1
|
Vaze KM, Manoli G, Helfrich-Förster C. Drosophila ezoana uses morning and evening oscillators to adjust its rhythmic activity to different daylengths but only the morning oscillator to measure night length for photoperiodic responses. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:535-548. [PMID: 37329349 PMCID: PMC11226516 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Animals living at high latitudes are exposed to prominent seasonal changes to which they need to adapt to survive. By applying Zeitgeber cycles of different periods and photoperiods we show here that high-latitude D. ezoana flies possess evening oscillators and highly damped morning oscillators that help them adapting their activity rhythms to long photoperiods. In addition, the damped morning oscillators are involved in timing diapause. The flies measure night length and use external coincidence for timing diapause. We discuss the clock protein TIMELESS (d-TIM) as the molecular correlate and the small ventrolateral clock neurons (s-LNvs) as the anatomical correlates of the components measuring night length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koustubh M Vaze
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Giulia Manoli
- Neurobiology and Genetics, University of Würzburg, Biocentre, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, University of Würzburg, Biocentre, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vaze KM, Manoli G, Helfrich-Förster C. Characterization of pre-diapause phase in the northern Drosophila species D. ezoana. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00359-024-01707-4. [PMID: 38916659 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Drosophila ezoana is a virilis group Drosophila species inhabiting northern latitudes. The flies enter adult reproductive diapause to survive winter upon exposure to short photoperiod conditions (short-day) over several consecutive days. Insect pre-diapause phase - the duration between the beginning of exposure to short days and expression of diapause is thought to be comprised of two distinct phases - (a) photoperiodic time measurement that detects short-days, followed by (b) physiological events leading to the expression of diapause phenotype. A short-day dependent segment of the pre-diapause phase thus approximates the process of photoperiodic time measurement. Continuous darkness has been found to be a neutral condition with respect to diapause regulation in many insect species. The effect of variable number of short-days followed by continuous darkness on diapause incidence thus allows identification of short-day dependent segment of pre-diapause phase thereby mapping the process of photo-periodic time measurement. Although, few weeks of exposure to short-days in adult stage is known to be sufficient for the expression of diapause in D. ezoana, the number of short days required for the completion of photo-periodic time measurement has never been systematically analysed. Our experiments show that continuous darkness is a neutral condition for diapause regulation also in D. ezoana. We utilized the neutral nature of continuous darkness to map the process of photoperiodic time measurement in the D. ezoana strain 124OJ8 which showed that integration of short-day photic cues over the first 10 days of pre-diapause phase is essential for diapause induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koustubh M Vaze
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Giulia Manoli
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yano J, Nave C, Larratt K, Honey P, Roberts M, Jingco C, Fung ML, Trotter D, He X, Elezi G, Whitelegge JP, Wasserman S, Donlea JM. Elevated sleep quota in a stress-resilient Drosophila species. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2487-2501.e3. [PMID: 38772361 PMCID: PMC11163955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is broadly conserved across the animal kingdom but can vary widely between species. It is currently unclear which selective pressures and regulatory mechanisms influence differences in sleep between species. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a successful model system for examining sleep regulation and function, but little is known about the sleep patterns in many related fly species. Here, we find that fly species with adaptations to extreme desert environments, including D. mojavensis, exhibit strong increases in baseline sleep compared with D. melanogaster. Long-sleeping D. mojavensis show intact homeostasis, indicating that desert flies carry an elevated drive for sleep. In addition, D. mojavensis exhibit altered abundance or distribution of several sleep/wake-related neuromodulators and neuropeptides that are consistent with their reduced locomotor activity and increased sleep. Finally, we find that in a nutrient-deprived environment, the sleep patterns of individual D. mojavensis are strongly correlated with their survival time and that disrupting sleep via constant light stimulation renders D. mojavensis more sensitive to starvation. Our results demonstrate that D. mojavensis is a novel model for studying organisms with high sleep drive and for exploring sleep strategies that provide resilience in extreme environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yano
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ceazar Nave
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katherine Larratt
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Phia Honey
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Makayla Roberts
