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Franco-García A, Gómez-Murcia V, Fernández-Gómez FJ, González-Andreu R, Hidalgo JM, Victoria Milanés M, Núñez C. Morphine-withdrawal aversive memories and their extinction modulate H4K5 acetylation and Brd4 activation in the rat hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115055. [PMID: 37356373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin modification is a crucial mechanism in several important phenomena in the brain, including drug addiction. Persistence of drug craving and risk of relapse could be attributed to drug-induced epigenetic mechanisms that seem to be candidates explaining long-lasting drug-induced behaviour and molecular alterations. Histone acetylation has been proposed to regulate drug-seeking behaviours and the extinction of rewarding memory of drug taking. In this work, we studied the epigenetic regulation during conditioned place aversion and after extinction of aversive memory of opiate withdrawal. Through immunofluorescence assays, we assessed some epigenetic marks (H4K5ac and p-Brd4) in crucial areas related to memory retrieval -basolateral amygdala (BLA) and hippocampus-. Additionally, to test the degree of transcriptional activation, we evaluated the immediate early genes (IEGs) response (Arc, Bdnf, Creb, Egr-1, Fos and Nfkb) and Smarcc1 (chromatin remodeler) through RT-qPCR in these nuclei. Our results showed increased p-Brd4 and H4K5ac levels during aversive memory retrieval, suggesting a more open chromatin state. However, transcriptional activation of these IEGs was not found, therefore suggesting that other secondary response may already be happening. Additionally, Smarcc1 levels were reduced due to morphine chronic administration in BLA and dentate gyrus. The activation markers returned to control levels after the retrieval of aversive memories, revealing a more repressed chromatin state. Taken together, our results show a major role of the tandem H4K5ac/p-Brd4 during the retrieval of aversive memories. These results might be useful to elucidate new molecular targets to improve and develop pharmacological treatments to address addiction and to avoid drug relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Franco-García
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) - Pascual Parrilla, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoria Gómez-Murcia
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) - Pascual Parrilla, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco José Fernández-Gómez
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) - Pascual Parrilla, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raúl González-Andreu
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Juana M Hidalgo
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) - Pascual Parrilla, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Victoria Milanés
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) - Pascual Parrilla, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Group of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) - Pascual Parrilla, Murcia, Spain.
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2
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Vas S, Papp RS, Könczöl K, Bogáthy E, Papp N, Ádori C, Durst M, Sípos K, Ocskay K, Farkas I, Bálint F, Ferenci S, Török B, Kovács A, Szabó E, Zelena D, Kovács KJ, Földes A, Kató E, Köles L, Bagdy G, Palkovits M, Tóth ZE. Prolactin-Releasing Peptide Contributes to Stress-Related Mood Disorders and Inhibits Sleep/Mood Regulatory Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Neurons in Rats. J Neurosci 2023; 43:846-862. [PMID: 36564184 PMCID: PMC9899089 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2139-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress disorders impair sleep and quality of life; however, their pathomechanisms are unknown. Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is a stress mediator; we therefore hypothesized that PrRP may be involved in the development of stress disorders. PrRP is produced by the medullary A1/A2 noradrenaline (NA) cells, which transmit stress signals to forebrain centers, and by non-NA cells in the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus. We found in male rats that both PrRP and PrRP-NA cells innervate melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) producing neurons in the dorsolateral hypothalamus (DLH). These cells serve as a key hub for regulating sleep and affective states. Ex vivo, PrRP hyperpolarized MCH neurons and further increased the hyperpolarization caused by NA. Following sleep deprivation, intracerebroventricular PrRP injection reduced the number of REM sleep-active MCH cells. PrRP expression in the dorsomedial nucleus was upregulated by sleep deprivation, while downregulated by REM sleep rebound. Both in learned helplessness paradigm and after peripheral inflammation, impaired coping with sustained stress was associated with (1) overactivation of PrRP cells, (2) PrRP protein and receptor depletion in the DLH, and (3) dysregulation of MCH expression. Exposure to stress in the PrRP-insensitive period led to increased passive coping with stress. Normal PrRP signaling, therefore, seems to protect animals against stress-related disorders. PrRP signaling in the DLH is an important component of the PrRP's action, which may be mediated by MCH neurons. Moreover, PrRP receptors were downregulated in the DLH of human suicidal victims. As stress-related mental disorders are the leading cause of suicide, our findings may have particular translational relevance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Treatment resistance to monoaminergic antidepressants is a major problem. Neuropeptides that modulate the central monoaminergic signaling are promising targets for developing alternative therapeutic strategies. We found that stress-responsive prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) cells innervated melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons that are crucial in the regulation of sleep and mood. PrRP inhibited MCH cell activity and enhanced the inhibitory effect evoked by noradrenaline, a classic monoamine, on MCH neurons. We observed that impaired PrRP signaling led to failure in coping with chronic/repeated stress and was associated with altered MCH expression. We found alterations of the PrRP system also in suicidal human subjects. PrRP dysfunction may underlie stress disorders, and fine-tuning MCH activity by PrRP may be an important part of the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Vas
