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Wang K, Han G, Hao R. Advances in the study of the influence of photoreceptors on the development of myopia. Exp Eye Res 2024; 245:109976. [PMID: 38897270 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This review examines the pivotal role of photoreceptor cells in ocular refraction development, focusing on dopamine (DA) as a key neurotransmitter. Contrary to the earlier view favoring cone cells, recent studies have highlighted the substantial contributions of both rod and cone cells to the visual signaling pathways that influence ocular refractive development. Notably, rod cells appeared to play a central role. Photoreceptor cells interact intricately with circadian rhythms, color vision pathways, and other neurotransmitters, all of which are crucial for the complex mechanisms driving the development of myopia. This review emphasizes that ocular refractive development results from a coordinated interplay between diverse cell types, signaling pathways, and neurotransmitters. This perspective has significant implications for unraveling the complex mechanisms underlying myopia and aiding in the development of more effective prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailei Wang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, PR China
| | - Guoge Han
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, PR China; Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300020, PR China.
| | - Rui Hao
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300020, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, PR China; Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300020, PR China.
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2
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Kesavamoorthy N, Junge JA, Fraser SE, Ameri H. Insights into Metabolic Activity and Structure of the Retina through Multiphoton Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy in Mice. Cells 2022; 11:2265. [PMID: 35892562 PMCID: PMC9331481 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) evaluates the metabolic state of tissue based on reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(P)H) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) can image the fundus of the eyes, but cannot detect NAD(P)H. We used multiphoton FLIM to study the metabolic state of the retina in fixed eyes of wild-type mice C57BL6/J. We sectioned the eye using a polyacrylamide gel-embedding technique and estimated the percentage of bound NAD(P)H. We found that oxidative phosphorylation was the predominant metabolic state, particularly in the inner retina, when a fixed retina was used. We also demonstrated the feasibility of FAD imaging of the retina. In addition, we demonstrated that autofluorescence and various FLIM channels, such as hemoglobin, melanin and collagen, can be used to evaluate the structure of the retina and other parts of the eye without any special staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjana Kesavamoorthy
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Jason A. Junge
- Department of Biological Sciences, David Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California Dana, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (J.A.J.); (S.E.F.)
| | - Scott E. Fraser
- Department of Biological Sciences, David Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California Dana, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (J.A.J.); (S.E.F.)
| | - Hossein Ameri
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
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3
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Huang W, Xu Q, Liu F, Su J, Xiao D, Tang L, Hao ZZ, Liu R, Xiang K, Bi Y, Miao Z, Liu X, Liu Y, Liu S. Identification of TPBG-Expressing Amacrine Cells in DAT-tdTomato Mouse. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:13. [PMID: 35551574 PMCID: PMC9123489 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neurons are the bricks of the neuronal system and experimental access to certain neuron subtypes will be of great help to decipher neuronal circuits. Here, we identified trophoblast glycoprotein (TPBG)-expressing GABAergic amacrine cells (ACs) that were selectively labeled in DAT-tdTomato transgenic mice. Methods Retina and brain sections were prepared for immunostaining with antibodies against various biomarkers. Patch-sequencing was performed to obtain the transcriptomes of tdTomato-positive cells in DAT-tdTomato mice. Whole-cell recordings were conducted to identify responses to light stimulation. Results Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells were colocalized with tdTomato-positive cells in substantia nigra pars compacta, but not in the retina. Transcriptomes collected from tdTomato-positive cells in retinas via Patch-sequencing exhibited the expression of marker genes of ACs (Pax6 and Slc32a1) and marker genes of GABAergic neurons (Gad1, Gad2, and Slc6a1). Immunostaining with antibodies against relevant proteins (GAD67, GAD65, and GABA) also confirmed transcriptomic results. Furthermore, tdTomato-positive cells in retinas selectively expressed Tpbg, a marker gene for distinct clusters molecularly defined, which was proved with TPBG immunoreactivity in fluorescently labeled cells. Finally, tdTomato-positive cells recorded showed ON-OFF responses to light stimulation. Conclusions Ectopic expression occurs in the retina but not in the substantia nigra pars compacta in the DAT-tdTomato mouse, and fluorescently labeled cells in the retina are TPBG-expressing GABAergic ACs. This type of transgenic mice has been proved as an ideal tool to achieve efficient labeling of a distinct subset of ACs that selectively express Tpbg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongchang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Zhe Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangjian Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yalan Bi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Zhichao Miao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence and Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xialin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Ocular Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Aung MH, Hogan K, Mazade RE, Park HN, Sidhu CS, Iuvone PM, Pardue MT. ON than OFF pathway disruption leads to greater deficits in visual function and retinal dopamine signaling. Exp Eye Res 2022; 220:109091. [PMID: 35487263 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The visual system uses ON and OFF pathways to signal luminance increments and decrements. Increasing evidence suggests that ON and OFF pathways have different signaling properties and serve specialized visual functions. However, it is still unclear the contribution of ON and OFF pathways to visual behavior. Therefore, we examined the effects on optomotor response and the retinal dopamine system in nob mice with ON pathway dysfunction and Vsx1-/- mice with partial OFF pathway dysfunction. Spatial frequency and contrast sensitivity thresholds were determined, and values were compared to age-matched wild-type controls. Retinas were collected immediately after visual testing to measure levels of dopamine and its metabolite, DOPAC. At 4 weeks of age, we found that nob mice had significantly reduced spatial frequency (19%) and contrast sensitivity (60%) thresholds compared to wild-type mice. Vsx1-/- mice also exhibited reductions in optomotor responses (3% in spatial frequency; 18% in contrast sensitivity) at 4 weeks, although these changes were significantly smaller than those found in nob mice. Furthermore, nob mice had significantly lower DOPAC levels (53%) and dopamine turnover (41%) compared to controls while Vsx1-/- mice displayed a transient increase in DOPAC levels at 4 weeks of age (55%). Our results show that dysfunction of ON pathways leads to reductions in contrast sensitivity, spatial frequency threshold, and retinal dopamine and DOPAC levels whereas partial loss of the OFF pathway has minimal effect. We conclude that ON pathways play a critical role in visual reflexes and retinal dopamine signaling, highlighting a potential association for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe H Aung
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA; Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kelleigh Hogan
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Reece E Mazade
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Han Na Park
- Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 0322, USA
| | - Curran S Sidhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 0322, USA
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 0322, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA; Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 0322, USA.
