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Hill GE, Weaver RJ, Powers MJ. Carotenoid ornaments and the spandrels of physiology: a critique of theory to explain condition dependency. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:2320-2332. [PMID: 37563787 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Even as numerous studies have documented that the red and yellow coloration resulting from the deposition of carotenoids serves as an honest signal of condition, the evolution of condition dependency is contentious. The resource trade-off hypothesis proposes that condition-dependent honest signalling relies on a trade-off of resources between ornamental display and body maintenance. By this model, condition dependency can evolve through selection for a re-allocation of resources to promote ornament expression. By contrast, the index hypothesis proposes that selection focuses mate choice on carotenoid coloration that is inherently condition dependent because production of such coloration is inexorably tied to vital cellular processes. These hypotheses for the origins of condition dependency make strongly contrasting and testable predictions about ornamental traits. To assess these two models, we review the mechanisms of production of carotenoids, patterns of condition dependency involving different classes of carotenoids, and patterns of behavioural responses to carotenoid coloration. We review evidence that traits can be condition dependent without the influence of sexual selection and that novel traits can show condition-dependent expression as soon as they appear in a population, without the possibility of sexual selection. We conclude by highlighting new opportunities for studying condition-dependent signalling made possible by genetic manipulation and expression of ornamental traits in synthetic biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey E Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, 120 W. Samford Avenue, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Ryan J Weaver
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, 2200 Osborne Drive, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Matthew J Powers
- Department of Integrative Biology, 4575 SW Research Way, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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2
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Harzsch S, Krieger J. Genealogical relationships of mushroom bodies, hemiellipsoid bodies, and their afferent pathways in the brains of Pancrustacea: Recent progress and open questions. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 65:101100. [PMID: 34488068 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
According to all latest phylogenetic analyses, the taxon Pancrustacea embraces the crustaceans in the traditional sense and the hexapods. Members of the Pancrustacea for a long time have been known to display distinct similarities in the architecture of their brains. Here, we review recent progress and open questions concerning structural and functional communalities of selected higher integrative neuropils in the lateral protocerebrum of pancrustaceans, the mushroom bodies and hemiellipsoid bodies. We also discuss the projection neuron pathway which provides a distinct input channel to both mushroom and hemiellipsoid bodies from the primary chemosensory centers in the deutocerebrum. Neuronal characters are mapped on a current pancrustacean phylogeny in order to extract those characters that are part of the pancrustacean ground pattern. Furthermore, we summarize recent insights into the evolutionary transformation of mushroom body morphology across the Pancrustacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - J Krieger
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
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3
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Sugier K, Laso-Jadart R, Vacherie B, Käfer J, Bertrand L, Labadie K, Martins N, Orvain C, Petit E, Wincker P, Jamet JL, Alberti A, Madoui MA. Male Differentiation in the Marine Copepod Oithona nana Reveals the Development of a New Nervous Ganglion and Lin12-Notch-Repeat Protein-Associated Proteolysis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070657. [PMID: 34356512 PMCID: PMC8301441 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Copepods are tiny crustaceans and the most abundant animals on Earth; they also play a crucial role in the marine food chain. Among copepods, Oithona is one of most ecologically successful and is known for its differential behavior between males and females. The males adopt the strategy “live fast, die young”: they are constantly in motion to search for females, more vulnerable to predators, feed less, and have a higher mortality rate. In our study, we found the presence of a new male-specific ganglion in Oithona nana probably involved in female cues sensing. We also demonstrate the potential role of new Lin-12 Notch Repeat proteins in the development of this ganglion by interacting with proteins involved in the development of the nervous system. Thanks to our findings, we propose that the “live fast, die young” strategy of the O. nana males is optimized by the explosion of these Lin-12 Notch Repeat proteins in the male proteome involved in the development of the male-specific olfactory ganglion to increase female cue sensing and mating. Abstract Copepods are among the most numerous animals, and they play an essential role in the marine trophic web and biogeochemical cycles. The genus Oithona is described as having the highest density of copepods. The Oithona male paradox describes the activity states of males, which are obliged to alternate between immobile and mobile phases for ambush feeding and mate searching, respectively, while the female is less mobile and feeds less. To characterize the molecular basis of this sexual dimorphism, we combined immunofluorescence, genomics, transcriptomics, and protein–protein interaction approaches and revealed the presence of a male-specific nervous ganglion. Transcriptomic analysis showed male-specific enrichment for nervous system development-related transcripts. Twenty-seven Lin12-Notch Repeat domain-containing protein coding genes (LDPGs) of the 75 LDPGs identified in the genome were specifically expressed in males. Furthermore, some LDPGs coded for proteins with predicted proteolytic activity, and proteases-associated transcripts showed a male-specific enrichment. Using yeast double–hybrid assays, we constructed a protein–protein interaction network involving two LDPs with proteases, extracellular matrix proteins, and neurogenesis-related proteins. We also hypothesized possible roles of the LDPGs in the development of the lateral ganglia through helping in extracellular matrix lysis, neurites growth guidance, and synapses genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sugier
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (K.S.); (R.L.-J.); (L.B.); (N.M.); (C.O.); (P.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Romuald Laso-Jadart
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (K.S.); (R.L.-J.); (L.B.); (N.M.); (C.O.); (P.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Benoît Vacherie
- Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (B.V.); (K.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Jos Käfer
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Laurie Bertrand
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (K.S.); (R.L.-J.); (L.B.); (N.M.); (C.O.); (P.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Karine Labadie
- Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (B.V.); (K.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Nathalie Martins
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (K.S.); (R.L.-J.); (L.B.); (N.M.); (C.O.); (P.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Céline Orvain
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (K.S.); (R.L.-J.); (L.B.); (N.M.); (C.O.); (P.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Emmanuelle Petit
- Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (B.V.); (K.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (K.S.); (R.L.-J.); (L.B.); (N.M.); (C.O.); (P.W.); (A.A.)
- Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (B.V.); (K.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Jean-Louis Jamet
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Université de Toulon, Aix-Marseille Université, CEDEX 9, 83041 Toulon, France;
| | - Adriana Alberti
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (K.S.); (R.L.-J.); (L.B.); (N.M.); (C.O.); (P.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohammed-Amin Madoui
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91000 Evry, France; (K.S.); (R.L.-J.); (L.B.); (N.M.); (C.O.); (P.W.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Strausfeld NJ, Olea-Rowe B. Convergent evolution of optic lobe neuropil in Pancrustacea. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 61:101040. [PMID: 33706077 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A prevailing opinion since 1926 has been that optic lobe organization in malacostracan crustaceans and insects reflects a corresponding organization in their common ancestor. Support for this refers to malacostracans and insects both possessing three, in some instances four, nested retinotopic neuropils beneath their compound eyes. Historically, the rationale for claiming homology of malacostracan and insect optic lobes referred to those commonalities, and to comparable arrangements of neurons. However, recent molecular phylogenetics has firmly established that Malacostraca belong to Multicrustacea, whereas Hexapoda and its related taxa Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda, and Remipedia belong to the phyletically distinct clade Allotriocarida. Insects are more closely related to remipedes than are either to malacostracans. Reconciling neuroanatomy with molecular phylogenies has been complicated by studies showing that the midbrains of remipedes share many attributes with the midbrains of malacostracans. Here we review the organization of the optic lobes in Malacostraca and Insecta to inquire which of their characters correspond genealogically across Pancrustacea and which characters do not. We demonstrate that neuroanatomical characters pertaining to the third optic lobe neuropil, called the lobula complex, may indicate convergent evolution. Distinctions of the malacostracan and insect lobula complexes are sufficient to align neuroanatomical descriptions of the pancrustacean optic lobes within the constraints of molecular-based phylogenies.
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5
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Strausfeld N, Sayre ME. Shore crabs reveal novel evolutionary attributes of the mushroom body. eLife 2021; 10:65167. [PMID: 33559601 PMCID: PMC7872517 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural organization of mushroom bodies is largely consistent across insects, whereas the ancestral ground pattern diverges broadly across crustacean lineages resulting in successive loss of columns and the acquisition of domed centers retaining ancestral Hebbian-like networks and aminergic connections. We demonstrate here a major departure from this evolutionary trend in Brachyura, the most recent malacostracan lineage. In the shore crab Hemigrapsus nudus, instead of occupying the rostral surface of the lateral protocerebrum, mushroom body calyces are buried deep within it with their columns extending outwards to an expansive system of gyri on the brain’s surface. The organization amongst mushroom body neurons reaches extreme elaboration throughout its constituent neuropils. The calyces, columns, and especially the gyri show DC0 immunoreactivity, an indicator of extensive circuits involved in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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6
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Yu J, Tian JY, Xu R, Zhang ZY, Yang GP, Wang XD, Lai JG, Chen R. Effects of microplastics exposure on ingestion, fecundity, development, and dimethylsulfide production in Tigriopus japonicus (Harpacticoida, copepod). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115429. [PMID: 32866870 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of microplastics pollution on the marine ecosystem have aroused attention. Copepod grazing stimulates dimethylsulfide (DMS) release from dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in phytoplankton, but the effect of microplastics exposure on DMS and DMSP production during copepod feeding has not yet been revealed. Here, we investigated the effects of polyethylene (PE) and polyamide-nylon 6 (PA 6) microplastics on ecotoxicity and DMS/DMSP production in the copepod Tigriopus japonicus. The microplastics had detrimental effects on feeding, egestion, reproduction, survival, and DMS and DMSP production in T. japonicus and presented significant dose-response relationships. The 24 h-EC50 for ingestion rates (IRs) of female T. japonicus exposed to PE and PA 6 were 57.6 and 58.9 mg L-1, respectively. In comparison, the body size of the copepods was not significantly affected by the microplastics during one generation of culture. Ingesting fluorescently labeled microplastics confirmed that microplastics were ingested by T. japonicus and adhered to the organs of the body surface. T. japonicus grazing promoted DMS release originating from degradation of DMSP in algal cells. Grazing-activated DMS production decreased because of reduced IR in the presence of microplastics. These results provide new insight into the biogeochemical cycle of sulfur during feeding in copepods exposed to microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xue-Dan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jing-Guang Lai
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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7
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Strausfeld NJ, Wolff GH, Sayre ME. Mushroom body evolution demonstrates homology and divergence across Pancrustacea. eLife 2020; 9:e52411. [PMID: 32124731 PMCID: PMC7054004 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Descriptions of crustacean brains have focused mainly on three highly derived lineages of malacostracans: the reptantian infraorders represented by spiny lobsters, lobsters, and crayfish. Those descriptions advocate the view that dome- or cap-like neuropils, referred to as 'hemiellipsoid bodies,' are the ground pattern organization of centers that are comparable to insect mushroom bodies in processing olfactory information. Here we challenge the doctrine that hemiellipsoid bodies are a derived trait of crustaceans, whereas mushroom bodies are a derived trait of hexapods. We demonstrate that mushroom bodies typify lineages that arose before Reptantia and exist in Reptantia thereby indicating that the mushroom body, not the hemiellipsoid body, provides the ground pattern for both crustaceans and hexapods. We show that evolved variations of the mushroom body ground pattern are, in some lineages, defined by extreme diminution or loss and, in others, by the incorporation of mushroom body circuits into lobeless centers. Such transformations are ascribed to modifications of the columnar organization of mushroom body lobes that, as shown in Drosophila and other hexapods, contain networks essential for learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas James Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and BehaviorUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