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cassandra Jingco
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Melanie L Fung
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damion Trotter
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gazmend Elezi
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sara Wasserman
- Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Donlea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yano J, Nave C, Larratt K, Honey P, Jingco C, Roberts M, Trotter D, He X, Elezi G, Whitelegge JP, Wasserman S, Donlea JM. Elevated sleep need in a stress-resilient Drosophila species. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.27.542279. [PMID: 37292829 PMCID: PMC10245952 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.27.542279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is broadly conserved across the animal kingdom, but can vary widely between species. It is currently unclear which types of selective pressures and sleep regulatory mechanisms influence differences in sleep between species. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a successful model system for examining sleep regulation and function, but little is known about the sleep patterns and need for sleep in many related fly species. Here, we find that Drosophila mojavensis, a fly species that has adapted to extreme desert environments, exhibits strong increases in sleep compared to D. melanogaster. Long-sleeping D. mojavensis show intact sleep homeostasis, indicating that these flies carry an elevated need for sleep. In addition, D. mojavensis exhibit altered abundance or distribution of several sleep/wake related neuromodulators and neuropeptides that are consistent with their reduced locomotor activity, and increased sleep. Finally, we find that in a nutrient-deprived environment, the sleep responses of individual D. mojavensis are correlated with their survival time. Our results demonstrate that D. mojavensis is a novel model for studying organisms with high sleep need, and for exploring sleep strategies that provide resilience in extreme environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yano
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ceazar Nave
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katherine Larratt
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Phia Honey
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Cassandra Jingco
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Makayla Roberts
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Damion Trotter
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gazmend Elezi
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sara Wasserman
- Department of Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Donlea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mishra S, Sharma N, Singh SK, Lone SR. Peculiar sleep features in sympatric species may contribute to the temporal segregation. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:57-70. [PMID: 36271924 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is conserved in the animal kingdom and plays a pivotal role in the adaptation of species. Sleep in Drosophila melanogaster is defined as any continuous 5 min of quiescence, shows a prominent siesta, and consolidated nighttime sleep. Here, we analyzed the sleep of two other species D. malerkotliana (DMK) and D. ananassae (DA), and compared it with D. melanogaster (DM). The DMK males and females have siesta like DM. However, unlike DM, flies continue to sleep beyond siesta till the evening. DA has a less prominent siesta compared to DM and DMK. In the morning, DA took a longer time to respond to the lights ON and continued to sleep for at least half an hour. The nighttime sleep of the DA flies is higher than the other two species. Average length of sleep episode is three times more than that of DM and DMK with few wake episodes. Thus, the nighttime sleep of DA males and females is deep and needs exposure to more potent stimuli to wake up relative to the other two species. DA males and females show higher sleep rebound than the other two species, suggesting the robustness of sleep homeostasis. Although total sleep of DMK and DA is similar, DA is a day-active species with highly consolidated night sleep. DMK, like DM, is a crepuscular species with a midday siesta. Thus, our results suggest that temporal partitioning of sleep, in sympatric species may contribute to temporal segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Nisha Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Shahnaz Rahman Lone
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Deppisch P, Prutscher JM, Pegoraro M, Tauber E, Wegener C, Helfrich-Förster C. Adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster to Long Photoperiods of High-Latitude Summers Is Facilitated by the ls-Timeless Allele. J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:185-201. [PMID: 35301885 PMCID: PMC9008550 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221082448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks help animals to be active at the optimal time of the day whereby for most species the daily light-dark cycle is the most important zeitgeber for their circadian clock. In this respect, long arctic summer days are particularly challenging as light is present almost 24 h per day, and continuous light makes the circadian clocks of many animals arrhythmic. This is especially true for the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, which