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Kuo DH, Szczupak L, Weisblat DA, Portiansky EL, Winchell CJ, Lee JR, Tsai FY. Transgenesis enables mapping of segmental ganglia in the leech Helobdella austinensis. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247419. [PMID: 38940760 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of how neural circuits function in individuals and change during evolution is simplified by the existence of neurons identified as homologous within and across species. Invertebrates, including leeches, have been used for these purposes in part because their nervous systems comprise a high proportion of identified neurons, but technical limitations make it challenging to assess the full extent to which assumptions of stereotypy hold true. Here, we introduce Minos plasmid-mediated transgenesis as a tool for introducing transgenes into the embryos of the leech Helobdella austinensis (Spiralia; Lophotrochozoa; Annelida; Clitellata; Hirudinida; Glossiphoniidae). We identified an enhancer driving pan-neuronal expression of markers, including histone2B:mCherry, which allowed us to enumerate neurons in segmental ganglia. Unexpectedly, we found that the segmental ganglia of adult transgenic H. austinensis contain fewer and more variable numbers of neurons than in previously examined leech species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Han Kuo
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan116
- Museum of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan106
| | - Lidia Szczupak
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBYNE UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David A Weisblat
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Enrique L Portiansky
- Laboratory of Image Analysis, School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, CONICET, B1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Christopher J Winchell
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Jun-Ru Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan116
| | - Fu-Yu Tsai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan116
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Alves-Pimenta S, Colaço B, Oliveira PA, Venâncio C. Development Features on the Selection of Animal Models for Teratogenic Testing. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2753:67-104. [PMID: 38285334 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3625-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Today, the use of animal models from different species continues to represent a fundamental step in teratogenic testing, despite the increase in alternative solutions that provide an important screening to the enormous quantity of new substances that aim to enter the market every year. The maintenance of these models is due to the sharing of similar development processes with humans, and in this way they represent an important contribution to the safety in the use of the compounds tested. Furthermore, the application of advances in embryology to teratology, although hampered by the complexity of reproductive processes, continues to prove the importance of sensitivity during embryonic and fetal development to detect potential toxicity, inducing mortality/abortion and malformations.In this chapter, essential periods of development in different models are outlined, highlighting the similarities and differences between species, the advantages and disadvantages of each group, and specific sensitivities for teratogenic testing. Models can be divided into invertebrate species such as earthworms of the species Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster, allowing for rapid results and minor ethical concerns. Vertebrate nonmammalian species Xenopus laevis and Danio rerio are important models to assess teratogenic potential later in development with fewer ethical requirements. Finally, the mammalian species Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Oryctolagus cuniculus, phylogenetically closer to humans, are essential for the assessment of complex specialized processes, occurring later in development.Regulations for the development of toxicology tests require the use of mammalian species. Although ethical concerns and costs limit their use in large-scale screening. On the other hand, invertebrate and vertebrate nonmammalian species are increasing as alternative animal models, as these organisms combine low cost, less ethical requirements, and culture conditions compatible with large-scale screening. Their main advantage is to allow high-throughput screening in a whole-animal context, in contrast to the in vitro techniques, not dependent on the prior identification of a target. Better knowledge of the development pathways of animal models will allow to maximize human translation and reduce the number of animals used, leading to a selection of compounds with an improved safety profile and reduced time to market for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Alves-Pimenta
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Venâncio
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
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Shunkina KV, Starunova ZI, Novikova EL, Starunov VV. Mass Start or Time Trial? Structure of the Nervous System and Neuroregeneration in Pygospio elegans (Spionidae, Annelida). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1412. [PMID: 37998011 PMCID: PMC10669057 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The spionid worm Pygospio elegans is a convenient model for regeneration studies due to its accessibility, high tolerance, and ease of maintenance in laboratory culture. This article presents the findings regarding neuroregeneration and the structure of the nervous system based on antibody labeling of serotonin and FMRFamide. We propose the main stages of central nervous system neurogenesis during regeneration: single nerve fibers, a loop structure, and neurons in the brain and segmental ganglia. Nerve fibers and receptor cells of the peripheral nerve system can be traced to different stages of regeneration. We also provide a comparison of our results with previous data on the structure and regeneration of the nervous system based on antibody labeling of catecholamines, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and histamine and with the results for other annelids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena L. Novikova
- Zoological Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (K.V.S.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Starunova ZI, Shunkina KV, Novikova EL, Starunov VV. Histamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the nervous system of Pygospio elegans (Annelida: Spionidae): structure and recovery during reparative regeneration. BMC ZOOL 2022; 7:58. [PMID: 37170300 PMCID: PMC10127018 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-022-00160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In recent two decades, studies of the annelid nervous systems were revolutionized by modern cell labeling techniques and state-of-the-art microscopy techniques. However, there are still huge gaps in our knowledge on the organization and functioning of their nervous system. Most of the recent studies have focused on the distribution of serotonin and FMRFamide, while the data about many other basic neurotransmitters such as histamine (HA) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are scarce.