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5
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van der Sande E, Haarman AEG, Quint WH, Tadema KCD, Meester-Smoor MA, Kamermans M, De Zeeuw CI, Klaver CCW, Winkelman BHJ, Iglesias AI. The Role of GJD2(Cx36) in Refractive Error Development. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:5. [PMID: 35262731 PMCID: PMC8934558 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive errors are common eye disorders characterized by a mismatch between the focal power of the eye and its axial length. An increased axial length is a common cause of the refractive error myopia (nearsightedness). The substantial increase in myopia prevalence over the last decades has raised public health concerns because myopia can lead to severe ocular complications later in life. Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have made considerable contributions to the understanding of the genetic architecture of refractive errors. Among the hundreds of genetic variants identified, common variants near the gap junction delta-2 (GJD2) gene have consistently been reported as one of the top hits. GJD2 encodes the connexin 36 (Cx36) protein, which forms gap junction channels and is highly expressed in the neural retina. In this review, we provide current evidence that links GJD2(Cx36) to the development of myopia. We summarize the gap junctional communication in the eye and the specific role of GJD2(Cx36) in retinal processing of visual signals. Finally, we discuss the pathways involving dopamine and gap junction phosphorylation and coupling as potential mechanisms that may explain the role of GJD2(Cx36) in refractive error development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie van der Sande
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. Quint
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirke C. D. Tadema
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kamermans
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Physics and Biomedical Photonics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beerend H. J. Winkelman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Art & Science (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I. Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Colleluori G, Perugini J, Di Vincenzo A, Senzacqua M, Giordano A, Cinti S. Brown Fat Anatomy in Humans and Rodents. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2448:19-42. [PMID: 35167088 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2087-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) is composed by mitochondrial rich, multilocular adipocytes, in strict topographical and functional relation with vasculature and noradrenergic nerves. Brown adipocytes are able to dissipate energy to produce heat, in a process known as non-shivering thermogenesis. Due to its contribution to energy expenditure, BAT is intensely studied for its potential to counteract metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. BAT displays specific morphological characteristics that allow to assess its functional state. In this chapter we describe methodologies to properly dissect BAT depots, evaluate their gross anatomy, and assess its activation by light microscopy using peroxidase immunostaining and by laser scanning confocal microscopy using immunofluorescence. We also describe methodologies to study BAT ultrastructure by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, to visualize peroxidase immunostaining reactions at an ultrastructural level and to perform immunofluorescence reactions on paraffin-embedded samples, more often available in the clinical setting (due to the possibility to store them long-term) as opposed to fresh samples. The described techniques can be employed to study BAT morphology and activation in response to various stimuli (e.g., cold exposure; specific dietary composition) and in different pathological conditions (e.g., obesity; type 2 diabetes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Colleluori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Angelica Di Vincenzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Senzacqua
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and Center for the Study of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy.
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7
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Tian T, Zou L, Wang S, Liu R, Liu H. The Role of Dopamine in Emmetropization Modulated by Wavelength and Temporal Frequency in Guinea Pigs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:20. [PMID: 34546324 PMCID: PMC8458992 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Wavelength and temporal frequency have been found to influence refractive development. This study investigated whether retinal dopamine (DA) plays a role in these processes. Methods Guinea pigs were randomly divided into nine groups that received different lighting conditions for 4 weeks, as follows: white, green, or blue light at 0, 0.5, or 20.0 Hz. Refractions and axial lengths were measured using streak retinoscopy and A-scan ultrasound imaging. DA and its metabolites were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. Results At 0 Hz, green and blue light produced myopic and hyperopic shifts compared with that of white light. At 0.5 Hz, no significant changes were observed compared with those of green or blue light at 0 Hz, whereas white light at 0.5 Hz induced a myopic shift compared with white light at 0 or 20 Hz. At 20 Hz, green and blue light acted like white light. Among all levels of DA and its metabolites, only vitreous 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels and retinal DOPAC/DA ratios were dependent on wavelength, frequency, and their interaction. Specifically, retinal DOPAC/DA ratios were positively correlated with refractions in white and green light conditions. However, blue light (0, 0.5, and 20.0 Hz) produced hyperopic shifts but decreased vitreous DOPAC levels and retinal DOPAC/DA ratios. Conclusions The retinal DOPAC/DA ratio, indicating the metabolic efficiency of DA, is correlated with ocular growth. It may underlie myopic shifts from light exposure with a long wavelength and low temporal frequency. However, different biochemical pathways may contribute to the hyperopic shifts from short wavelength light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Richelle A, Kellman BP, Wenzel AT, Chiang AW, Reagan T, Gutierrez JM, Joshi C, Li S, Liu JK, Masson H, Lee J, Li Z, Heirendt L, Trefois C, Juarez EF, Bath T, Borland D, Mesirov JP, Robasky K, Lewis NE. Model-based assessment of mammalian cell metabolic functionalities using omics data. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100040. [PMID: 34761247 PMCID: PMC8577426 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Omics experiments are ubiquitous in biological studies, leading to a deluge of data. However, it is still challenging to connect changes in these data to changes in cell functions because of complex interdependencies between genes, proteins, and metabolites. Here, we present a framework allowing researchers to infer how metabolic functions change on the basis of omics data. To enable this, we curated and standardized lists of metabolic tasks that mammalian cells can accomplish. Genome-scale metabolic networks were used to define gene sets associated with each metabolic task. We further developed a framework to overlay omics data on these sets and predict pathway usage for each metabolic task. We demonstrated how this approach can be used to quantify metabolic functions of diverse biological samples from the single cell to whole tissues and organs by using multiple transcriptomic datasets. To facilitate its adoption, we integrated the approach into GenePattern (www.genepattern.org-CellFie).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Richelle
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Benjamin P. Kellman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexander T. Wenzel
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Austin W.T. Chiang
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tyler Reagan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jahir M. Gutierrez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chintan Joshi
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shangzhong Li
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joanne K. Liu
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Helen Masson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jooyong Lee
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zerong Li
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laurent Heirendt
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Christophe Trefois
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Edwin F. Juarez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tyler Bath
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, UC San Diego Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Borland
- Renaissance Computing Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
| | - Jill P. Mesirov
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kimberly Robasky
- Renaissance Computing Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
- School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Carolina Health and Informatics Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nathan E. Lewis
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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9
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Korshunov KS, Blakemore LJ, Trombley PQ. Illuminating and Sniffing Out the Neuromodulatory Roles of Dopamine in the Retina and Olfactory Bulb. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:275. [PMID: 33110404 PMCID: PMC7488387 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, dopamine is well-known as the neuromodulator that is involved with regulating reward, addiction, motivation, and fine motor control. Yet, decades of findings are revealing another crucial function of dopamine: modulating sensory systems. Dopamine is endogenous to subsets of neurons in the retina and olfactory bulb (OB), where it sharpens sensory processing of visual and olfactory information. For example, dopamine modulation allows the neural circuity in the retina to transition from processing dim light to daylight and the neural circuity in the OB to regulate odor discrimination and detection. Dopamine accomplishes these tasks through numerous, complex mechanisms in both neural structures. In this review, we provide an overview of the established and emerging research on these mechanisms and describe similarities and differences in dopamine expression and modulation of synaptic transmission in the retinas and OBs of various vertebrate organisms. This includes discussion of dopamine neurons’ morphologies, potential identities, and biophysical properties along with their contributions to circadian rhythms and stimulus-driven synthesis, activation, and release of dopamine. As dysregulation of some of these mechanisms may occur in patients with Parkinson’s disease, these symptoms are also discussed. The exploration and comparison of these two separate dopamine populations shows just how remarkably similar the retina and OB are, even though they are functionally distinct. It also shows that the modulatory properties of dopamine neurons are just as important to vision and olfaction as they are to motor coordination and neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative conditions, thus, we hope this review encourages further research to elucidate these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill S Korshunov