possesses a very light-sensitive clock. The blue-light photoreceptor Cryptochrome (CRY) and the clock protein Timeless (TIM) are the light-sensitive components of the circadian clock and are responsible for constant light-induced arrhythmicity even at very low light intensities. Nevertheless, D. melanogaster was able to spread from its tropical origin and invade northern latitudes. Here, we tested whether a natural polymorphism at the timeless (tim) locus, s-tim and ls-tim, helped adaptation to very long photoperiods. The recently evolved natural allele, ls-tim, encodes a longer, less light sensitive form of TIM (L-TIM) in addition to the shorter (S-TIM) form, the only form encoded by the ancient s-tim allele. ls-tim has evolved in southeastern Italy and slowly spreads to higher latitudes. L-TIM is known to interact less efficiently with CRY as compared with S-TIM. Here, we studied the locomotor activity patterns of ~40 wild s-tim and ls-tim isofemale lines caught at different latitudes under simulated high-latitude summer light conditions (continuous light or long photoperiods with 20-h daily light). We found that the ls-tim lines were significantly more rhythmic under continuous light than the s-tim lines. Importantly, the ls-tim lines can delay their evening activity under long photoperiods, a behavioral adaptation that appears to be optimal under high-latitude conditions. Our observations suggest that the functional gain associated with ls-tim may drive the northern spread of this allele by directional selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Deppisch
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M Prutscher
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Pegoraro
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological and Environmental Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eran Tauber
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaladchibachi S, Negelspach DC, Zeitzer JM, Fernandez FX. Investigation of the aging clock's intermittent-light responses uncovers selective deficits to green millisecond flashes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 228:112389. [PMID: 35086027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The central pacemaker of flies, rodents, and humans generates less robust circadian output signals across normative aging. It is not well understood how changes in light sensitivity might contribute to this phenomenon. In the present study, we summarize results from an extended data series (n = 5681) showing that the locomotor activity rhythm of aged Drosophila can phase-shift normally to intermittently spaced episodes of bright polychromatic light exposure (600 lx) but that deficits emerge in response to 8, 16, and 120-millisecond flashes of narrowband blue (λm, 452 nm) and green (λm, 525 nm) LED light. For blue, phase-resetting of the activity rhythm of older flies is not as energy efficient as it is in younger flies at the fastest flash-exposures tested (8 milliseconds), suggesting there might be different floors of light duration necessary to incur photohabituation in each age group. For green, the responses of older flies are universally crippled relative to those of younger flies across the slate of protocols we tested. The difference in green flash photosensitivity is one of the most salient age-related phenotypes that has been documented in the circadian phase-shifting literature thus far. These data provide further impetus for investigations on pacemaker aging and how it might relate to changes in the circadian system's responses to particular sequences of light exposure tuned for wavelength, intensity, duration, and tempo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamie M Zeitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Fabian-Xosé Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 and McKnight Brain Research Institutes, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hoikkala A, Poikela N. Adaptation and ecological speciation in seasonally varying environments at high latitudes: Drosophila virilis group. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:85-104. [PMID: 35060806 PMCID: PMC8786326 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2021.2016327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Living in high latitudes and altitudes sets specific requirements on species’ ability to forecast seasonal changes and to respond to them in an appropriate way. Adaptation into diverse environmental conditions can also lead to ecological speciation through habitat isolation or by inducing changes in traits that influence assortative mating. In this review, we explain how the unique time-measuring systems of Drosophila virilis group species have enabled the species to occupy high latitudes and how the traits involved in species reproduction and survival exhibit strong linkage with latitudinally varying photoperiodic and climatic conditions. We also describe variation in reproductive barriers between the populations of two species with overlapping distributions and show how local adaptation and the reinforcement of prezygotic barriers have created partial reproductive isolation between conspecific populations. Finally, we consider the role of species-specific chromosomal inversions and the X chromosome in the development of reproductive barriers between diverging lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Noora Poikela