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Rege S Papp
- Human Brain Tissue Bank and Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Katalin Könczöl
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Emese Bogáthy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Noémi Papp
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Csaba Ádori
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Máté Durst
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Klaudia Sípos
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Klementina Ocskay
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Flóra Bálint
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Szilamér Ferenci
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Evelin Szabó
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Krisztina J Kovács
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Anna Földes
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Kató
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - László Köles
- Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - György Bagdy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
- NAP2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Human Brain Tissue Bank and Laboratory, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna E Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and In Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
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3
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Oddes D, Ngwenya A, Malungo IB, Burkevica A, Hård T, Bertelsen MF, Spocter MA, Scantlebury DM, Manger PR. Orexinergic neurons in the hypothalami of an Asiatic lion, an African lion, and a Southeast African cheetah. J Comp Neurol 2022; 531:366-389. [PMID: 36354959 PMCID: PMC10099269 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Employing orexin-A immunohistochemistry, we describe the distribution, morphology, and nuclear parcellation of orexinergic neurons within the hypothalami of an Asiatic lion (Panthera leo subsp. persica), an African lion (Panthera leo subsp. melanochaita), and a Southeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus subsp. jubatus). In all three felids, the clustering of large, bipolar, and multipolar hypothalamic orexinergic neurons primarily follows the pattern observed in other mammals. The orexinergic neurons were found, primarily, to form three distinct clusters-the main, zona incerta, and optic tract clusters. In addition, large orexinergic neurons were observed in the ventromedial supraoptic region of the hypothalamus, where they are not typically observed in other species. As has been observed in cetartiodactyls and the African elephant, a cluster of small, multipolar orexinergic neurons, the parvocellular cluster, was observed in the medial zone of the hypothalamus in all three felids, although this parvocellular cluster has not been reported in other carnivores. In both subspecies of lions, but not the cheetah, potential orexin-immunopositive neurons were observed in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, the lateral part of the retrochiasmatic area, and the inner layer of the median eminence. The distribution and parcellation of orexinergic neurons in the hypothalami of the three felids studied appear to be more complex than observed in many other mammals and for the two subspecies of lion may be even more complex. These findings are discussed in terms of potential technical concerns, phylogenetic variations of this system, and potentially associated functional aspects of the orexinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi Oddes
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Ayanda Ngwenya
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Illke B. Malungo
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | | | - Mads. F. Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health Copenhagen Zoo Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Muhammad A. Spocter
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Anatomy Des Moines University Des Moines Iowa USA
| | | | - Paul R. Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
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4
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Williams VM, Bhagwandin A, Swiegers J, Bertelsen MF, Hård T, Thannickal TC, Siegel JM, Sherwood CC, Manger PR. Nuclear organization of orexinergic neurons in the hypothalamus of a lar gibbon and a chimpanzee. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:1459-1475. [PMID: 34535040 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Employing orexin-A immunohistochemical staining we describe the nuclear parcellation of orexinergic neurons in the hypothalami of a lar gibbon and a chimpanzee. The clustering of orexinergic neurons within the hypothalamus and the terminal networks follow the patterns generally observed in other mammals, including laboratory rodents, strepsirrhine primates and humans. The orexinergic neurons were found within three distinct clusters in the ape hypothalamus, which include the main cluster, zona incerta cluster and optic tract cluster. In addition, the orexinergic neurons of the optic tract cluster appear to extend to a more rostral and medial location than observed in other species, being observed in the tuberal region in the anterior ventromedial aspect of the hypothalamus. While orexinergic terminal networks were observed throughout the brain, high density terminal networks were observed within the hypothalamus, medial and intralaminar nuclei of the dorsal thalamus, and within the serotonergic and noradrenergic regions of the midbrain and pons, which is typical for mammals. The expanded distribution of orexinergic neurons into the tuberal region of the ape hypothalamus, is a feature that needs to be investigated in other primate species, but appears to correlate with orexin gene expression in the same region of the human hypothalamus, but these neurons are not revealed with immunohistochemical staining in humans. Thus, it appears that apes have a broader distribution of orexinergic neurons compared to other primate species, but that the neurons within this extension of the optic tract cluster in humans, while expressing the orexin gene, do not produce the neuropeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Williams
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.,Division of Clinical Anatomy and Biological Anthropology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jordan Swiegers
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas C Thannickal
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Brain Research Institute, Neurobiology Research, Sepulveda VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Brain Research Institute, Neurobiology Research, Sepulveda VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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5
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Pałasz A, Della Vecchia A, Saganiak K, Worthington JJ. Neuropeptides of the human magnocellular hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 117:102003. [PMID: 34280488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei with their large secretory neurons are unique and phylogenetically conserved brain structures involved in the continual regulation of important homeostatic and autonomous functions in vertebrate species. Both canonical and newly identified neuropeptides have a broad spectrum of physiological activity at the hypothalamic neuronal circuit level located within the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. Magnocellular neurons express a variety of receptors for neuropeptides and neurotransmitters and therefore receive numerous excitatory and inhibitory inputs from important subcortical neural areas such as limbic and brainstem populations. These unique cells are also densely innervated by axons from other hypothalamic nuclei. The vast majority of neurochemical maps pertain to animal models, mainly the rodent hypothalamus, however accumulating preliminary anatomical structural studies have revealed the presence and distribution of several neuropeptides in the human magnocellular nuclei. This review presents a novel and comprehensive evidence based evaluation of neuropeptide expression in the human SON and PVN. Collectively this review aims to cast a new, medically oriented light on hypothalamic neuroanatomy and contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for neuropeptide-related physiology and the nature of possible neuroendocrinal interactions between local regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, 67, Via Roma, 56100, Pisa, Italy
| | - Karolina Saganiak
- Department of Anatomy, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, ul. Kopernika 12, 31-034, Kraków, Poland
| | - John J Worthington
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
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6
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Tian B, Fu H, Liu B, Zhu J, Zheng X, Ge C. Effects of Amifostine Pre-treatment on MIRNA, LNCRNA, and MRNA Profiles in the Hypothalamus of Mice Exposed to 60Co Gamma Radiation. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 119:297-305. [PMID: 32384371 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the expression of non-coding RNA and mRNA (messenger RNA) is significantly altered following high-dose ionizing radiation (IR), and their expression may play a critical role in cellular responses to IR. However, the role of non-coding RNA and mRNA in radiation protection, especially in the nervous system, remains unknown. In this study, microarray profiles were used to determine microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of mice that were pretreated with amifostine and subsequently exposed to high-dose IR. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed. We found that fewer miRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs were induced by amifostine pre-treatment in exposed mice, which exhibited antagonistic effects compared to IR, indicating that amifostine attenuated the IR-induced effects on RNA profiles. GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed changes in a variety of signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses during radioprotection following amifostine pre-treatment in exposed mice. Taken together, our study revealed that amifostine treatment altered or attenuated miRNA, lncRNA, and mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of exposed mice. These data provide a resource to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying amifostine-mediated radioprotection in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Tian
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
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7