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Laura J Blakemore
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Paul Q Trombley
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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10
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Grünert U, Martin PR. Cell types and cell circuits in human and non-human primate retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 78:100844. [PMID: 32032773 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes our current knowledge of primate including human retina focusing on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells and their connectivity. We have two main motivations in writing. Firstly, recent progress in non-invasive imaging methods to study retinal diseases mean that better understanding of the primate retina is becoming an important goal both for basic and for clinical sciences. Secondly, genetically modified mice are increasingly used as animal models for human retinal diseases. Thus, it is important to understand to which extent the retinas of primates and rodents are comparable. We first compare cell populations in primate and rodent retinas, with emphasis on how the fovea (despite its small size) dominates the neural landscape of primate retina. We next summarise what is known, and what is not known, about the postreceptoral neurone populations in primate retina. The inventories of bipolar and ganglion cells in primates are now nearing completion, comprising ~12 types of bipolar cell and at least 17 types of ganglion cell. Primate ganglion cells show clear differences in dendritic field size across the retina, and their morphology differs clearly from that of mouse retinal ganglion cells. Compared to bipolar and ganglion cells, amacrine cells show even higher morphological diversity: they could comprise over 40 types. Many amacrine types appear conserved between primates and mice, but functions of only a few types are understood in any primate or non-primate retina. Amacrine cells appear as the final frontier for retinal research in monkeys and mice alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grünert
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Paul R Martin
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Sydney Node, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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11
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Roy S, Field GD. Dopaminergic modulation of retinal processing from starlight to sunlight. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 140:86-93. [PMID: 31109761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulators such as dopamine, enable context-dependent plasticity of neural circuit function throughout the central nervous system. For example, in the retina, dopamine tunes visual processing for daylight and nightlight conditions. Specifically, high levels of dopamine release in the retina tune vision for daylight (photopic) conditions, while low levels tune it for nightlight (scotopic) conditions. This review covers the cellular and circuit-level mechanisms within the retina that are altered by dopamine. These mechanisms include changes in gap junction coupling and ionic conductances, both of which are altered by the activation of diverse types of dopamine receptors across diverse types of retinal neurons. We contextualize the modulatory actions of dopamine in terms of alterations and optimizations to visual processing under photopic and scotopic conditions, with particular attention to how they differentially impact distinct cell types. Finally, we discuss how transgenic mice and disease models have shaped our understanding of dopaminergic signaling and its role in visual processing. Cumulatively, this review illustrates some of the diverse and potent mechanisms through which neuromodulation can shape brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suva Roy
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Greg D Field
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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12
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Yamagata M, Sanes JR. Expression and Roles of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily Recognition Molecule Sidekick1 in Mouse Retina. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:485. [PMID: 30687002 PMCID: PMC6333872 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes of >100 types of interneurons (bipolar and amacrine cells) and projection neurons (retinal ganglion cells, RGCs) form specific and stereotyped patterns of connections in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the mouse retina. Four closely related homophilic immunoglobulin superfamily recognition molecules (Sidekick [Sdk] 1, Sdk 2, Dscam, and DscamL1) have been shown to play roles in patterning neuronal arbors and connections in chick retina, and all but Sdk1 have been shown to play related roles in mice. Here, we compare patterns of Sdk1 and Sdk2 expression in mouse retina and use genetic methods to assess roles of Sdk1. In adult retina, 3 neuronal types express sdk1 but not sdk2 at detectable levels, 5 express sdk2 but not sdk1 and 3 express both. Patterns of gene expression and protein localization at or near synapses are established during the first postnatal week. Dendrites of amacrine cells and RGCs that express sdk1 but not sdk2 arborize in the same narrow stratum in the center of the IPL. In the absence of Sdk1, this laminar restriction is degraded. Overexpression of sdk1 in developing cells that normally express sdk2 reorients their dendrites to resemble those of endogenously Sdk1-positive cells, indicating that Sdk1 plays an instructive role in patterning the IPL. Sdk1 fails to affect arbors when introduced after they are mature, suggesting that it is required to form but not maintain laminar restrictions. The effect of ectopically expressed sdk1 requires the presence of endogenous Sdk1, suggesting that the effect requires homophilic interactions among Sdk1-positive neurites. Together with previous results on Sdk2, Dscam, DscamL1, as well as the related Contactins, our results support the idea that an elaborate immunoglobulin superfamily code plays a prominent role in establishing neural circuits in the retina by means of tightly regulated cell type-specific expression and homophilically restricted intercellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamagata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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13
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Qiao SN, Zhou W, Liu LL, Zhang DQ, Zhong YM. Orexin-A Suppresses Signal Transmission to Dopaminergic Amacrine Cells From Outer and Inner Retinal Photoreceptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:4712-4721. [PMID: 28910447 PMCID: PMC5598320 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B are widely expressed in the vertebrate retina; however, their role in visual function is unclear. This study investigates whether and how orexins modulate signal transmission to dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs) from both outer retinal photoreceptors (rods and cones) and inner retinal photoreceptors (melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells [ipRGCs]). Methods A whole-cell voltage-clamp technique was used to record light-induced responses from genetically labeled DACs in flat-mount mouse retinas. Rod and cone signaling to DACs was confirmed pharmacologically (in wild-type retinas), whereas retrograde melanopsin signaling to DACs was isolated either pharmacologically (in wild-type retinas) or by genetic deletion of rod and cone function (in transgenic mice). Results Orexin-A attenuated rod/cone-mediated light responses in the majority of DACs and inhibited all DACs that exhibited melanopsin-based light responses, suggesting that exogenous orexin suppresses signal transmission from rods, cones, and ipRGCs to DACs. In addition, orexin receptor 1 antagonist SB334867 and orexin receptor 2 antagonist TCS OX229 enhanced melanopsin-based DAC responses, indicating that endogenous orexins inhibit signal transmission from ipRGCs to DACs. We further found that orexin-A inhibits melanopsin-based DAC responses via orexin receptors on DACs, whereas orexin-A may modulate signal transmission from rods and cones to DACs through activation of orexin receptors on DACs and their upstream neurons. Conclusions Our results suggest that orexins could influence visual function via the dopaminergic system in the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Qiao
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei-Lei Liu
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States
| | - Dao-Qi Zhang
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States
| | - Yong-Mei Zhong
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Zhao X, Wong KY, Zhang DQ. Mapping physiological inputs from multiple photoreceptor systems to dopaminergic amacrine cells in the mouse retina. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7920. [PMID: 28801634 PMCID: PMC5554153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate retina, dopamine is synthesized and released by a specialized type of amacrine cell, the dopaminergic amacrine cell (DAC). DAC activity is stimulated by rods, cones, and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells upon illumination. However, the relative contributions of these three photoreceptor systems to the DAC light-induced response are unknown. Here we found that rods excite dark-adapted DACs across a wide range of stimulation intensities, primarily through connexin-36-dependent rod pathways. Similar rod-driven responses were observed in both ventral and dorsal DACs. We further found that in the dorsal retina, M-cones and melanopsin contribute to dark-adapted DAC responses with a similar threshold intensity. In the ventral retina, however, the threshold intensity for M-cone-driven responses was two log units greater than that observed in dorsal DACs, and melanopsin-driven responses were almost undetectable. We also examined the DAC response to prolonged adapting light and found such responses to be mediated by rods under dim lighting conditions, rods/M-cones/melanopsin under intermediate lighting conditions, and cones and melanopsin under bright lighting conditions. Our results elucidate the relative contributions of the three photoreceptor systems to DACs under different lighting conditions, furthering our understanding of the role these cells play in the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwu Zhao
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kwoon Y Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dao-Qi Zhang
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States.
