experimental conditions. The experimental focus has so far been almost entirely on rodent OECs (rOECs), and hence whether human OECs (humOECs) display similar properties is unclear. Studies on larger mammals as an "intermediate" model may be helpful for translating the experimental evidence gathered so far into novel therapeutic strategies. In the present study, we purified adult canine OECs (caOECs) from the olfactory bulb and analyzed their in vitro properties with respect to antigen expression, proliferation, and differentiation. Secondary caOECs shared the expression of marker molecules and the reactivity toward growth factors, with rOECs and humOECs. CaOECs were positively immunostained for the low affinity neurotrophin receptor p75, GFAP, and O4 and proliferated in response to fibroblast growth factor-2 and heregulin-1beta. No decline in proliferation was noted at higher passages (>8). The effects of forskolin, which neither increased proliferation nor stimulated the expression of O4, were clearly different from those on rOECs. Moreover, caOECs displayed their typical spindle-shaped morphology only upon growth factor/forskolin addition, whereas mitotically quiescent caOECs had a flattened morphology. Thus, caOECs can readily be purified from adult canine olfactory bulb and expanded by using established OEC mitogens. The behavior of caOECs toward forskolin suggests that caOECs and humOECs share a number of properties amd implies the presence of common intracellular signalling pathways. CaOECs therefore represent a suitable model system relevant for humOECs in neural repair studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Krudewig
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Ibrahim A, Li Y, Li D, Raisman G, El Masry WS. Olfactory ensheathing cells: ripples of an incoming tide? Lancet Neurol 2006; 5:453-7. [PMID: 16632316 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Until now, brain and spinal cord injuries that sever nerve fibres have resulted in a degree of incurable functional loss. An incoming tide of research is now beginning to challenge this as yet unbreached sea wall. One of the most promising approaches involves a recently discovered type of cell, the olfactory ensheathing cell, which can be obtained from the adult nasal lining. In animal models transplantation of cultured olfactory ensheathing cells into an injured spinal cord induces regeneration, remyelination of severed spinal nerve fibres, and functional recovery. Although several clinical centres worldwide have shown an interest in applying this approach to patients with spinal cord injury, there is no agreement on cell technology, and claims of beneficial results lack independent confirmation. Important aspects still need to be worked out at the laboratory level. Overall, the outlook is optimistic, but there is still some way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ibrahim
- Spinal Repair Unit, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London, UK
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Guest J, Herrera LP, Qian T. Rapid recovery of segmental neurological function in a tetraplegic patient following transplantation of fetal olfactory bulb-derived cells. Spinal Cord 2006; 44:135-42. [PMID: 16151453 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Case report. OBJECTIVE Report rapid neurological changes in a complete tetraplegic following a cell injection procedure. SETTING Beijing, China. METHODS ASIA/IMSOP neurological scale. Immunostaining of cell cultures. Cellular transplantation to effect functional restoration following spinal cord injury (SCI) has been hypothesized to cause improvements through axonal regeneration, increased plasticity, or axonal remyelination. Several human trials are in preliminary phases. We report a rapid improvement in motor and sensory functions in the segment adjacent to the level of complete SCI within days following cellular transplantation of cultured fetal olfactory bulb-derived cells. The patient was an 18-year-old C3 ASIA A complete tetraplegic 18 months post-injury who had been neurologically stable for more than 6 months. RESULTS Within 48 h of cell transplantation, the patient improved one ASIA motor grade in the left elbow flexors and began to show right wrist extensor function. Descent of the sensory level occurred within 4 days and then the rate of change slowed. He is now a C5 motor and C4 sensory complete tetraplegic. Cellular cultures prepared in the same facility showed viable human cells that labeled for nestin and GFAP. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that improved transmission in intact fibers subserving the zone of partial preservation accounts for these early improvements. We emphasize the need for further independent analysis of the outcomes of this and other preliminary cell transplant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guest
- The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Lois Pope LIFE Center, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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