Results
Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy we studied the distribution of histamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the nervous system of a spionid annelid Pygospio elegans and traced their redevelopment during reparative regeneration. Both neurotransmitters show specific patterns in central and peripheral nervous systems. HA-positive cells are concentrated mostly in the brain, while GABA-positive cell somata contribute equally to brain and segmental ganglia. Some immunoreactive elements were found in peripheral nerves. Both substances were revealed in high numbers in bipolar sensory cells in the palps. The first signs of regenerating HAergic and GABAergic systems were detected only by 3 days after the amputation. Further redevelopment of GABAergic system proceeds faster than that of HAergic one.
Conclusions
Comparisons with other annelids and mollusks examined in this respect revealed a number of general similarities in distribution patterns of HAergic and GABAergic cells in different species. Overall, the differences in the full redevelopment of various neurotransmitters correlate with neuronal development during embryogenesis. Our results highlight the importance of investigating the distribution of different neurotransmitters in comparative morphological and developmental studies.
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Henrique Mastella M, Roggia I, Osmarin Turra B, Ferreira Teixeira C, Elias Assmann C, de Morais-Pinto L, Vidal T, Melazzo C, Emílio da Cruz Jung I, Barbisan F, Beatrice Mânica da Cruz I. Superoxide-imbalance pharmacologically induced by rotenone triggers behavioral, neural, and inflammatory alterations in the Eisenia fetida earthworm. Neuroscience 2022; 502:25-40. [PMID: 36058342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction and a superoxide imbalance could increase susceptibility to chronic stressful events, contributing to the establishment of chronic inflammation and the development of mood disorders. The mitochondrial superoxide imbalance induced by some molecules, such as rotenone, could be evolutionarily conserved, causing behavioral, immune, and neurological alterations in animals with a primitive central nervous system. OBJECTIVE Behavioral, immune, and histological markers were analyzed in Eisenia fetida earthworms chronically exposed to rotenone for 14 days. METHODS Earthworms were placed in artificial soil containing 30 nM of rotenone distributed into a plastic cup that allowed the earthworms to leave and return freely into the ground. Since these organisms prefer to be buried, the model predicted that the earthworms would necessarily have to return to the rotenone-contaminated medium, creating a stressful condition. The effect on survival behavior in the immune and histological body wall and ventral nervous ganglia (VNG) structures, as well as gene expression related to inflammation and mitochondrial and neuromuscular changes. RESULTS Rotenone-induced loss of earthworm escape behavior and immune alterations indicated a chronic inflammatory state. Some histological changes in the body wall and VNG indicated a possible earthworm reaction aimed at protecting against rotenone. Overexpression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene (nAChR α5) in neural tissues could also help earthworms reduce the degenerative effects of rotenone on dopaminergic neurons. CONCLUSION These data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction could be an evolutionarily conserved element that induces inflammatory and behavioral changes related to chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Henrique Mastella
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Isabel Roggia
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Osmarin Turra
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cibele Ferreira Teixeira
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luciano de Morais-Pinto
- Anatomical Design Laboratory, Morphology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Taís Vidal
- Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Melazzo
- Graduate Program of Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ivo Emílio da Cruz Jung
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Barbisan
- Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ivana Beatrice Mânica da Cruz
- Graduate Program of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Biogenomics Lab, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Graduate Program of Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
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Bae YS, Kim J, Yi J, Park SC, Lee HY, Cho SJ. Characterization of Perionyx excavatus Development and Its Head Regeneration. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9090273. [PMID: 32899511 PMCID: PMC7564270 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration is a biological process restoring lost or amputated body parts. The capability of regeneration varies among organisms and the regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) is limited to specific animals, including the earthworm Perionyx excavatus. Thus, it is crucial to establish P. excavatus as a model system to investigate mechanisms of CNS regeneration. Here, we set up a culture system to sustain the life cycle of P. excavatus and characterize the development of P. excavatus, from embryo to juvenile, based on its morphology, myogenesis and neurogenesis. During development, embryos have EdU-positive proliferating cells throughout the whole body, whereas juveniles maintain proliferating cells exclusively in the head and tail regions, not in the trunk region. Interestingly, juveniles amputated at the trunk, which lacks proliferating cells, are able to regenerate the entire head. In this process, a group of cells, which are fully differentiated, reactivates cell proliferation. Our data suggest that P. excavatus is a model system to study CNS regeneration, which is dependent on the dedifferentiation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seon Bae