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15
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Zhou X, Pardue MT, Iuvone PM, Qu J. Dopamine signaling and myopia development: What are the key challenges. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:60-71. [PMID: 28602573 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the face of an "epidemic" increase in myopia over the last decades and myopia prevalence predicted to reach 2.5 billion people by the end of this decade, there is an urgent need to develop effective and safe therapeutic interventions to slow down this "myopia booming" and prevent myopia-related complications and vision loss. Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter in the retina and mediates diverse functions including retina development, visual signaling, and refractive development. Inspired by the convergence of epidemiological and animal studies in support of the inverse relationship between outdoor activity and risk of developing myopia and by the close biological relationship between light exposure and dopamine release/signaling, we felt it is timely and important to critically review the role of DA in myopia development. This review will revisit several key points of evidence for and against DA mediating light control of myopia: 1) the causal role of extracellular retinal DA levels, 2) the mechanism and action of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and 3) the roles of cellular/circuit retinal pathways. We examine the experiments that show causation by altering DA, DA receptors and visual pathways using pharmacological, transgenic, or visual environment approaches. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the safety issues of a DA-based treatment strategy and some approaches to address these issues. The review identifies the key questions and challenges in translating basic knowledge on DA signaling and myopia from animal studies into effective pharmacological treatments for myopia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science. 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, United States
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science. 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China.
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16
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Fasoli A, Dang J, Johnson JS, Gouw AH, Fogli Iseppe A, Ishida AT. Somatic and neuritic spines on tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive cells of rat retina. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:1707-1730. [PMID: 28035673 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive cells (TH cells) modulate visually driven signals as they flow through retinal photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglion cells. Previous studies suggested that TH cells release dopamine from varicose axons arborizing in the inner and outer plexiform layers after glutamatergic synapses depolarize TH cell dendrites in the inner plexiform layer and these depolarizations propagate to the varicosities. Although it has been proposed that these excitatory synapses are formed onto appendages resembling dendritic spines, spines have not been found on TH cells of most species examined to date or on TH cell somata that release dopamine when exposed to glutamate receptor agonists. By use of protocols that preserve proximal retinal neuron morphology, we have examined the shape, distribution, and synapse-related immunoreactivity of adult rat TH cells. We report here that TH cell somata, tapering and varicose inner plexiform layer neurites, and varicose outer plexiform layer neurites all bear spines, that some of these spines are immunopositive for glutamate receptor and postsynaptic density proteins (viz., GluR1, GluR4, NR1, PSD-95, and PSD-93), that TH cell somata and tapering neurites are also immunopositive for a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit (GABAA Rα1 ), and that a synaptic ribbon-specific protein (RIBEYE) is found adjacent to some colocalizations of GluR1 and TH in the inner plexiform layer. These results identify previously undescribed sites at which glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs may stimulate and inhibit dopamine release, especially at somata and along varicose neurites that emerge from these somata and arborize in various levels of the retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1707-1730, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fasoli
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - James Dang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Aaron H Gouw
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Alex Fogli Iseppe
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Andrew T Ishida
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Sacramento, California
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17
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Qiao SN, Zhang Z, Ribelayga CP, Zhong YM, Zhang DQ. Multiple cone pathways are involved in photic regulation of retinal dopamine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28916. [PMID: 27356880 PMCID: PMC4928117 DOI: 10.1038/srep28916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the retina and plays a central role in the light adaptive processes of the visual system. The sole source of retinal dopamine is dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs). We and others have previously demonstrated that DACs are activated by rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) upon illumination. However, it is still not clear how each class of photosensitive cells generates light responses in DACs. We genetically isolated cone function in mice to specifically examine the cone-mediated responses of DACs and their neural pathways. In addition to the reported excitatory input to DACs from light-increment (ON) bipolar cells, we found that cones alternatively signal to DACs via a retrograde signalling pathway from ipRGCs. Cones also produce ON and light-decrement (OFF) inhibitory responses in DACs, which are mediated by other amacrine cells, likely driven by type 1 and type 2/3a OFF bipolar cells, respectively. Dye injections indicated that DACs had similar morphological profiles with or without ON/OFF inhibition. Our data demonstrate that cones utilize specific parallel excitatory and inhibitory circuits to modulate DAC activity and efficiently regulate dopamine release and the light-adaptive state of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Qiao
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Zhijing Zhang
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christophe P. Ribelayga
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong-Mei Zhong
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dao-Qi Zhang
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
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18
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Parallel Inhibition of Dopamine Amacrine Cells and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Non-Image-Forming Visual Circuit of the Mouse Retina. J Neurosci 2016; 35:15955-70. [PMID: 26631476 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3382-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An inner retinal microcircuit composed of dopamine (DA)-containing amacrine cells and melanopsin-containing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (M1 ipRGCs) process information about the duration and intensity of light exposures, mediating light adaptation, circadian entrainment, pupillary reflexes, and other aspects of non-image-forming vision. The neural interaction is reciprocal: M1 ipRGCs excite DA amacrine cells, and these, in turn, feed inhibition back onto M1 ipRGCs. We found that the neuropeptide somatostatin [somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF)] also inhibits the intrinsic light response of M1 ipRGCs and postulated that, to tune the bidirectional interaction of M1 ipRGCs and DA amacrine cells, SRIF amacrine cells would provide inhibitory modulation to both cell types. SRIF amacrine cells, DA amacrine cells, and M1 ipRGCs form numerous contacts. DA amacrine cells and M1 ipRGCs express the SRIF receptor subtypes sst(2A) and sst4 respectively. SRIF modulation of the microcircuit was investigated with targeted patch-clamp recordings of DA amacrine cells in TH-RFP mice and M1 ipRGCs in OPN4-EGFP mice. SRIF increases K(+) currents, decreases Ca(2+) currents, and inhibits spike activity in both cell types, actions reproduced by the selective sst(2A) agonist L-054,264 (N-[(1R)-2-[[[(1S*,3R*)-3-(aminomethyl)cyclohexyl]methyl]amino]-1-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-2-oxoethyl]spiro[1H-indene-1,4'-piperidine]-1'-carboxamide) in DA amacrine cells and the selective sst4 agonist L-803,087 (N(2)-[4-(5,7-difluoro-2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxobutyl]-L-arginine methyl ester trifluoroacetate) in M1 ipRGCs. These parallel actions of SRIF may serve to counteract the disinhibition of M1 ipRGCs caused by SRIF inhibition of DA amacrine cells. This allows the actions of SRIF on DA amacrine cells to proceed with adjusting retinal DA levels without destabilizing light responses by M1 ipRGCs, which project to non-image-forming targets in the brain.