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lankinen P, Kastally C, Hoikkala A. Nanda-Hamner Curves Show Huge Latitudinal Variation but No Circadian Components in Drosophila Montana Photoperiodism. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:226-238. [PMID: 33745359 PMCID: PMC8114436 DOI: 10.1177/0748730421997265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insect species with a wide distribution offer a great opportunity to trace latitudinal variation in the photoperiodic regulation of traits important in reproduction and stress tolerances. We measured this variation in the photoperiodic time-measuring system underlying reproductive diapause in Drosophila montana, using a Nanda-Hamner (NH) protocol. None of the study strains showed diel rhythmicity in female diapause proportions under a constant day length (12 h) and varying night lengths in photoperiods ranging from 16 to 84 h at 16°C. In the northernmost strains (above 55°N), nearly all females entered diapause under all photoperiods and about half of them even in continuous darkness, while the females of the southern strains showed high diapause proportions only in the circadian 24 h photoperiod. Significant correlation between the strains' mean diapause proportions in ≥ 24 h photoperiods and critical day length (CDL; half of the females enter diapause) suggests at least partial causal connection between the traits. Interestingly, females of the northern strains entered diapause even in ≤ 24 h photoperiods, where the night length was shorter than their critical night length (24 h - CDL), but where the females experienced a higher number of Light:Dark cycles than in 24 h photoperiods. NH experiments, performed on the control and selection lines in our previous selection experiment, and completed here, gave similar results and confirmed that selection for shorter, southern-type CDL decreases female diapausing rate in non-circadian photoperiods. Overall, our study shows that D. montana females measure night length quantitatively, that the photoperiodic counter may play a prominent but slightly different role in extra short and extra long photoperiods and that northern strains show high stability against perturbations in the photoperiod length and in the presence of LD cycles. These features are best explained by the quantitative versions of the damped external coincidence model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Lankinen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Chedly Kastally
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anneli Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Beer K, Helfrich-Förster C. Model and Non-model Insects in Chronobiology. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:601676. [PMID: 33328925 PMCID: PMC7732648 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an established model organism in chronobiology, because genetic manipulation and breeding in the laboratory are easy. The circadian clock neuroanatomy in D. melanogaster is one of the best-known clock networks in insects and basic circadian behavior has been characterized in detail in this insect. Another model in chronobiology is the honey bee Apis mellifera, of which diurnal foraging behavior has been described already in the early twentieth century. A. mellifera hallmarks the research on the interplay between the clock and sociality and complex behaviors like sun compass navigation and time-place-learning. Nevertheless, there are aspects of clock structure and function, like for example the role of the clock in photoperiodism and diapause, which can be only insufficiently investigated in these two models. Unlike high-latitude flies such as Chymomyza costata or D. ezoana, cosmopolitan D. melanogaster flies do not display a photoperiodic diapause. Similarly, A. mellifera bees do not go into "real" diapause, but most solitary bee species exhibit an obligatory diapause. Furthermore, sociality evolved in different Hymenoptera independently, wherefore it might be misleading to study the social clock only in one social insect. Consequently, additional research on non-model insects is required to understand the circadian clock in Diptera and Hymenoptera. In this review, we introduce the two chronobiology model insects D. melanogaster and A. mellifera, compare them with other insects and show their advantages and limitations as general models for insect circadian clocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Beer
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocentre, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Falcón J, Torriglia A, Attia D, Viénot F, Gronfier C, Behar-Cohen F, Martinsons C, Hicks D. Exposure to Artificial Light at Night and the Consequences for Flora, Fauna, and Ecosystems. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:602796. [PMID: 33304237 PMCID: PMC7701298 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.602796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review draws together wide-ranging studies performed over the last decades that catalogue the effects of artificial-light-at-night (ALAN) upon living species and their environment. We provide an overview of the tremendous variety of light-detection strategies which have evolved in living organisms - unicellular, plants and animals, covering chloroplasts (plants), and the plethora of ocular and extra-ocular organs (animals). We describe the visual pigments which permit photo-detection, paying attention to their spectral characteristics, which extend from the ultraviolet into infrared. We discuss how organisms use light information in a way crucial for their development, growth and