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8
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Frase T, Richter S. The brain and the corresponding sense organs in calanoid copepods - Evidence of vestiges of compound eyes. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2020; 54:100902. [PMID: 31991325 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2019.100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Copepoda is one of the crustacean taxa with still unresolved phylogenetic relationships within Tetraconata. Recent phylogenomic studies place them close to Malacostraca and Cirripedia. Little is known about the morphological details of the copepod nervous system, and the available data are sometimes contradictory. We investigated several representatives of the subgroup Calanoida using immunohistochemical labeling against alpha-tubulin and various neuroactive substances, combining this with confocal laser scanning analysis and 3D reconstruction. Our results show that the studied copepods exhibit only a single anterior protocerebral neuropil which is connected to the nerves of two protocerebral sense organs: the frontal filament organ and a photoreceptor known as the Gicklhorn's organ. We suggest, on the basis of its position and the innervation it provides, that Gicklhorn's organ is homologous to the compound eye in arthropods. With regard to the frontal filament organ, we reveal detailed innervation to the lateral protocerebrum and the appearance of spherical bodies that stain intensely against alpha tubulin. A potential homology of these bodies to the onion bodies in malacostacan crustaceans and in Mystacocarida is suggested. The nauplius eye in all the examined calanoids shows the same basic pattern of innervation with the middle cup sending its neurites into the median nerve, while the axons of the lateral cups proceed into both the median and the lateral nerves. The early development of the axonal scaffold of the nauplius eye neuropil from the proximal parts of the nauplius eye nerves follows the same pattern as in other crustaceans. In our view, this specific innervation pattern is a further feature supporting the homology of the nauplius eye in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Frase
- Allgemeine & Spezielle Zoologie, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, 18055, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Stefan Richter
- Allgemeine & Spezielle Zoologie, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, 18055, Rostock, Germany
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9
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Thoen HH, Wolff GH, Marshall J, Sayre ME, Strausfeld NJ. The reniform body: An integrative lateral protocerebral neuropil complex of Eumalacostraca identified in Stomatopoda and Brachyura. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:1079-1094. [PMID: 31621907 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mantis shrimps (Stomatopoda) possess in common with other crustaceans, and with Hexapoda, specific neuroanatomical attributes of the protocerebrum, the most anterior part of the arthropod brain. These attributes include assemblages of interconnected centers called the central body complex and in the lateral protocerebra, situated in the eyestalks, paired mushroom bodies. The phenotypic homologues of these centers across Panarthropoda support the view that ancestral integrative circuits crucial to action selection and memory have persisted since the early Cambrian or late Ediacaran. However, the discovery of another prominent integrative neuropil in the stomatopod lateral protocerebrum raises the question whether it is unique to Stomatopoda or at least most developed in this lineage, which may have originated in the upper Ordovician or early Devonian. Here, we describe the neuroanatomical structure of this center, called the reniform body. Using confocal microscopy and classical silver staining, we demonstrate that the reniform body receives inputs from multiple sources, including the optic lobe's lobula. Although the mushroom body also receives projections from the lobula, it is entirely distinct from the reniform body, albeit connected to it by discrete tracts. We discuss the implications of their coexistence in Stomatopoda, the occurrence of the reniform body in another eumalacostracan lineage and what this may mean for our understanding of brain functionality in Pancrustacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Halkinrud Thoen
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas James Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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10
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Strausfeld NJ, Sayre ME. Mushroom bodies in Reptantia reflect a major transition in crustacean brain evolution. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:261-282. [PMID: 31376285 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain centers possessing a suite of neuroanatomical characters that define mushroom bodies of dicondylic insects have been identified in mantis shrimps, which are basal malacostracan crustaceans. Recent studies of the caridean shrimp Lebbeus groenlandicus further demonstrate the existence of mushroom bodies in Malacostraca. Nevertheless, received opinion promulgates the hypothesis that domed centers called hemiellipsoid bodies typifying reptantian crustaceans, such as lobsters and crayfish, represent the malacostracan cerebral ground pattern. Here, we provide evidence from the marine hermit crab Pagurus hirsutiusculus that refutes this view. P. hirsutiusculus, which is a member of the infraorder Anomura, reveals a chimeric morphology that incorporates features of a domed hemiellipsoid body and a columnar mushroom body. These attributes indicate that a mushroom body morphology is the ancestral ground pattern, from which the domed hemiellipsoid body derives and that the "standard" reptantian hemiellipsoid bodies that typify Astacidea and Achelata are extreme examples of divergence from this ground pattern. This interpretation is underpinned by comparing the lateral protocerebrum of Pagurus with that of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes immunis, members of the reptantian infraorder Astacidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Sayre ME, Strausfeld NJ. Mushroom bodies in crustaceans: Insect-like organization in the caridid shrimp Lebbeus groenlandicus. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2371-2387. [PMID: 30861118 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Paired centers in the forebrain of insects, called the mushroom bodies, have become the most investigated brain region of any invertebrate due to novel genetic strategies that relate unique morphological attributes of these centers to their functional roles in learning and memory. Mushroom bodies possessing all the morphological attributes of those in dicondylic insects have been identified in mantis shrimps, basal hoplocarid crustaceans that are sister to Eumalacostraca, the most species-rich group of Crustacea. However, unless other examples of mushroom bodies can be identified in Eumalacostraca, the possibility is that mushroom body-like centers may have undergone convergent evolution in Hoplocarida and are unique to this crustacean lineage. Here, we provide evidence that speaks against convergent evolution, describing in detail the paired mushroom bodies in the lateral protocerebrum of a decapod crustacean, Lebbeus groenlandicus, a species belonging to the infraorder Caridea, an ancient lineage of Eumalacostraca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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12
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Hein H, Scholtz G. Larval neurogenesis in the copepod Tigriopus californicus (Tetraconata, Multicrustacea). Dev Genes Evol 2018; 228:119-129. [DOI: 10.1007/s00427-018-0610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Crustacean olfactory systems: A comparative review and a crustacean perspective on olfaction in insects. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 161:23-60. [PMID: 29197652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malacostracan crustaceans display a large diversity of sizes, morphs and life styles. However, only a few representatives of decapod taxa have served as models for analyzing crustacean olfaction, such as crayfish and spiny lobsters. Crustaceans bear multiple parallel chemosensory pathways represented by different populations of unimodal chemosensory and bimodal chemo- and mechanosensory sensilla on the mouthparts, the walking limbs and primarily on their two pairs of antennae. Here, we focus on the olfactory pathway associated with the unimodal chemosensory sensilla on the first antennal pair, the aesthetascs. We explore the diverse arrangement of these sensilla across malacostracan taxa and point out evolutionary transformations which occurred in the central olfactory pathway. We discuss the evolution of chemoreceptor proteins, comparative aspects of active chemoreception and the temporal resolution of crustacean olfactory system. Viewing the evolution of crustacean brains in light of energetic constraints can help us understand their functional morphology and suggests that in various crustacean lineages, the brains were simplified convergently because of metabolic limitations. Comparing the wiring of afferents, interneurons and output neurons within the olfactory glomeruli suggests a deep homology of insect and crustacean olfactory systems. However, both taxa followed distinct lineages during the evolutionary elaboration of their olfactory systems. A comparison with insects suggests their olfactory systems ö especially that of the vinegar fly ö to be superb examples for "economy of design". Such a comparison also inspires new thoughts about olfactory coding and the functioning of malacostracan olfactory systems in general.
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Tsuboko-Ishii S, Burton RS. Sex-specific rejection in mate-guarding pair formation in the intertidal copepod, Tigriopus californicus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183758. [PMID: 28832683 PMCID: PMC5568411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Securing a potential mate is one of the most important processes in sexual reproduction of animals. Intertidal copepods of the genus Tigriopus show mate-guarding behavior where a male captures a female and continues to clasp her for up to two weeks prior to copulation. Although these copepods form a mate-guarding pair between a male and a female with high accuracy, interactions between the sexes in pair formation have not been well described and the mechanism allowing successful male-female pair formation is not yet understood. In this study, we performed experiments with Tigriopus californicus to analyze the behavior of both a capturer (male) and a captured individual (female or male) in formation of a guarding pair. While capturer males were attracted by both females and males, capture of virgin males was terminated in a significantly shorter time than that of virgin females. However, when presented freshly killed females or males, regardless of the sex of the body, capturer males continued to clasp the body for a comparable time as in an attempt on a living female. Our results suggest that a sex-specific rejection signal actively sent by captured males prevents male-male pair formation. Experiments also suggest that mated females reject an attempt of pair formation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to suggest involvement of active rejection by a captured individual in facilitation of reproductively successful male-female guarding pair formation in the genus Tigriopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Tsuboko-Ishii
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ronald S. Burton
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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15
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Hinow P, Strickler JR, Yen J. Olfaction in a viscous environment: the “color” of sexual smells in Temora longicornis. Naturwissenschaften 2017; 104:46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Ortega-Hernández J, Janssen R, Budd GE. Origin and evolution of the panarthropod head - A palaeobiological and developmental perspective. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:354-379. [PMID: 27989966 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The panarthropod head represents a complex body region that has evolved through the integration and functional specialization of the anterior appendage-bearing segments. Advances in the developmental biology of diverse extant organisms have led to a substantial clarity regarding the relationships of segmental homology between Onychophora (velvet worms), Tardigrada (water bears), and Euarthropoda (e.g. arachnids, myriapods, crustaceans, hexapods). The improved understanding of the segmental organization in panarthropods offers a novel perspective for interpreting the ubiquitous Cambrian fossil record of these successful animals. A combined palaeobiological and developmental approach to the study of the panarthropod head through deep time leads us to propose a consensus hypothesis for the intricate evolutionary history of this important tagma. The contribution of exceptionally preserved brains in Cambrian fossils - together with the recognition of segmentally informative morphological characters - illuminate the polarity for major anatomical features. The euarthropod stem-lineage provides a detailed view of the step-wise acquisition of critical characters, including the origin of a multiappendicular head formed by the fusion of several segments, and the transformation of the ancestral protocerebral limb pair into the labrum, following the postero-ventral migration of the mouth opening. Stem-group onychophorans demonstrate an independent ventral migration of the mouth and development of a multisegmented head, as well as the differentiation of the deutocerebral limbs as expressed in extant representatives. The anterior organization of crown-group Tardigrada retains several ancestral features, such as an anterior-facing mouth and one-segmented head. The proposed model aims to clarify contentious issues on the evolution of the panarthropod head, and lays the foundation from which to further address this complex subject in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden