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19
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Hirasawa H, Contini M, Raviola E. Extrasynaptic release of GABA and dopamine by retinal dopaminergic neurons. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0186. [PMID: 26009765 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse retina, dopaminergic amacrine (DA) cells synthesize both dopamine and GABA. Both transmitters are released extrasynaptically and act on neighbouring and distant retinal neurons by volume transmission. In simultaneous recordings of dopamine and GABA release from isolated perikarya of DA cells, a proportion of the events of dopamine and GABA exocytosis were simultaneous, suggesting co-release. In addition, DA cells establish GABAergic synapses onto AII amacrine cells, the neurons that transfer rod bipolar signals to cone bipolars. GABAA but not dopamine receptors are clustered in the postsynaptic membrane. Therefore, dopamine, irrespective of its site of release-synaptic or extrasynaptic-exclusively acts by volume transmission. Dopamine is released upon illumination and sets the gain of retinal neurons for vision in bright light. The GABA released at DA cells' synapses probably prevents signals from the saturated rods from entering the cone pathway when the dark-adapted retina is exposed to bright illumination. The GABA released extrasynaptically by DA and other amacrine cells may set a 'GABAergic tone' in the inner plexiform layer and thus counteract the effects of a spillover of glutamate released at the bipolar cell synapses of adjacent OFF and ON strata, thus preserving segregation of signals between ON and OFF pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hirasawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Massimo Contini
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Viale Morgagni, 63, Firenze 50134, Italy
| | - Elio Raviola
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Farshi P, Fyk-Kolodziej B, Krolewski DM, Walker PD, Ichinose T. Dopamine D1 receptor expression is bipolar cell type-specific in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:2059-79. [PMID: 26587737 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the retina, dopamine is a key molecule for daytime vision. Dopamine is released by retinal dopaminergic amacrine cells and transmits signaling either by conventional synaptic or by volume transmission. By means of volume transmission, dopamine modulates all layers of retinal neurons; however, it is not well understood how dopamine modulates visual signaling pathways in bipolar cells. Here we analyzed Drd1a-tdTomato BAC transgenic mice and found that the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) is expressed in retinal bipolar cells in a type-dependent manner. Strong tdTomato fluorescence was detected in the inner nuclear layer and localized to type 1, 3b, and 4 OFF bipolar cells and type 5-2, XBC, 6, and 7 ON bipolar cells. In contrast, type 2, 3a, 5-1, 9, and rod bipolar cells did not express Drd1a-tdTomato. Other interneurons were also found to express tdTomato including horizontal cells and a subset (25%) of AII amacrine cells. Diverse visual processing pathways, such as color or motion-coded pathways, are thought to be initiated in retinal bipolar cells. Our results indicate that dopamine sculpts bipolar cell performance in a type-dependent manner to facilitate daytime vision. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2059-2079, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pershang Farshi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bozena Fyk-Kolodziej
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - David M Krolewski
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul D Walker
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tomomi Ichinose
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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21
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Vuong HE, Pérez de Sevilla Müller L, Hardi CN, McMahon DG, Brecha NC. Heterogeneous transgene expression in the retinas of the TH-RFP, TH-Cre, TH-BAC-Cre and DAT-Cre mouse lines. Neuroscience 2015; 307:319-37. [PMID: 26335381 PMCID: PMC4603663 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse lines are essential tools for understanding the connectivity, physiology and function of neuronal circuits, including those in the retina. This report compares transgene expression in the retina of a tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-red fluorescent protein (RFP) mouse line with three catecholamine-related Cre recombinase mouse lines [TH-bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-, TH-, and dopamine transporter (DAT)-Cre] that were crossed with a ROSA26-tdTomato reporter line. Retinas were evaluated and immunostained with commonly used antibodies including those directed to TH, GABA and glycine to characterize the RFP or tdTomato fluorescent-labeled amacrine cells, and an antibody directed to RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing to identify ganglion cells. In TH-RFP retinas, types 1 and 2 dopamine (DA) amacrine cells were identified by their characteristic cellular morphology and type 1 DA cells by their expression of TH immunoreactivity. In the TH-BAC-, TH-, and DAT-tdTomato retinas, less than 1%, ∼ 6%, and 0%, respectively, of the fluorescent cells were the expected type 1 DA amacrine cells. Instead, in the TH-BAC-tdTomato retinas, fluorescently labeled AII amacrine cells were predominant, with some medium diameter ganglion cells. In TH-tdTomato retinas, fluorescence was in multiple neurochemical amacrine cell types, including four types of polyaxonal amacrine cells. In DAT-tdTomato retinas, fluorescence was in GABA immunoreactive amacrine cells, including two types of bistratified and two types of monostratified amacrine cells. Although each of the Cre lines was generated with the intent to specifically label DA cells, our findings show a cellular diversity in Cre expression in the adult retina and indicate the importance of careful characterization of transgene labeling patterns. These mouse lines with their distinctive cellular labeling patterns will be useful tools for future studies of retinal function and visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Vuong
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - L Pérez de Sevilla Müller
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - C N Hardi
- Department of Psychology, College of Letters and Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - D G McMahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - N C Brecha
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; CURE-Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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22
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Debertin G, Kántor O, Kovács-Öller T, Balogh L, Szabó-Meleg E, Orbán J, Nyitrai M, Völgyi B. Tyrosine hydroxylase positive perisomatic rings are formed around various amacrine cell types in the mammalian retina. J Neurochem 2015; 134:416-28. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Debertin
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center; Pécs Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP B Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group; Pécs Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kántor
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Tamás Kovács-Öller
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center; Pécs Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP B Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group; Pécs Hungary
| | - Lajos Balogh
- National “F. J. C.” Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene; Budapest Hungary
| | | | - József Orbán
- Department of Biophysics; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Miklós Nyitrai
- János Szentágothai Research Center; Pécs Hungary
- Department of Biophysics; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
| | - Béla Völgyi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology; University of Pécs; Pécs Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Center; Pécs Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP B Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group; Pécs Hungary
- Department of Ophthalmology; New York University Langone Medical Center; New York New York USA
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23
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Brüggen B, Meyer A, Boven F, Weiler R, Dedek K. Type 2 wide-field amacrine cells in TH::GFP mice show a homogenous synapse distribution and contact small ganglion cells. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 41:734-47. [PMID: 25546402 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrate retinas, wide-field amacrine cells represent a diverse class of interneurons, important for the extraction of selective features, like motion or objects, from the visual scene. Most types of wide-field amacrine cells lack dedicated output processes, whereas some types spatially segregate outputs from inputs. In the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)::green fluorescent protein (GFP) mouse line, two types of GFP-expressing wide-field amacrine cells have been described: dopaminergic type 1 and γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic type 2 cells (TH2). TH2 cells possess short and long radial processes stratifying in the middle of the inner plexiform layer, where they collect excitatory and inhibitory inputs from bipolar cells and other amacrine cells, respectively. Although it was shown that these inputs lead to ON-OFF light responses, their spatial distribution along TH2 cell processes is unknown. Also, the postsynaptic targets of TH2 cells have not been identified so far. Here, we analysed the synapse distribution of these cells in TH::GFP mice and show that they form a weakly coupled network. Electrical synapses (made of connexin36) and chemical (excitatory and inhibitory) synapses are uniformly distributed along TH2 dendrites, independent of dendrite length or distance from soma. Moreover, we reveal that TH2 cells contact at least two types of small ganglion cells; one of them is the W3 cell, a ganglion cell sensitive to object motion. Contacts were often associated with markers of inhibitory synapses. Thus, TH2 wide-field amacrine cells likely provide postsynaptic inhibition to W3 ganglion cells and may contribute to object-motion detection in the mouse retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Brüggen
- Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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24