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Diniz GB, Bittencourt JC. The Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) System: A Tale of Two Peptides. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1280. [PMID: 31849590 PMCID: PMC6901935 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system is a robust integrator of exogenous and endogenous information, modulating arousal and energy balance in mammals. Its predominant function in teleosts, however, is to concentrate melanin in the scales, contributing to the adaptive color change observed in several teleost species. These contrasting functions resulted from a gene duplication that occurred after the teleost divergence, which resulted in the generation of two MCH-coding genes in this clade, which acquired distinctive sequences, distribution, and functions, examined in detail here. We also describe the distribution of MCH immunoreactivity and gene expression in a large number of species, in an attempt to identify its core elements. While initially originated as a periventricular peptide, with an intimate relationship with the third ventricle, multiple events of lateral migration occurred during evolution, making the ventrolateral and dorsolateral hypothalamus the predominant sites of MCH in teleosts and mammals, respectively. Substantial differences between species can be identified, likely reflecting differences in habitat and behavior. This observation aligns well with the idea that MCH is a major integrator of internal and external information, ensuring an appropriate response to ensure the organism’s homeostasis. New studies on the MCH system in species that have not yet been investigated will help us understand more precisely how these habitat changes are connected to the hypothalamic neurochemical circuits, paving the way to new intervention strategies that may be used with pharmacological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanne B Diniz
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nucleo de Neurociencias e Comportamento, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Boes AD, Fischer D, Geerling JC, Bruss J, Saper CB, Fox MD. Connectivity of sleep- and wake-promoting regions of the human hypothalamus observed during resting wakefulness. Sleep 2019; 41:5021065. [PMID: 29850898 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a central hub for regulating sleep-wake patterns, the circuitry of which has been investigated extensively in experimental animals. This work has identified a wake-promoting region in the posterior hypothalamus, with connections to other wake-promoting regions, and a sleep-promoting region in the anterior hypothalamus, with inhibitory projections to the posterior hypothalamus. It is unclear whether a similar organization exists in humans. Here, we use anatomical landmarks to identify homologous sleep- and wake-promoting regions of the human hypothalamus and investigate their functional relationships using resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging in healthy awake participants. First, we identify a negative correlation (anticorrelation) between the anterior and posterior hypothalamus, two regions with opposing roles in sleep-wake regulation. Next, we show that hypothalamic connectivity predicts a pattern of regional sleep-wake changes previously observed in humans. Specifically, regions that are more positively correlated with the posterior hypothalamus and more negatively correlated with the anterior hypothalamus correspond to regions with the greatest change in cerebral blood flow between sleep-wake states. Taken together, these findings provide preliminary evidence relating a hypothalamic circuit investigated in animals to sleep-wake neuroimaging results in humans, with implications for our understanding of human sleep-wake regulation and the functional significance of anticorrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Boes
- Department of Pediatrics, Iowa Neuroimaging and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroimaging and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Psychiatry, Iowa Neuroimaging and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - David Fischer
- Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - Joel Bruss
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroimaging and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Michael D Fox
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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9
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Kelly EA, Fudge JL. The neuroanatomic complexity of the CRF and DA systems and their interface: What we still don't know. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:247-259. [PMID: 29704516 PMCID: PMC5993645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a neuropeptide that mediates the stress response. Long known to contribute to regulation of the adrenal stress response initiated in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA), a complex pattern of extrahypothalamic CRF expression is also described in rodents and primates. Cross-talk between the CRF and midbrain dopamine (DA) systems links the stress response to DA regulation. Classically CRF + cells in the extended amygdala and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) are considered the main source of this input, principally targeting the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, the anatomic complexity of both the DA and CRF system has been increasingly elaborated in the last decade. The DA neurons are now recognized as having diverse molecular, connectional and physiologic properties, predicted by their anatomic location. At the same time, the broad distribution of CRF cells in the brain has been increasingly delineated using different species and techniques. Here, we review updated information on both CRF localization and newer conceptualizations of the DA system to reconsider the CRF-DA interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kelly
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Ernest J Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - J L Fudge
- University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Ernest J Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Rochester, NY, United States; University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The Ernest J Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Rochester, NY, United States.