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Thoen HH, Marshall J, Wolff GH, Strausfeld NJ. Insect-Like Organization of the Stomatopod Central Complex: Functional and Phylogenetic Implications. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:12. [PMID: 28223924 PMCID: PMC5294995 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to investigating functional attributes of the central complex is to relate its various elaborations to pancrustacean phylogeny, to taxon-specific behavioral repertoires and ecological settings. Here we review morphological similarities between the central complex of stomatopod crustaceans and the central complex of dicondylic insects. We discuss whether their central complexes possess comparable functional properties, despite the phyletic distance separating these taxa, with mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda) belonging to the basal branch of Eumalacostraca. Stomatopods possess the most elaborate visual receptor system in nature and display a fascinating behavioral repertoire, including refined appendicular dexterity such as independently moving eyestalks. They are also unparalleled in their ability to maneuver during both swimming and substrate locomotion. Like other pancrustaceans, stomatopods possess a set of midline neuropils, called the central complex, which in dicondylic insects have been shown to mediate the selection of motor actions for a range of behaviors. As in dicondylic insects, the stomatopod central complex comprises a modular protocerebral bridge (PB) supplying decussating axons to a scalloped fan-shaped body (FB) and its accompanying ellipsoid body (EB), which is linked to a set of paired noduli and other recognized satellite regions. We consider the functional implications of these attributes in the context of stomatopod behaviors, particularly of their eyestalks that can move independently or conjointly depending on the visual scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne H Thoen
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin Marshall
- Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, USA
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Eyun SI. Phylogenomic analysis of Copepoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea) reveals unexpected similarities with earlier proposed morphological phylogenies. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:23. [PMID: 28103796 PMCID: PMC5244711 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copepods play a critical role in marine ecosystems but have been poorly investigated in phylogenetic studies. Morphological evidence supports the monophyly of copepods, whereas interordinal relationships continue to be debated. In particular, the phylogenetic position of the order Harpacticoida is still ambiguous and inconsistent among studies. Until now, a small number of molecular studies have been done using only a limited number or even partial genes and thus there is so far no consensus at the order-level. RESULTS This study attempted to resolve phylogenetic relationships among and within four major copepod orders including Harpacticoida and the phylogenetic position of Copepoda among five other crustacean groups (Anostraca, Cladocera, Sessilia, Amphipoda, and Decapoda) using 24 nuclear protein-coding genes. Phylogenomics has confirmed the monophyly of Copepoda and Podoplea. However, this study reveals surprising differences with the majority of the copepod phylogenies and unexpected similarities with postembryonic characters and earlier proposed morphological phylogenies; More precisely, Cyclopoida is more closely related to Siphonostomatoida than to Harpacticoida which is likely the most basally-branching group of Podoplea. Divergence time estimation suggests that the origin of Harpacticoida can be traced back to the Devonian, corresponding well with recently discovered fossil evidence. Copepoda has a close affinity to the clade of Malacostraca and Thecostraca but not to Branchiopoda. This result supports the hypothesis of the newly proposed clades, Communostraca, Multicrustacea, and Allotriocarida but further challenges the validity of Hexanauplia and Vericrustacea. CONCLUSIONS The first phylogenomic study of Copepoda provides new insights into taxonomic relationships and represents a valuable resource that improves our understanding of copepod evolution and their wide range of ecological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Il Eyun
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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Frase T, Richter S. Nervous system development in the fairy shrimpBranchinellasp. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca): Insights into the development and evolution of the branchiopod brain and its sensory organs. J Morphol 2016; 277:1423-1446. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Frase
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissensschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2; D-18055 Rostock Germany
| | - Stefan Richter
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissensschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2; D-18055 Rostock Germany
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Derby CD, Kozma MT, Senatore A, Schmidt M. Molecular Mechanisms of Reception and Perireception in Crustacean Chemoreception: A Comparative Review. Chem Senses 2016; 41:381-98. [PMID: 27107425 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes our present knowledge of chemoreceptor proteins in crustaceans, using a comparative perspective to review these molecules in crustaceans relative to other metazoan models of chemoreception including mammals, insects, nematodes, and molluscs. Evolution has resulted in unique expansions of specific gene families and repurposing of them for chemosensation in various clades, including crustaceans. A major class of chemoreceptor proteins across crustaceans is the Ionotropic Receptors, which diversified from ionotropic glutamate receptors in ancient protostomes but which are not present in deuterostomes. Representatives of another major class of chemoreceptor proteins-the Grl/GR/OR family of ionotropic 7-transmembrane receptors-are diversified in insects but to date have been reported in only one crustacean species, Daphnia pulex So far, canonic 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors, the principal chemoreceptors in vertebrates and reported in a few protostome clades, have not been identified in crustaceans. More types of chemoreceptors are known throughout the metazoans and might well be expected to be discovered in crustaceans. Our review also provides a comparative coverage of perireceptor events in crustacean chemoreception, including molecules involved in stimulus acquisition, stimulus delivery, and stimulus removal, though much less is known about these events in crustaceans, particularly at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriano Senatore