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Popova E. Role of dopamine in distal retina. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 200:333-58. [PMID: 24728309 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is the most abundant catecholamine in the vertebrate retina. Despite the description of retinal dopaminergic cells three decades ago, many aspects of their function in the retina remain unclear. There is no consensus among the authors about the stimulus conditions for dopamine release (darkness, steady or flickering light) as well as about its action upon the various types of retinal cells. Many contradictory results exist concerning the dopamine effect on the gross electrical activity of the retina [reflected in electroretinogram (ERG)] and the receptors involved in its action. This review summarized current knowledge about the types of the dopaminergic neurons and receptors in the retina as well as the effects of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists on the light responses of photoreceptors, horizontal and bipolar cells in both nonmammalian and mammalian retina. Special focus of interest concerns their effects upon the diffuse ERG as a useful tool for assessment of the overall function of the distal retina. An attempt is made to reveal some differences between the dopamine actions upon the activity of the ON versus OFF channel in the distal retina. The author has included her own results demonstrating such differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Popova
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria,
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25
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Kabelik D, Alix VC, Singh LJ, Johnson AL, Choudhury SC, Elbaum CC, Scott MR. Neural activity in catecholaminergic populations following sexual and aggressive interactions in the brown anole, Anolis sagrei. Brain Res 2014; 1553:41-58. [PMID: 24472578 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Social behaviors in vertebrates are modulated by catecholamine (CA; dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) release within the social behavior neural network. Few studies have examined activity across CA populations in relation to social behaviors. The involvement of CAs in social behavior regulation is especially underexplored in reptiles, relative to other amniotes. In this study, we mapped CA populations throughout the brain (excluding retina and olfactory bulb) of the male brown anole lizard, Anolis sagrei, via immunofluorescent visualization of the rate-limiting enzyme for CA synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Colocalization of TH with the immediate early gene product Fos, an indirect marker of neural activity, also enabled us to relate activity in TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons to appetitive and consummatory sexual and aggressive behaviors. We detected most major TH-ir cell populations that are present in other amniotes (within the hypothalamus, midbrain, and hindbrain), although the A15 population was entirely absent. We also detected a few novel or rare cell clusters within the amygdala, medial septum, and inferior raphe. Many CA populations, especially dopaminergic groups, showed increased TH-Fos colocalization in association with appetitive and consummatory sexual behavior expression, while a small number of regions showed increased colocalization in relation to solely consummatory aggression (biting of an opponent). In conclusion, we here map CA populations throughout the brown anole brain and demonstrate evidence for catecholaminergic involvement in appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors and consummatory aggressive behaviors in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kabelik
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 N Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA.
| | - Veronica C Alix
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 N Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Leah J Singh
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 N Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Alyssa L Johnson
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 N Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Shelley C Choudhury
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 N Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Caroline C Elbaum
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 N Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Madeline R Scott
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 N Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
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26
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Milenkovic I, Vasiljevic M, Maurer D, Höger H, Klausberger T, Sieghart W. The parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the mouse dentate gyrus express GABAA receptor subunits α1, β2, and δ along their extrasynaptic cell membrane. Neuroscience 2013; 254:80-96. [PMID: 24055402 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal circuitries in the hippocampus are involved in navigation and memory and are controlled by major networks of GABAergic interneurons. Parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) are identified as fast-spiking cells, playing a crucial role in network oscillation and synchrony. The inhibitory modulation of these interneurons is thought to be mediated mainly through GABAA receptors, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. Here we show that all PV-positive interneurons in the granular/subgranular layer (GL/SGL) of the mouse DG express high levels of the GABAA receptor δ subunit. PV-containing interneurons in the hilus and the molecular layer, however, express the δ subunit to a lower extent. Only 8% of the somatostatin-containing interneurons express the δ subunit, whereas calbindin- or calretinin-containing interneurons in the DG seem not to express the GABAA receptor δ subunit at all. Hence, these cells receive a GABAergic control different from that of PV-containing interneurons in the GL/SGL. Experiments investigating a possible co-expression of GABAA receptor α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, β1, β2, β3, or γ2 subunits with PV and δ subunits indicated that α1 and β2 subunits are co-expressed with δ subunits along the extrasynaptic membranes of PV-interneurons. These results suggest a robust tonic GABAergic control of PV-containing interneurons in the GL/SGL of the DG via δ subunit-containing receptors. Our data are important for better understanding of the neuronal circuitries in the DG and the role of specific cell types under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Milenkovic
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Nervous System, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1097 Vienna, Austria.
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27
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Lin B, Peng EB. Retinal ganglion cells are resistant to photoreceptor loss in retinal degeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68084. [PMID: 23840814 PMCID: PMC3695938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid and massive degeneration of photoreceptors in retinal degeneration might have a dramatic negative effect on retinal circuits downstream of photoreceptors. However, the impact of photoreceptor loss on the morphology and function of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is not fully understood, precluding the rational design of therapeutic interventions that can reverse the progressive loss of retinal function. The present study investigated the morphological changes in several identified RGCs in the retinal degeneration rd1 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), using a combination of viral transfection, microinjection of neurobiotin and confocal microscopy. Individual RGCs were visualized with a high degree of detail using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector carrying the gene for enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), allowed for large-scale surveys of the morphology of RGCs over a wide age range. Interestingly, we found that the RGCs of nine different types we encountered were especially resistant to photoreceptor degeneration, and retained their fine dendritic geometry well beyond the complete death of photoreceptors. In addition, the RGC-specific markers revealed a remarkable degree of stability in both morphology and numbers of two identified types of RGCs for up to 18 months of age. Collectively, our data suggest that ganglion cells, the only output cells of the retina, are well preserved morphologically, indicating the ganglion cell population might be an attractive target for treating vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lin
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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28
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29
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Axonal synapses utilize multiple synaptic ribbons in the mammalian retina. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52295. [PMID: 23284975 PMCID: PMC3524110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian retina, bipolar cells and ganglion cells which stratify in sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) show OFF responses to light stimuli while those that stratify in sublamina b show ON responses. This functional relationship between anatomy and physiology is a key principle of retinal organization. However, there are at least three types of retinal neurons, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and dopaminergic amacrine cells, which violate this principle. These cell types have light-driven ON responses, but their dendrites mainly stratify in sublamina a of the IPL, the OFF sublayer. Recent anatomical studies suggested that certain ON cone bipolar cells make axonal or ectopic synapses as they descend through sublamina a, thus providing ON input to cells which stratify in the OFF sublayer. Using immunoelectron microscopy with 3-dimensional reconstruction, we have identified axonal synapses of ON cone bipolar cells in the rabbit retina. Ten calbindin ON cone bipolar axons made en passant ribbon synapses onto amacrine or ganglion dendrites in sublamina a of the IPL. Compared to the ribbon synapses made by bipolar terminals, these axonal ribbon synapses were characterized by a broad postsynaptic element that appeared as a monad and by the presence of multiple short synaptic ribbons. These findings confirm that certain ON cone bipolar cells can provide ON input to amacrine and ganglion cells whose dendrites stratify in the OFF sublayer via axonal synapses. The monadic synapse with multiple ribbons may be a diagnostic feature of the ON cone bipolar axonal synapse in sublamina a. The presence of multiple ribbons and a broad postsynaptic density suggest these structures may be very efficient synapses. We also identified axonal inputs to ipRGCs with the architecture described above.