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 142 Life Sciences Addition #3200, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA;
| | - Jeesoo Yi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
| | - Soon Cheol Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea;
| | - Hae-Youn Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.-Y.L.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2294 (H.-Y.L. & S.-J.C.)
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (Y.S.B.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.-Y.L.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2294 (H.-Y.L. & S.-J.C.)
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Rimskaya-Korsakova NN, Galkin SV, Malakhov VV. The neuroanatomy of the siboglinid Riftia pachyptila highlights sedentarian annelid nervous system evolution. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198271. [PMID: 30543637 PMCID: PMC6292602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracing the evolution of the siboglinid group, peculiar group of marine gutless annelids, requires the detailed study of the fragmentarily explored central nervous system of vestimentiferans and other siboglinids. 3D reconstructions of the neuroanatomy of Riftia revealed that the "brain" of adult vestimentiferans is a fusion product of the supraesophageal and subesophageal ganglia. The supraesophageal ganglion-like area contains the following neural structures that are homologous to the annelid elements: the peripheral perikarya of the brain lobes, two main transverse commissures, mushroom-like structures, commissural cell cluster, and the circumesophageal connectives with two roots which give rise to the palp neurites. Three pairs of giant perikarya are located in the supraesophageal ganglion, giving rise to the paired giant axons. The circumesophageal connectives run to the VNC. The subesophageal ganglion-like area contains a tripartite ventral aggregation of perikarya (= the postoral ganglion of the VNC) interconnected by the subenteral commissure. The paired VNC is intraepidermal, not ganglionated over most of its length, associated with the ciliary field, and comprises the giant axons. The pairs of VNC and the giant axons fuse posteriorly. Within siboglinids, the vestimentiferans are distinguished by a large and considerably differentiated brain. This reflects the derived development of the tentacle crown. The tentacles of vestimentiferans are homologous to the annelid palps based on their innervation from the dorsal and ventral roots of the circumesophageal connectives. Neuroanatomy of the vestimentiferan brains is close to the brains of Cirratuliiformia and Spionida/Sabellida, which have several transverse commissures, specific position of the giant somata (if any), and palp nerve roots (if any). The palps and palp neurite roots originally developed in all main annelid clades (basally branching, errantian and sedentarian annelids), show the greatest diversity in their number in sedentarian species. Over the course of evolution of Sedentaria, the number of palps and their nerve roots either dramatically increased (as in vestimentiferan siboglinids) or were lost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey V. Galkin
- Laboratory of Ocean Benthic Fauna, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Malakhov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
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Ponesakki V, Paul S, Mani DKS, Rajendiran V, Kanniah P, Sivasubramaniam S. Annotation of nerve cord transcriptome in earthworm Eisenia fetida. GENOMICS DATA 2017; 14:91-105. [PMID: 29204349 PMCID: PMC5688751 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In annelid worms, the nerve cord serves as a crucial organ to control the sensory and behavioral physiology. The inadequate genome resource of earthworms has prioritized the comprehensive analysis of their transcriptome dataset to monitor the genes express in the nerve cord and predict their role in the neurotransmission and sensory perception of the species. The present study focuses on identifying the potential transcripts and predicting their functional features by annotating the transcriptome dataset of nerve cord tissues prepared by Gong et al., 2010 from the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Totally 9762 transcripts were successfully annotated against the NCBI nr database using the BLASTX algorithm and among them 7680 transcripts were assigned to a total of 44,354 GO terms. The conserve domain analysis indicated the over representation of P-loop NTPase domain and calcium binding EF-hand domain. The COG functional annotation classified 5860 transcript sequences into 25 functional categories. Further, 4502 contig sequences were