survival: phototropism, phototaxis, photoperiodism, and synchronization of circadian clocks. These aspects are treated in depth, as their perturbation underlies much of the disruptive effects of ALAN. The review goes into detail on circadian networks in living organisms, since these fundamental features are of critical importance in regulating the interface between environment and body. Especially, hormonal synthesis and secretion are often under circadian and circannual control, hence perturbation of the clock will lead to hormonal imbalance. The review addresses how the ubiquitous introduction of light-emitting diode technology may exacerbate, or in some cases reduce, the generalized ever-increasing light pollution. Numerous examples are given of how widespread exposure to ALAN is perturbing many aspects of plant and animal behaviour and survival: foraging, orientation, migration, seasonal reproduction, colonization and more. We examine the potential problems at the level of individual species and populations and extend the debate to the consequences for ecosystems. We stress, through a few examples, the synergistic harmful effects resulting from the impacts of ALAN combined with other anthropogenic pressures, which often impact the neuroendocrine loops in vertebrates. The article concludes by debating how these anthropogenic changes could be mitigated by more reasonable use of available technology - for example by restricting illumination to more essential areas and hours, directing lighting to avoid wasteful radiation and selecting spectral emissions, to reduce impact on circadian clocks. We end by discussing how society should take into account the potentially major consequences that ALAN has on the natural world and the repercussions for ongoing human health and welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Falcón
- Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), MNHN, CNRS FRE 2030, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Torriglia
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Ophtalmopole Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris - SU, Paris, France
| | - Dina Attia
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Claude Gronfier
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Waking Team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U 1138, Ophtalmopole Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris - SU, Paris, France
| | | | - David Hicks
- Inserm, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Helfrich‐Förster C, Bertolini E, Menegazzi P. Flies as models for circadian clock adaptation to environmental challenges. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:166-181. [PMID: 30269385 PMCID: PMC7027873 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Life on earth is assumed to have developed in tropical regions that are characterized by regular 24 hr cycles in irradiance and temperature that remain the same throughout the seasons. All organisms developed circadian clocks that predict these environmental cycles and prepare the organisms in advance for them. A central question in chronobiology is how endogenous clocks changed in order to anticipate very different cyclical environmental conditions such as extremely short and long photoperiods existing close to the poles. Flies of the family Drosophilidae can be found all over the world-from the tropics to subarctic regions-making them unprecedented models for studying the evolutionary processes that underlie the adaptation of circadian clocks to different latitudes. This review summarizes our current understanding of these processes. We discuss evolutionary changes in the clock genes and in the clock network in the brain of different Drosophilids that may have caused behavioural adaptations to high latitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Bertolini
- Neurobiology and GeneticsTheodor‐Boveri InstituteBiocentre, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Pamela Menegazzi
- Neurobiology and GeneticsTheodor‐Boveri InstituteBiocentre, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bertolini E, Schubert FK, Zanini D, Sehadová H, Helfrich-Förster C, Menegazzi P. Life at High Latitudes Does Not Require Circadian Behavioral Rhythmicity under Constant Darkness. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3928-3936.e3. [PMID: 31679928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all organisms evolved endogenous self-sustained timekeeping mechanisms to track and anticipate cyclic changes in the environment. Circadian clocks, with a periodicity of about 24 h, allow animals to adapt to day-night cycles. Biological clocks are highly adaptive, but strong behavioral rhythms might be a disadvantage for adaptation to weakly rhythmic environments such as polar areas [1, 2]. Several high-latitude species, including Drosophila species, were found to be highly arrhythmic under constant conditions [3-6]. Furthermore, Drosophila species from subarctic regions can extend evening activity until dusk under long days. These traits depend on the clock network neurochemistry, and we previously proposed that high-latitude Drosophila species evolved specific clock adaptations to colonize polar regions [5, 7, 8]. We broadened our analysis to 3 species of the Chymomyza genus, which diverged circa 5 million years before the Drosophila radiation [9] and colonized both low and high latitudes [10, 11]. C. costata, pararufithorax, and procnemis, independently of their latitude of origin, possess the clock neuronal network of low-latitude Drosophila species, and their locomotor activity does not track dusk under long photoperiods. Nevertheless, the high-latitude C. costata becomes arrhythmic under constant darkness (DD), whereas the two low-latitude species remain rhythmic. Different mechanisms are behind the arrhythmicity in DD of C. costata and the high-latitude Drosophila ezoana, suggesting that the ability to maintain behavioral rhythms has been lost more than once during drosophilids' evolution and that it might indeed be an evolutionary adaptation for life at high latitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bertolini