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30
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Abstract
Numerous neurons release two transmitters of low molecular mass, but it is controversial whether they are localized within the same synaptic vesicle, with the single exception of GABA and glycine because they are ferried into the vesicle by the same transporter. Retinal dopaminergic (DAergic) amacrine cells synthesize both dopamine (DA) and GABA. Both transmitters are released over the entire cell surface and act on neighboring and distant neurons by volume transmission, but, in addition, DAergic cells establish GABAergic synapses onto AII amacrine cells, the neurons that transfer rod signals to cone bipolars. By combining recordings of DA and GABA release from isolated, genetically identified perikarya of DAergic cells from the mouse retina, we observed that a proportion of the events of DA and GABA exocytosis were simultaneous, suggesting corelease. Furthermore, a proportion of the secretory organelles in the perikaryon and synaptic endings of DAergic cells contained both vesicular transporters for DA [vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)] and GABA [vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)]. Because the majority of the DA release events concerned a single transmitter and organelles were present that contained a single transporter, either VMAT2 or VGAT, we conclude that the secretory organelles of DAergic cells contain variable concentrations of the two transmitters, which are in turn determined by a variable mixture of the two transporter molecules in their limiting membrane. This variability can be explained if the relative numbers of transporter molecules is determined stochastically during the budding of the somatic organelles from the trans-Golgi network or the retrieval of the vesicular membrane from the plasmalemma after exocytosis.
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31
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Yang J, Pahng J, Wang GY. Dopamine modulates the off pathway in light-adapted mouse retina. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:138-50. [PMID: 23023788 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DL-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) is often used as a tool to block On pathways in studies of interactions between On and Off pathways in retinas. APB is an agonist of mGluR6 receptors and hyperpolarizes the On cone bipolar cells and rod bipolar cells. How APB affects Off responses of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in mouse retinas under dark and light adaptation is not clear. The light-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (light-evoked EPSCs) from Off and On-Off RGCs cells were recorded using whole-cell patch-clamp recording to assess how APB affects Off responses (light-evoked Off EPSCs) of RGCs in dark- and light-adapted mouse retinas. We found that APB differentially affected Off responses of RGCs in dark- and light-adapted mouse retinas. Under dark adaptation, while the APB-sensitive Off responses were blocked, APB increased the remaining Off responses (mainly from the secondary rod Off pathways) via removal of inhibition from On pathways to Off pathways. Under light adaptation, APB decreased Off responses. Glycinergic and GABAergic antagonists did not prevent the APB-induced reduction of Off responses of RGCs; however, a dopaminergic type 1 receptor (D(1)) blocker (SCH 23390) and a hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blocker (ZD 7288) prevented the APB-induced reduction of Off responses of RGCs under light adaptation. The results indicated afunctional circuit: On cone bipolar cells to Off cone bipolar cells via D(1) receptors and HCN channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnan Yang
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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32
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Melanopsin mediates retrograde visual signaling in the retina. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42647. [PMID: 22880066 PMCID: PMC3411794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical flow of visual signals proceeds from outer to inner retina (photoreceptors→bipolar cells→ganglion cells). However, melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells are photosensitive and functional sustained light signaling to retinal dopaminergic interneurons persists in the absence of rods and cones. Here we show that the sustained-type light response of retinal dopamine neurons requires melanopsin and that the response is mediated by AMPA-type glutamate receptors, defining a retrograde retinal visual signaling pathway that fully reverses the usual flow of light signals in retinal circuits.
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Abstract
Amacrine cells are a morphologically and functionally diverse group of inhibitory interneurons. Morphologically, they have been divided into approximately 30 types. Although this diversity is probably important to the fine structure and function of the retinal circuit, the amacrine cells have been more generally divided into two subclasses. Glycinergic narrow-field amacrine cells have dendrites that ramify close to their somas, cross the sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer, and create cross talk between its parallel ON and OFF pathways. GABAergic wide-field amacrine cells have dendrites that stretch long distances from their soma but ramify narrowly within an inner plexiform layer sublamina. These wide-field cells are thought to mediate inhibition within a sublamina and thus within the ON or OFF pathway. The postsynaptic targets of all amacrine cell types include bipolar, ganglion, and other amacrine cells. Almost all amacrine cells use GABA or glycine as their primary neurotransmitter, and their postsynaptic receptor targets include the most common GABA(A), GABA(C), and glycine subunit receptor configurations. This review addresses the diversity of amacrine cells, the postsynaptic receptors on their target cells in the inner plexiform layer of the retina, and some of the inhibitory mechanisms that arise as a result. When possible, the effects of GABAergic and glycinergic inputs on the visually evoked responses of their postsynaptic targets are discussed.
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34
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Wan W, Liu Z, Wang X, Luo X. Dark rearing maintains tyrosine hydroxylase expression in retinal amacrine cells following optic nerve transection. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:18-23. [PMID: 25806053 PMCID: PMC4354110 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study examined changes in retinal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in rats having undergone optic nerve transection and housed under a normal day/night cycle or in the dark. The aim was to investigate the effects of amacrine cells on axonal regeneration in retinal ganglion cells and on the synapses that transmit visual signals. The results revealed that retinal TH expression gradually decreased following optic nerve transection in rats housed under a normal day/night cycle, reaching a minimum at 5 days. In contrast, retinal TH expression decreased to a minimum at 1 day following optic nerve transection in dark reared rats, gradually increasing afterward and reaching a normal level at 5–7 days. The number of TH-positive synaptic particles correlated with the TH levels, indicating that dark rearing can help maintain TH expression during the synaptic degeneration stage (5–7 days after optic nerve injury) in retinal amacrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China ; Department of Human Anatomy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhenghai Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya Medical College of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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35
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Fox MA, Guido W. Shedding light on class-specific wiring: development of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell circuitry. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:321-9. [PMID: 21861091 PMCID: PMC3230729 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuits associated with retinal ganglion cells have long been used as models for investigating the mechanisms that govern circuit development and function. Similar to neurons in the brain, retinal ganglion cells are subdivided into distinct classes based upon their morphology, physiology, and patterns of connectivity. Newly developed transgenic tools in which individual classes of retinal ganglion cells are labeled with reporter proteins have recently provided a method to study the development of their class-specific circuitry. Here, we examine a single class of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and discuss their class-specific circuitry, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern assembly of this circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Fox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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36