- Present address: Biology Department, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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21
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Strausfeld NJ, Ma X, Edgecombe GD, Fortey RA, Land MF, Liu Y, Cong P, Hou X. Arthropod eyes: The early Cambrian fossil record and divergent evolution of visual systems. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:152-172. [PMID: 26276096 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Four types of eyes serve the visual neuropils of extant arthropods: compound retinas composed of adjacent facets; a visual surface populated by spaced eyelets; a smooth transparent cuticle providing inwardly directed lens cylinders; and single-lens eyes. The first type is a characteristic of pancrustaceans, the eyes of which comprise lenses arranged as hexagonal or rectilinear arrays, each lens crowning 8-9 photoreceptor neurons. Except for Scutigeromorpha, the second type typifies Myriapoda whose relatively large eyelets surmount numerous photoreceptive rhabdoms stacked together as tiers. Scutigeromorph eyes are facetted, each lens crowning some dozen photoreceptor neurons of a modified apposition-type eye. Extant chelicerate eyes are single-lensed except in xiphosurans, whose lateral eyes comprise a cuticle with a smooth outer surface and an inner one providing regular arrays of lens cylinders. This account discusses whether these disparate eye types speak for or against divergence from one ancestral eye type. Previous considerations of eye evolution, focusing on the eyes of trilobites and on facet proliferation in xiphosurans and myriapods, have proposed that the mode of development of eyes in those taxa is distinct from that of pancrustaceans and is the plesiomorphic condition from which facetted eyes have evolved. But the recent discovery of enormous regularly facetted compound eyes belonging to early Cambrian radiodontans suggests that high-resolution facetted eyes with superior optics may be the ground pattern organization for arthropods, predating the evolution of arthrodization and jointed post-protocerebral appendages. Here we provide evidence that compound eye organization in stem-group euarthropods of the Cambrian can be understood in terms of eye morphologies diverging from this ancestral radiodontan-type ground pattern. We show that in certain Cambrian groups apposition eyes relate to fixed or mobile eyestalks, whereas other groups reveal concomitant evolution of sessile eyes equipped with optics typical of extant xiphosurans. Observations of fossil material, including that of trilobites and eurypterids, support the proposition that the ancestral compound eye was the apposition type. Cambrian arthropods include possible precursors of mandibulate eyes. The latter are the modified compound eyes, now sessile, and their underlying optic lobes exemplified by scutigeromorph chilopods, and the mobile stalked compound eyes and more elaborate optic lobes typifying Pancrustacea. Radical divergence from an ancestral apposition type is demonstrated by the evolution of chelicerate eyes, from doublet sessile-eyed stem-group taxa to special apposition eyes of xiphosurans, the compound eyes of eurypterids, and single-lens eyes of arachnids. Different eye types are discussed with respect to possible modes of life of the extinct species that possessed them, comparing these to extant counterparts and the types of visual centers the eyes might have served.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Department of Neuroscience and Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Gregory D Edgecombe
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Richard A Fortey
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Michael F Land
- School of Life Science, University of Sussex, John Maynard Smith Building, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Yu Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Developmental Neurobiology, Biozentrum der LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Peiyun Cong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xianguang Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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22
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Neuroanatomy of the optic ganglia and central brain of the water flea Daphnia magna (Crustacea, Cladocera). Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:649-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Olfactory pathway in Xibalbanus tulumensis: remipedian hemiellipsoid body as homologue of hexapod mushroom body. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:635-48. [PMID: 26358175 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Remipedia have been proposed to be the crustacean sister group of the Hexapoda. These blind cave animals heavily rely on their chemical sense and are thus rewarding subjects for the analysis of olfactory pathways. The evolution of these pathways as a character for arthropod phylogeny has recently received increasing attention. Here, we investigate the situation in Xibalbanus tulumensis by focal dye injections and immunolabelling of the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (DC0), an enzyme particularly enriched in insect mushroom bodies. DC0 labelling of the hemiellipsoid body suggests its subdivision into a cap-like and a core neuropil. Immunofluorescence of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which synthesizes γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has revealed a cluster of GABAergic interneurons in the hemiellipsoid body, reminiscent of the characteristic feedback neurons of the mushroom body. Thus, the hemiellipsoid body of Xibalbanus shares many of the characteristics of insect mushroom bodies. Nevertheless, the general neuroanatomy of the olfactory pathway in the Remipedia strongly corresponds to the malacostracan ground pattern. Given that the Remipedia are probably the sister group of the Hexapoda, the phylogenetic appearance of the typical neuropilar compartments in the insect mushroom body has to be assigned to the origins of the Hexapoda.