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank K Schubert
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Damiano Zanini
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hana Sehadová
- Faculty of Science, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology and University of South Bohemia, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pamela Menegazzi
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hansen CN, Özkaya Ö, Roe H, Kyriacou CP, Giongo L, Rosato E. Locomotor Behaviour and Clock Neurons Organisation in the Agricultural Pest Drosophila suzukii. Front Physiol 2019; 10:941. [PMID: 31396106 PMCID: PMC6667661 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumara) also called Spotted Wing Drosophila (SWD), is an invasive pest species originally from Asia that has now spread widely across Europe and North America. The majority of drosophilids including the best known Drosophila melanogaster only breed on decaying fruits. On the contrary, the presence of a strong serrated ovipositor and behavioural and metabolic adaptations allow D. suzukii to lay eggs inside healthy, ripening fruits that are still on the plant. Here we present an analysis of the rhythmic locomotor activity behaviour of D. suzukii under several laboratory settings. Moreover, we identify the canonical clock neurons in this species by reporting the expression pattern of the major clock proteins in the brain. Interestingly, a fundamentally similar organisation of the clock neurons network between D. melanogaster and D. suzukii does not correspond to similar characteristics in rhythmic locomotor activity behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Napier Hansen
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Özge Özkaya
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Roe
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos P Kyriacou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Lara Giongo
- Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Ezio Rosato
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Harish P, Mareco E, Garcia de la serrana D. A pilot study to elucidate effects of artificial selection by size on the zebrafish (Danio rerio) fast skeletal muscle transcriptome. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 233:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
Fruit flies evolved in tropical regions under stable light-dark cycles. However, their photosensitive circadian clock had to adapt to extreme seasonal photoperiods during their colonisation of temperate regions. This was achieved by changing the neuronal expression of two key clock-related components.
Collapse
|
17
|
Nagy D, Cusumano P, Andreatta G, Anduaga AM, Hermann-Luibl C, Reinhard N, Gesto J, Wegener C, Mazzotta G, Rosato E, Kyriacou CP, Helfrich-Förster C, Costa R. Peptidergic signaling from clock neurons regulates reproductive dormancy in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008158. [PMID: 31194738 PMCID: PMC6592559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the approach of winter, many insects switch to an alternative protective developmental program called diapause. Drosophila melanogaster females overwinter as adults by inducing a reproductive arrest that is characterized by inhibition of ovarian development at previtellogenic stages. The insulin producing cells (IPCs) are key regulators of this process, since they produce and release insulin-like peptides that act as diapause-antagonizing hormones. Here we show that in D. melanogaster two neuropeptides, Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF) and short Neuropeptide F (sNPF) inhibit reproductive arrest, likely through modulation of the IPCs. In particular, genetic manipulations of the PDF-expressing neurons, which include the sNPF-producing small ventral Lateral Neurons (s-LNvs), modulated the levels of reproductive dormancy, suggesting the involvement of both neuropeptides. We expressed a genetically encoded cAMP sensor in the IPCs and challenged brain explants with synthetic PDF and sNPF. Bath applications of both neuropeptides increased cAMP levels in the IPCs, even more so when they were applied together, suggesting a synergistic effect. Bath application of sNPF additionally increased Ca2+ levels in the IPCs. Our results indicate that PDF and sNPF inhibit reproductive dormancy by maintaining the IPCs in an active state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Nagy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Cusumano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Ane Martin Anduaga
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane Hermann-Luibl
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nils Reinhard
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - João Gesto
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Ezio Rosato