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Pottek M, Knop GC, Weiler R, Dedek K. Electrophysiological characterization of GFP-expressing cell populations in the intact retina. J Vis Exp 2011:3457. [PMID: 22105413 PMCID: PMC3308615 DOI: 10.3791/3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the physiological properties and synaptic connections of specific neurons in the intact tissue is a challenge for those cells that lack conspicuous morphological features or show a low population density. This applies particularly to retinal amacrine cells, an exceptionally multiform class of interneurons that comprise roughly 30 subtypes in mammals(1). Though being a crucial part of the visual processing by shaping the retinal output(2), most of these subtypes have not been studied up to now in a functional context because encountering these cells with a recording electrode is a rare event. Recently, a multitude of transgenic mouse lines is available that express fluorescent markers like green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of promoters for membrane receptors or enzymes that are specific to only a subset of neurons in a given tissue(3,4). These pre-labeled cells are therefore accessible to directed microelectrode targeting under microscopic control, permitting the systematic study of their physiological properties in situ. However, excitation of fluorescent markers is accompanied by the risk of phototoxicity for the living tissue. In the retina, this approach is additionally hampered by the problem that excitation light causes appropriate stimulation of the photoreceptors, thus inflicting photopigment bleaching and transferring the retinal circuits into a light-adapted condition. These drawbacks are overcome by using infrared excitation delivered by a mode-locked laser in short pulses of the femtosecond range. Two-photon excitation provides energy sufficient for fluorophore excitation and at the same time restricts the excitation to a small tissue volume minimizing the hazards of photodamage(5). Also, it leaves the retina responsive to visual stimuli since infrared light (>850 nm) is only poorly absorbed by photopigments(6). In this article we demonstrate the use of a transgenic mouse retina to attain electrophysiological in situ recordings from GFP-expressing cells that are visually targeted by two-photon excitation. The retina is prepared and maintained in darkness and can be subjected to optical stimuli which are projected through the condenser of the microscope (Figure 1). Patch-clamp recording of light responses can be combined with dye filling to reveal the morphology and to check for gap junction-mediated dye coupling to neighboring cells, so that the target cell can by studied on different experimental levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pottek
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Oldenburg
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Pang JJ, Gao F, Wu SM. Physiological characterization and functional heterogeneity of narrow-field mammalian amacrine cells. J Physiol 2011; 590:223-34. [PMID: 22083601 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.222141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-evoked responses of 106 morphologically identified narrow-field amacrine cells (ACs) were studied in dark-adapted mouse retinal slices. Forty-five cells exhibit AIIAC morphology, 55% of which show characteristic AIIAC physiological properties (AIIAC1s) and the remaining 45% display different physiological responses, suggesting that AIIACs are functionally heterogeneous. Moreover, we found that 42 cells exhibit morphology that resembles the seven morphological types of glycine-positive ACs (GlyAC1-7) reported in the rat retina, and for the first time assigned light response and function properties to these morphological types of glycinergic ACs in the mouse retina. In addition, five narrow-field ACs exhibited morphology resembling that of the GlyAC5 or GlyAC7 but with different physiological responses (GlyAC5(#) and GlyAC7(#)). Therefore, the eight morphological types of narrow-field ACs exhibit 12 classes of physiological responses. Furthermore, we found ACs whose physiological responses were indistinguishable from those of GlyAC3 or GlyAC4s but with different morphology (GlyAC3* or GlyAC4*). These observations suggest that although the majority of narrow-field mammalian ACs forms discrete functional groups that correlate with their morphology, a significant number of these cells with similar morphology do not display the same light responses, and some with similar light responses do not exhibit the same morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Jie Pang
- Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Inputs underlying the ON-OFF light responses of type 2 wide-field amacrine cells in TH::GFP mice. J Neurosci 2011; 31:4780-91. [PMID: 21451016 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6235-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian retina, two types of catecholaminergic amacrine cells have been described. Although dopaminergic type 1 cells are well characterized, the physiology of type 2 cells is, so far, unknown. To target type 2 cells specifically, we used a transgenic mouse line that expresses green fluorescent protein under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter. Type 2 cells are GABAergic and have an extensive dendritic arbor, which stratifies in the middle of the inner plexiform layer. Our data suggest that type 2 cells comprise two subpopulations with identical physiological properties: one has its somata located in the inner nuclear layer and the other in the ganglion cell layer. Immunostaining with bipolar cell markers suggested that type 2 cells receive excitatory inputs from type 3 OFF and type 5 ON bipolar cells. Consistently, patch-clamp recordings showed that type 2 cells are ON-OFF amacrine cells. Blocking excitatory inputs revealed that different rod and cone pathways are active under scotopic and mesopic light conditions. Blockade of inhibitory inputs led to membrane potential oscillations in type 2 cells, suggesting that GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells strongly influence type 2 cell signaling. Among the glycinergic amacrine cells, we identified the VGluT3-immunoreactive amacrine cell as a likely candidate. Collectively, light responses of type 2 cells were remarkably uniform over a wide range of light intensities. These properties point toward a general function of type 2 cells that is maintained under scotopic and mesopic conditions.
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Frazão R, McMahon DG, Schunack W, Datta P, Heidelberger R, Marshak DW. Histamine elevates free intracellular calcium in mouse retinal dopaminergic cells via H1-receptors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:3083-8. [PMID: 21310914 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, retinopetal axons containing histamine and dopaminergic neurons expressing histamine H(1)-receptor had been localized in mouse retinas using anatomic techniques. The goal of these experiments was to demonstrate that these receptors are functional. METHODS Dopaminergic cells were acutely isolated from retinas of transgenic mice expressing red fluorescent protein under control of the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter and loaded with the calcium indicator Fura-2. RESULTS Under control conditions, there were spontaneous oscillations in the levels of free intracellular calcium in dopaminergic cells. These oscillations were abolished in nominally calcium-free extracellular medium and in 1 μM tetrodotoxin, findings suggesting that the oscillations were mediated by calcium entry across the plasma membrane in response to sodium-dependent action potentials. Histamine increased the mean free intracellular calcium in the dopaminergic cells by increasing the frequency and/or amplitude of the calcium oscillations. The effects of histamine were dose-dependent and reached maximum at 5 μM. With this dose, there was a 65% increase in the mean free intracellular calcium concentration. The histamine H(1)-receptor antagonist, pyrilamine, blocked the effects of 5 μM histamine when applied at 50 μM. The selective histamine H(1)-receptor agonists, 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) histamine and methylhistaprodifen significantly increased mean free intracellular calcium when applied at 5 μM. CONCLUSIONS Histamine released from retinopetal axons in the mouse retina can elevate intracellular calcium levels in the perikarya of dopaminergic cells via the activation of histamine H(1)-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Frazão
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Two morphological types of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells have been described in primate retina. Both types show intrinsic light responses as well as rod- and cone-driven ON-type responses. Outer stratifying cells have their dendrites close to the inner nuclear layer (OFF sublamina); inner stratifying cells have their dendrites close to the ganglion cell layer (ON sublamina). Both inner and outer stratifying cells receive synaptic input via ribbon synapses, but the bipolar cell types providing this input have not been identified. Here, we addressed the question whether the diffuse (ON) cone bipolar type DB6 and/or rod bipolar cells contact melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells. Melanopsin containing ganglion cells in marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and macaque (Macaca fascicularis) retinas were identified immunohistochemically; DB6 cells were labeled with antibodies against the carbohydrate epitope CD15, rod bipolar cells were labeled with antibodies against protein kinase C, and putative synapses between the two cells types were identified with antibodies against piccolo. For one inner cell, nearly all of the DB6 axon terminals that overlap with its dendrites in the two-dimensional space show areas of close contact. In vertical sections, the large majority of the areas of close contact also contain a synaptic punctum, suggesting that DB6 cells contact inner melanopsin cells. The output from DB6 cells accounts for about 30% of synapses onto inner melanopsin cells. Synaptic contacts between rod bipolar axons and inner dendrites were not observed. In the OFF sublamina, about 10% of the DB6 axons are closely associated with dendrites of outer cells, and in about a third of these areas, axonal en passant synapses are detected. This result suggests that DB6 cells may also provide input to outer melanopsin cells.
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