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Lee JW, Kim BM, Jeong CB, Won EJ, Rhee JS, Lee JS. Inhibitory effects of biocides on transcription and protein activity of acetylcholinesterase in the intertidal copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 167:147-56. [PMID: 25468639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acetlycholinesterase (AChE) is a serine esterase that plays an important role in the hydrolytic degradation of acetylcholine. We investigated the modulatory potential of T. japonicus-AChE (TJ-AChE) for biocide response by cloning, sequencing, and characterizing the full-length genomic DNA of the TJ-AChE1 and TJ-AChE2 genes. The deduced TJ-AChE proteins were highly conserved across species and were distinctively separated into two subtypes, AChE1 and AChE2. Each TJ-AChE protein was closely phylogenetically clustered with invertebrate AChE1 and AChE2 proteins. Transcriptional level of TJ-AChE1 was higher than TJ-AChE2 in all developmental stages. TJ-AChE1 mRNA decreased in response to five biocides (alachlor, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, endosulfan, lindane,) but not in the molinate-exposed group. TJ-AChE2 decreased significantly only in response to chlorpyrifos and lindane. TJ-AChE enzymatic activity was significantly inhibited when exposed to alachlor, chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, or lindane for 24 h. This study elucidates potential endogenous mechanisms of biocide-induced neurotoxicity in T. japonicas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wuk Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
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25
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Barreto FS, Schoville SD, Burton RS. Reverse genetics in the tide pool: knock-down of target gene expression via RNA interference in the copepodTigriopus californicus. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 15:868-79. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S. Barreto
- Marine Biology Research Division; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Sean D. Schoville
- Department of Entomology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ronald S. Burton
- Marine Biology Research Division; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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26
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Wallace GT, Kim TL, Neufeld CJ. Interpopulational variation in the cold tolerance of a broadly distributed marine copepod. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 2:cou041. [PMID: 27293662 PMCID: PMC4732475 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cou041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Latitudinal trends in cold tolerance have been observed in many terrestrial ectotherms, but few studies have investigated interpopulational variation in the cold physiology of marine invertebrates. Here, the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus was used as a model system to study how local adaptation influences the cold tolerance of a broadly distributed marine crustacean. Among five populations spanning 18° in latitude, the following three metrics were used to compare cold tolerance: the temperature of chill-coma onset, the chill-coma recovery time and post-freezing recovery. In comparison to copepods from warmer southern latitudes, animals from northern populations exhibited lower chill-coma onset temperatures, shorter chill-coma recovery times and faster post-freezing recovery rates. Importantly, all three metrics showed a consistent latitudinal trend, suggesting that any single metric could be used equivalently in future studies investigating latitudinal variation in cold tolerance. Our results agree with previous studies showing that populations within a single species can display strong local adaptation to spatially varying climatic conditions. Thus, accounting for local adaptation in bioclimate models will be useful for understanding how broadly distributed species like T. californicus will respond to anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma T. Wallace
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
- Biology Department, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA 99362, USA
| | - Tiffany L. Kim
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Christopher J. Neufeld
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA
- Quest University Canada, Squamish, BC, Canada VB8 0N8
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27
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Stemme T, Eickhoff R, Bicker G. Olfactory projection neuron pathways in two species of marine Isopoda (Peracarida, Malacostraca, Crustacea). Tissue Cell 2014; 46:260-3. [PMID: 24981719 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neuroanatomy of the olfactory pathway has been intensely studied in many representatives of Malacostraca. Nevertheless, the knowledge about bilateral olfactory integration pathways is mainly based on Decapoda. Here, we investigated the olfactory projection neuron pathway of two marine isopod species, Saduria entomon and Idotea emarginata, by lipophilic dye injections into the olfactory neuropil. We show that both arms of the olfactory globular tract form a chiasm in the center of the brain, as known from several other crustaceans. Furthermore, the olfactory projection neurons innervate both the medulla terminalis and the hemiellipsoid body of the ipsi- and the contralateral hemisphere. Both protocerebral neuropils are innervated to a comparable extent. This is reminiscent of the situation in the basal decapod taxon Dendrobranchiata. Thus, we propose that an innervation by the olfactory globular tract of both the medulla terminalis and the hemiellipsoid body is characteristic of the decapod ground pattern, but also of the ground pattern of Caridoida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Stemme
- Division of Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - René Eickhoff
- Division of Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerd Bicker
- Division of Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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28
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Christie AE, Fontanilla TM, Roncalli V, Cieslak MC, Lenz PH. Identification and developmental expression of the enzymes responsible for dopamine, histamine, octopamine and serotonin biosynthesis in the copepod crustacean Calanus finmarchicus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 195:28-39. [PMID: 24148657 PMCID: PMC3872210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurochemicals are likely to play key roles in physiological/behavioral control in the copepod crustacean Calanus finmarchicus, the biomass dominant zooplankton for much of the North Atlantic Ocean. Previously, a de novo assembled transcriptome consisting of 206,041 unique sequences was used to characterize the peptidergic signaling systems of Calanus. Here, this assembly was mined for transcripts encoding enzymes involved in amine biosynthesis. Using known Drosophila melanogaster proteins as templates, transcripts encoding putative Calanus homologs of tryptophan-phenylalanine hydroxylase (dopamine, octopamine and serotonin biosynthesis), tyrosine hydroxylase (dopamine biosynthesis), DOPA decarboxylase (dopamine and serotonin biosynthesis), histidine decarboxylase (histamine biosynthesis), tyrosine decarboxylase (octopamine biosynthesis), tyramine β-hydroxylase (octopamine biosynthesis) and tryptophan hydroxylase (serotonin biosynthesis) were identified. Reverse BLAST and domain analyses show that the proteins deduced from these transcripts possess sequence homology to and the structural hallmarks of their respective enzyme families. Developmental profiling revealed a remarkably consistent pattern of expression for all transcripts, with the highest levels of expression typically seen in the early nauplius and early copepodite. These expression patterns suggest roles for amines during development, particularly in the metamorphic transitions from embryo to nauplius and from nauplius to copepodite. Taken collectively, the data presented here lay a strong foundation for future gene-based studies of aminergic signaling in this and other copepod species, in particular assessment of the roles they may play in developmental control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Christie