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10
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The accessory magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rostral human hypothalamus. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:487-498. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Hu W, Chen Z. The roles of histamine and its receptor ligands in central nervous system disorders: An update. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:116-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Ploj K, Benthem L, Kakol-Palm D, Gennemark P, Andersson L, Bjursell M, Börjesson J, Kärrberg L, Månsson M, Antonsson M, Johansson A, Iverson S, Carlsson B, Turnbull A, Lindén D. Effects of a novel potent melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist, AZD1979, on body weight homeostasis in mice and dogs. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2739-51. [PMID: 27400775 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an orexigen, and while rodents express one MCH receptor (MCH1 receptor), humans, non-human primates and dogs express two MCH receptors (MCH1 and MCH2 ). MCH1 receptor antagonists have been developed for the treatment of obesity and lower body weight in rodents. However, the mechanisms for the body weight loss and whether MCH1 receptor antagonism can lower body weight in species expressing both MCH receptors are not fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A novel recently identified potent MCH1 receptor antagonist, AZD1979, was studied in wild type and Mchr1 knockout (KO) mice and by using pair-feeding and indirect calorimetry in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The effect of AZD1979 on body weight was also studied in beagle dogs. KEY RESULTS AZD1979 bound to MCH1 receptors in the CNS and dose-dependently reduced body weight in DIO mice leading to improved homeostasis model assessment-index of insulin sensitivity. AZD1979 did not affect food intake or body weight in Mchr1 KO mice demonstrating specificity for the MCH1 receptor mechanism. In DIO mice, initial AZD1979-mediated body weight loss was driven by decreased food intake, but an additional component of preserved energy expenditure was apparent in pair-feeding and indirect calorimetry studies. AZD1979 also dose-dependently reduced body weight in dogs. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS AZD1979 is a novel potent MCH1 receptor antagonist that affects both food intake and energy expenditure. That AZD1979 also lowers body weight in a species expressing both MCH receptors holds promise for the use of MCH1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ploj
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden.,Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lambertus Benthem
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dorota Kakol-Palm
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter Gennemark
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Liselotte Andersson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden.,Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mikael Bjursell
- Discovery Sciences Transgenics, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jenny Börjesson
- Discovery Sciences Transgenics, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lillevi Kärrberg
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden.,Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Madeleine Antonsson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Carlsson
- Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Andrew Turnbull
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
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Urbanavicius J, Lagos P, Torterolo P, Abin-Carriquiry JA, Scorza C. Melanin-concentrating hormone projections to the dorsal raphe nucleus: An immunofluorescence and in vivo microdialysis study. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 72:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Evidence for alterations of the glial syncytial function in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 72:15-21. [PMID: 26519765 PMCID: PMC5813495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glial cells are essential in maintaining synaptic function. In glutamatergic synapses astrocytes remove the products of neural activity, (i.e. potassium, glutamate and excess water) from the synaptic cleft and redistribute them across the glial network; these products of neural activity can then be recycled for neuronal use or released into the vascular compartment. This type of highly coupled cell network -or syncytium-maintains the balance of synaptic activity by restoring the basal levels of such molecules in the synaptic cleft. Previous studies have reported alterations of glia related genes in Major Depressive Disorder, including some genes related to syncytial function. METHODS We used RNA isolated from hippocampal tissues of 13 MDD subjects and 10 healthy controls to broadly examine gene expression using microarrays. Hippocampal RNA samples were isolated by laser capture microdissection from human tissue sections carefully avoiding contamination from neighboring structures. Once RNA quality was validated RNA was labeled and hybridized to microarrays. RESULTS Analysis of microarray data identified mRNA transcripts involved in glial syncytial function that were downregulated in MDD subjects compared to controls, including potassium and water channels (KCNJ10, AQP4), gap junction proteins (GJA1) and glutamate transporters (SLC1A2, SLC1A3). These gene expression differences were confirmed by qPCR. CONCLUSIONS The downregulation of these genes related to the syncytial network activity of glial cells is consistent with the hypothesis that synaptic homeostasis is disrupted thereby disrupting hippocampal synaptic function in MDD patients. Such glial gene expression changes could contribute either to the onset or perpetuation of depressive symptoms and hence, represent targets for novel therapeutics.
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15
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Shan L, Dauvilliers Y, Siegel JM. Interactions of the histamine and hypocretin systems in CNS disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:401-13. [PMID: 26100750 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Histamine and hypocretin neurons are localized to the hypothalamus, a brain area critical to autonomic function and sleep. Narcolepsy type 1, also known as narcolepsy with cataplexy, is a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired night-time sleep, cataplexy, sleep paralysis and short latency to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep after sleep onset. In narcolepsy, 90% of hypocretin neurons are lost; in addition, two groups reported in 2014 that the number of histamine neurons is increased by 64% or more in human patients with narcolepsy, suggesting involvement of histamine in the aetiology of this disorder. Here, we review the role of the histamine and hypocretin systems in sleep-wake modulation. Furthermore, we summarize the neuropathological changes to these two systems in narcolepsy and discuss the possibility that narcolepsy-associated histamine abnormalities could mediate or result from the same processes that cause the hypocretin cell loss. We also review the changes in the hypocretin and histamine systems, and the associated sleep disruptions, in Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease and Tourette syndrome. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic approaches for manipulation of the histamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shan