found to map with 124 KEGG pathways. The annotated contig dataset exhibited 22 crucial neuropeptides having considerable matches to the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, suggesting their possible role in neurotransmission and neuromodulation. In addition, 108 human stem cell marker homologs were identified including the crucial epigenetic regulators, transcriptional repressors and cell cycle regulators, which may contribute to the neuronal and segmental regeneration. The complete functional annotation of this nerve cord transcriptome can be further utilized to interpret genetic and molecular mechanisms associated with neuronal development, nervous system regeneration and nerve cord function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sudhakar Sivasubramaniam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu 627012, India
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Gopi Daisy N, Subramanian ER, Selvan Christyraj JD, Sudalai Mani DK, Selvan Christyraj JRS, Ramamoorthy K, Arumugaswami V, Sivasubramaniam S. Studies on regeneration of central nervous system and social ability of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:6. [PMID: 27279085 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-016-0189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Earthworms are segmented invertebrates that belong to the phylum Annelida. The segments can be divided into the anterior, clitellar and posterior parts. If the anterior part of the earthworm, which includes the brain, is amputated, the worm would essentially survive even in the absence of the brain. In these brain amputee-derived worms, the nerve cord serves as the primary control center for neurological function. In this current work, we studied changes in the expression levels of anti-acetylated tubulin and serotonin as the indicators of neuro-regenerative processes. The data reveal that the blastemal tissues express the acetylated tubulin and serotonin from day four and that the worm amputated at the 7th segment takes 30 days to complete the regeneration of brain. The ability of self-assemblage is one of the specific functions of the earthworm's brain. The brain amputee restored the ability of self-assemblage on the eighth day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Gopi Daisy
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Elaiya Raja Subramanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | | | - Dinesh Kumar Sudalai Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | | | - Kalidas Ramamoorthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sudhakar Sivasubramaniam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India.
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10
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Zattara EE, Bely AE. Fine taxonomic sampling of nervous systems within Naididae (Annelida: Clitellata) reveals evolutionary lability and revised homologies of annelid neural components. Front Zool 2015; 12:8. [PMID: 25960761 PMCID: PMC4424535 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An important goal for understanding how animals have evolved is to reconstruct the ancestral features and evolution of the nervous system. Many inferences about nervous system evolution are weak because of sparse taxonomic sampling and deep phylogenetic distances among species compared. Increasing sampling within clades can strengthen inferences by revealing which features are conserved and which are variable within them. Among the Annelida, the segmented worms, the Clitellata are typically considered as having a largely conserved neural architecture, though this view is based on limited sampling. Results To gain better understanding of nervous system evolution within Clitellata, we used immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy to describe the nervous system architecture of 12 species of the basally branching family Naididae. Although we found considerable similarity in the nervous system architecture of naidids and that of other clitellate groups, our study identified a number of features that are variable within this family, including some that are variable even among relatively closely related species. Variable features include the position of the brain, the number of ciliary sense organs, the presence of septate ventral nerve cord ganglia, the distribution of serotonergic cells in the brain and ventral ganglia, and the number of peripheral segmental nerves. Conclusions Our analysis of patterns of serotonin immunoreactive perikarya in the central nervous system indicates that segmental units are not structurally homogeneous, and preliminary homology assessments suggest that whole sets of serotonin immunoreactive cells have been gained and lost across the Clitellata. We also found that the relative position of neuroectodermal and mesodermal segmental components is surprisingly evolutionarily labile; in turn, this revealed that scoring segmental nerves by their position relative to segmental ganglia rather than to segmental septa clarifies their homologies across Annelida. We conclude that fine taxonomic sampling in comparative studies aimed at elucidating the evolution of morphological diversity is fundamental for proper assessment of trait variability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-015-0100-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo E Zattara