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Tiana M Fontanilla
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Vittoria Roncalli
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Matthew C Cieslak
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Petra H Lenz
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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29
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Strausfeld NJ, Hirth F. Homology versus convergence in resolving transphyletic correspondences of brain organization. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2013; 82:215-9. [PMID: 24296550 DOI: 10.1159/000356102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the largely absent fossil record, phylogenetic comparisons of brain structures rely on the analysis of nervous systems in extant taxa, many of which appear to have distinctive and dissimilar neural arrangements. The use of a multitude of comparative criteria, including developmental genetics, phylogenomics and neural circuit architecture, has recently resolved a highly conserved structural and functional ground pattern organization in the arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia. The minuteness of resemblance is exemplified by orthologous action selection circuits that are formed by homologous gene networks and which can lead to similar pathologies and behavioral disorders. It has been argued, however, that these similarities of brain centers can only be due to convergent evolution. What is still missing is a plausible scenario to explain how convergence could result in such a multitude of similarities and minuteness of resemblances, including gene expression, functional attributes and pathologies. In contrast, homology by common descent is the more parsimonious explanation. Moreover, the divergent elaboration of arthropod central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia does not obscure their shared ground pattern organization and thus genealogical correspondence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience and Centre for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz., USA
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30
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Stegner ME, Brenneis G, Richter S. The ventral nerve cord in Cephalocarida (Crustacea): New insights into the ground pattern of Tetraconata. J Morphol 2013; 275:269-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin E.J. Stegner
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2; 18055 Rostock Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Germany
| | - Georg Brenneis
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2; 18055 Rostock Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Germany
| | - Stefan Richter
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften, Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2; 18055 Rostock Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Germany
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31
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Leininger EC, Kelley DB. Distinct neural and neuromuscular strategies underlie independent evolution of simplified advertisement calls. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122639. [PMID: 23407829 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Independent or convergent evolution can underlie phenotypic similarity of derived behavioural characters. Determining the underlying neural and neuromuscular mechanisms sheds light on how these characters arose. One example of evolutionarily derived characters is a temporally simple advertisement call of male African clawed frogs (Xenopus) that arose at least twice independently from a more complex ancestral pattern. How did simplification occur in the vocal circuit? To distinguish shared from divergent mechanisms, we examined activity from the calling brain and vocal organ (larynx) in two species that independently evolved simplified calls. We find that each species uses distinct neural and neuromuscular strategies to produce the simplified calls. Isolated Xenopus borealis brains produce fictive vocal patterns that match temporal patterns of actual male calls; the larynx converts nerve activity faithfully into muscle contractions and single clicks. In contrast, fictive patterns from isolated Xenopus boumbaensis brains are short bursts of nerve activity; the isolated larynx requires stimulus bursts to produce a single click of sound. Thus, unlike X. borealis, the output of the X. boumbaensis hindbrain vocal pattern generator is an ancestral burst-type pattern, transformed by the larynx into single clicks. Temporally simple advertisement calls in genetically distant species of Xenopus have thus arisen independently via reconfigurations of central and peripheral vocal neuroeffectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Leininger
- Department of Biological Sciences and Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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32
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Ma X, Hou X, Edgecombe GD, Strausfeld NJ. Complex brain and optic lobes in an early Cambrian arthropod. Nature 2012; 490:258-61. [PMID: 23060195 DOI: 10.1038/nature11495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system provides a fundamental source of data for understanding the evolutionary relationships between major arthropod groups. Fossil arthropods rarely preserve neural tissue. As a result, inferring sensory and motor attributes of Cambrian taxa has been limited to interpreting external features, such as compound eyes or sensilla decorating appendages, and early-diverging arthropods have scarcely been analysed in the context of nervous system evolution. Here we report exceptional preservation of the brain and optic lobes of a stem-group arthropod from 520 million years ago (Myr ago), Fuxianhuia protensa, exhibiting the most compelling neuroanatomy known from the Cambrian. The protocerebrum of Fuxianhuia is supplied by optic lobes evidencing traces of three nested optic centres serving forward-viewing eyes. Nerves from uniramous antennae define the deutocerebrum, and a stout pair of more caudal nerves indicates a contiguous tritocerebral component. Fuxianhuia shares a tripartite pre-stomodeal brain and nested optic neuropils with extant Malacostraca and Insecta, demonstrating that these characters were present in some of the earliest derived arthropods. The brain of Fuxianhuia impacts molecular analyses that advocate either a branchiopod-like ancestor of Hexapoda or remipedes and possibly cephalocarids as sister groups of Hexapoda. Resolving arguments about whether the simple brain of a branchiopod approximates an ancestral insect brain or whether it is the result of secondary simplification has until now been hindered by lack of fossil evidence. The complex brain of Fuxianhuia accords with cladistic analyses on the basis of neural characters, suggesting that Branchiopoda derive from a malacostracan-like ancestor but underwent evolutionary reduction and character reversal of brain centres that are common to hexapods and malacostracans. The early origin of sophisticated brains provides a probable driver for versatile visual behaviours, a view that accords with compound eyes from the early Cambrian that were, in size and resolution, equal to those of modern insects and malacostracans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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