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Veterans' Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA GLAHS), 16111 Plummer Street North Hills, 151A3, CA 91343, USA
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Centre de Référence Nationale Maladies Rares, Narcolepsie et Hypersomnie Idiopathique, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, INSERM U1061, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier 34295, France
| | - Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Veterans' Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VA GLAHS), 16111 Plummer Street North Hills, 151A3, CA 91343, USA
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16
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Shan L, Bao AM, Swaab DF. The human histaminergic system in neuropsychiatric disorders. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:167-77. [PMID: 25575625 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histaminergic neurons are exclusively located in the hypothalamic tuberomamillary nucleus, from where they project to many brain areas. The histaminergic system is involved in basic physiological functions, such as the sleep-wake cycle, energy and endocrine homeostasis, sensory and motor functions, cognition, and attention, which are all severely affected in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we present recent postmortem findings on the alterations in this system in neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), depression, and narcolepsy. In addition, we highlight the need to validate animal models for these diseases and also for Tourette's syndrome (TS) in relation to alterations in the histaminergic system. Moreover, we discuss the potential for, and concerns over, the use of novel histamine 3 receptor (H3R) antagonists/inverse agonists as treatment for such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shan
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Neurobiology Research, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, 16111 Plummer Street, North Hills, CA 91343, USA
| | - Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands
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Chometton S, Franchi G, Houdayer C, Mariot A, Poncet F, Fellmann D, Tillet Y, Risold PY. Different distributions of preproMCH and hypocretin/orexin in the forebrain of the pig (Sus scrofa domesticus). J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 61-62:72-82. [PMID: 25124772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurons producing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) or hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) have been implicated in the sleep/wake cycle and feeding behavior. Sleep and feeding habits vary greatly among mammalian species, depending in part of the prey/predatory status of animals. However, the distribution of both peptides has been described in only a limited number of species. In this work, we describe the distribution of MCH neurons in the brain of the domestic pig. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, their cell bodies are shown to be located in the posterior lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), as expected. They form a dense cluster ventro-lateral to the fornix while only scattered cells are present dorsal to this tract. By comparison, Hcrt cell bodies are located mainly dorsal to the fornix. Therefore, the two populations of neurons display complementary distributions in the posterior LHA. MCH projections are, as indicated by MCH-positive axons, very abundant in all cortical fields ventral to the rhinal sulcus, as well as in the lateral, basolateral and basomedial amygdala. In contrast, most of the isocortex is sparsely innervated. To conclude, the distribution of MCH cell bodies and projections shows some very specific features in the pig brain, that are clearly different of that described in the rat, mouse or human. In contrast, the Hcrt pattern seems more similar to that in these species, i.e. more conserved. These results suggest that the LHA anatomic organization shows some very significant interspecies differences, which may be related to the different behavioral repertoires of animals with regard to feeding and sleep/wake cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chometton
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - G Franchi
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - C Houdayer
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - A Mariot
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - F Poncet
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - D Fellmann
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - Y Tillet
- UMR 7247 INRA/CNRS/Université François Rabelais de Tours/IFCE, SFR-FED 4226, Centre INRA Val de Loire, Nouzilly, Tours 37380, France
| | - P Y Risold
- EA3922, UFR Sciences Médicales et Pharmaceutiques, SFR-FED 4234, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France.
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Valko PO, Gavrilov YV, Yamamoto M, Reddy H, Haybaeck J, Mignot E, Baumann CR, Scammell TE. Increase of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons in narcolepsy. Ann Neurol 2014; 74:794-804. [PMID: 24006291 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp O. Valko
- Department of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston MA
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Yury V. Gavrilov
- Department of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston MA
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
- Department of General Pathology and Pathological Physiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Mihoko Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston MA
| | - Hasini Reddy
- Department of Neuropathology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston MA
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology; Medical University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Department of Psychiatry; Stanford University Center for Narcolepsy; Palo Alto CA
| | - Christian R. Baumann
- Department of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston MA
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Thomas E. Scammell
- Department of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston MA