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740 USA ; Current address: Department of Biology, Indiana University, 915 E. Third Street, Myers Hall 150, Bloomington, IN 47405-7107 USA
| | - Alexandra E Bely
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740 USA
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Shigeno S, Ragsdale CW. The gyri of the octopus vertical lobe have distinct neurochemical identities. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1297-317. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Shigeno
- Department of Marine Biodiversity Research; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology; Yokosuka 237-0061 Japan
- Department of Neurobiology; The University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Clifton W. Ragsdale
- Department of Neurobiology; The University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
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12
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Shimoi T, Mizutani K, Kojima D, Kitamura Y, Hotta K, Ogawa H, Oka K. Identification of oscillatory firing neurons associated with locomotion in the earthworm through synapse imaging. Neuroscience 2014; 268:149-58. [PMID: 24657777 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We used FM imaging to identify neurons that receive sensory feedback from the body wall in a circuit for octopamine (OA)-evoked rhythmic locomotion in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. We visualized synapses in which postsynaptic neurons receive the sensory feedback, by using FM1-43 dye to label the synapses of both motor and sensory pathways that are associated with locomotion, then clearing the motor pathway synapse labeling, and finally identifying the target synapses by distinguishing physiologically functional synapses through destaining using a high-K(+) solution. A pair of synaptic regions associated with the sensory feedback was found to be located two or three cell body-widths away from the midline, between the anterior parts of the roots of the second lateral nerves (LNs) at the segmental ganglia (SGs). Using conventional intracellular recording and dye loading of the cell bodies surrounding these synaptic regions, we identified a pair of bilateral neurons with cell bodies larger than those of other cells in these regions, and named them "Oscillatory firing neurons Projecting to Peripheral nerves" (OPPs). These had a bipolar shape and projected neurites to the ipsilateral first and third LNs, fired rhythmically, and had a burst timing synchronized with the motor pattern bursts from the ipsilateral first LNs. Current injection into an OPP caused firing in the ipsilateral first LNs, supporting the hypothesis that OPPs functionally project to the peripheral nerves. OPPs also sent neurites to the adjacent anterior and posterior SGs, suggesting connections with the adjacent segments. We conclude that FM imaging can be used to identify neurons involved in specific functions, and that OPPs are the first neurons to be associated with OA-induced locomotion in the earthworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimoi
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - K Mizutani
- Department of Human and Information Science, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - D Kojima
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Y Kitamura
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - K Hotta
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - H Ogawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - K Oka
- Center for Biosciences and Informatics, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Takács B, Csoknya M, Gábriel R, Nagy G. Correlative morphometric and electrochemical measurements of serotonin content in earthworm muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:713-20. [PMID: 17509692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Distribution of serotonin (5-HT) content of nervous fibers in both the somatic and the visceral muscle of Eisenia fetida have been investigated using immunocytochemical staining and voltammetric measurements. The somatic muscles in the body wall are richer innervated with serotoninergic fibers than the visceral ones in the pharynx and gizzard. The relative density of immunopositive fibers in the circular muscle layer of the body wall was found to be 2.73% while in the prostomium it was 1.02%. In the case of the muscle in pharynx 1.12% and in gizzard 1.28% density values were found. Differential Pulse Voltammetric (DPV) measurements with carbon fiber electrodes in the above mentioned muscle layers gave 272.5 nA, 135.0 nA, 122.5 nA, 137.5 nA peak heights, respectively. In the statistical analysis T-test was used at a confidence level of 95% (p<0.05). DPV current peak (i(p)) values reflect clearly the 5-HT concentration differences. Significant correlation was found between the innervation density and the i(p) values recorded in different areas. The i(p) values recorded at different times in different locations are determined by instantaneous serotonin concentration of the living tissue. As far as we know this is the first report using in vivo voltammetry investigating serotonin content in earthworm, E. fetida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglárka Takács
- Department of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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