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Medina A, Burke S, Thompson RC, Bunney W, Myers RM, Schatzberg A, Akil H, Watson SJ. Glutamate transporters: a key piece in the glutamate puzzle of major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1150-6. [PMID: 23706640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic therapies are emerging as the new path for the treatment of Major Depression Disorder. Recent reports reviewing the use of glutamate activity modulators in the treatment of resistant depression advocate the importance of understanding the alterations of the diverse components of this complex system in mood disorders. In this postmortem study we used in situ hybridization and microarray analysis to evaluate the gene expression of the membrane transporters SLC1A2 and SLCA3 and the vesicular transporter SLCA17A7 in the hippocampus of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Bipolar Disorder (BPD) subjects. Samples from 8 controls, 11 MDD and 6 BPD subjects were processed for in situ hybridization using cRNA probes for SLC1A2, SLC1A3 and SLC17A7. Laser capture microdissection was used to collect tissue from adjacent sections for microarray analysis. The results showed that the expression of the membrane transporters SLC1A2 and SLC1A3 was diminished in the MDD group compared to controls. The expression of the vesicular glutamate transporter SLC17A7 on the other hand was increased in MDD subjects. As for the BPD group, all three transporters showed trends similar to those observed in MDD, but the changes observed did not reach significance. We hypothesize that the decreased expression of the membrane glutamate transporters and the increased expression of the vesicular transporter in the hippocampus would affect the balance of the glutamatergic circuitry of the hippocampus, and that this effect may be a major contributor to depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Medina
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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The vertebrate diencephalic MCH system: a versatile neuronal population in an evolving brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34:65-87. [PMID: 23088995 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurons synthesizing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are described in the posterior hypothalamus of all vertebrates investigated so far. However, their anatomy is very different according to species: they are small and periventricular in lampreys, cartilaginous fishes or anurans, large and neuroendocrine in bony fishes, or distributed over large regions of the lateral hypothalamus in many mammals. An analysis of their comparative anatomy alongside recent data about the development of the forebrain, suggests that although very different, MCH neurons of the caudal hypothalamus are homologous. We further hypothesize that their divergent anatomy is linked to divergence in the forebrain - in particular telencephalic evolution.
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Distinct features of neurotransmitter systems in the human brain with focus on the galanin system in locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E536-45. [PMID: 23341594 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221378110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using riboprobe in situ hybridization, we studied the localization of the transcripts for the neuropeptide galanin and its receptors (GalR1-R3), tryptophan hydroxylase 2, tyrosine hydroxylase, and nitric oxide synthase as well as the three vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUT 1-3) in the locus coeruleus (LC) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) regions of postmortem human brains. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used also. Galanin and GalR3 mRNA were found in many noradrenergic LC neurons, and GalR3 overlapped with serotonin neurons in the DRN. The qPCR analysis at the LC level ranked the transcripts in the following order in the LC: galanin >> GalR3 >> GalR1 > GalR2; in the DRN the ranking was galanin >> GalR3 >> GalR1 = GalR2. In forebrain regions the ranking was GalR1 > galanin > GalR2. VGLUT1 and -2 were strongly expressed in the pontine nuclei but could not be detected in LC or serotonin neurons. VGLUT2 transcripts were found in very small, nonpigmented cells in the LC and in the lateral and dorsal aspects of the periaqueductal central gray. Nitric oxide synthase was not detected in serotonin neurons. These findings show distinct differences between the human brain and rodents, especially rat, in the distribution of the galanin system and some other transmitter systems. For example, GalR3 seems to be the important galanin receptor in both the human LC and DRN versus GalR1 and -2 in the rodent brain. Such knowledge may be important when considering therapeutic principles and drug development.
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Krusong K, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Xu M, Ohtsu H, Anderson GM, State MW, Pittenger C. High levels of histidine decarboxylase in the striatum of mice and rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 495:110-4. [PMID: 21440039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter histamine is produced in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus; these neurons project broadly throughout central nervous system. Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) synthesizes histamine from histidine; in the brain, its mRNA is expressed exclusively in the posterior hypothalamus. Histamine receptors are expressed throughout the forebrain, including in cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia, suggesting functional innervation of these structures. We investigated the distribution of HDC protein in dissected tissue from mouse and rat, anticipating that it would reflect the density of hypothalamic histaminergic axonal projections and thus qualitatively parallel the known distribution of histamine receptors. HDC protein was found at high levels in hypothalamus, as anticipated. Surprisingly, it was found at comparably high levels in mouse striatum. HDC protein was 10-fold lower in cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. Specificity of HDC detection by Western blot was confirmed using HDC knockout mice. Similar high levels of HDC protein were found in dissected striatum from rat. Striatum does not, however, contain comparably elevated of histamine, relative to other forebrain structures; we confirmed this fact using HPLC. This discrepancy between HDC protein and histamine levels in the striatum suggests that histamine metabolism and neurotransmission in basal ganglia may have unique characteristics, the details of which remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuakarun Krusong
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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