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos P. Kyriacou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rodolfo Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kauranen H, Kinnunen J, Hiillos AL, Lankinen P, Hopkins D, Wiberg RAW, Ritchie MG, Hoikkala A. Selection for reproduction under short photoperiods changes diapause-associated traits and induces widespread genomic divergence. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.205831. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of reproductive diapause is a critical aspect of life history in overwintering insects from temperate regions. Much has been learned about the timing, physiology and genetics of diapause in a range of insects, but how the multiple changes involved in this and other photoperiodically regulated traits are interrelated is not well understood. We performed quasinatural selection on reproduction under short photoperiods in a northern fly species, Drosophila montana, to trace the effects of photoperiodic selection on traits regulated by the photoperiodic timer and / or by a circadian clock system. Selection changed several traits associated with reproductive diapause, including the critical day length for diapause (CDL), the frequency of diapausing females under photoperiods that deviate from daily 24 h cycles and cold tolerance, towards the phenotypes typical of lower latitudes. However, selection had no effect on the period of free-running locomotor activity rhythm regulated by the circadian clock in fly brain. At a genomic level, selection induced extensive divergence between the selection and control line replicates in 16 gene clusters involved in signal transduction, membrane properties, immunologlobulins and development. These changes resembled ones detected between latitudinally divergent D. montana populations in the wild and involved SNP divergence associated with several genes linked with diapause induction. Overall, our study shows that photoperiodic selection for reproduction under short photoperiods affects diapause-associated traits without disrupting the central clock network generating circadian rhythms in fly locomor activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannele Kauranen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Johanna Kinnunen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna-Lotta Hiillos
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pekka Lankinen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - David Hopkins
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - R. Axel W. Wiberg
- School of Biology, Dyers Brae House, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Michael G. Ritchie
- School of Biology, Dyers Brae House, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Anneli Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fuchikawa T, Beer K, Linke-Winnebeck C, Ben-David R, Kotowoy A, Tsang VWK, Warman GR, Winnebeck EC, Helfrich-Förster C, Bloch G. Neuronal circadian clock protein oscillations are similar in behaviourally rhythmic forager honeybees and in arrhythmic nurses. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170047. [PMID: 28615472 PMCID: PMC5493776 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal clocks driving rhythms of about a day (circadian) are ubiquitous in animals, allowing them to anticipate environmental changes. Genetic or environmental disturbances to circadian clocks or the rhythms they produce are commonly associated with illness, compromised performance or reduced survival. Nevertheless, some animals including Arctic mammals, open sea fish and social insects such as honeybees are active around-the-clock with no apparent ill effects. The mechanisms allowing this remarkable natural plasticity are unknown. We generated and validated a new and specific antibody against the clock protein PERIOD of the honeybee Apis mellifera (amPER) and used it to characterize the circadian network in the honeybee brain. We found many similarities to Drosophila melanogaster and other insects, suggesting common anatomical organization principles in the insect clock that have not been appreciated before. Time course analyses revealed strong daily oscillations in amPER levels in foragers, which show circadian rhythms, and also in nurses that do not, although the latter have attenuated oscillations in brain mRNA clock gene levels. The oscillations in nurses show that activity can be uncoupled from the circadian network and support the hypothesis that a ticking circadian clock is essential even in around-the-clock active animals in a constant physical environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Fuchikawa
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - K Beer
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - R Ben-David
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - A Kotowoy
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - V W K Tsang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - G R Warman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E C Winnebeck
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand .,Department of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - G Bloch
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The A. Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Responses to Intermittent Light Stimulation Late in the Night Phase Before Dawn. Clocks Sleep 2018; 1:26-41. [PMID: 33089153 PMCID: PMC7509681 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep1010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is comprised of two oscillators that independently track sunset (evening) and sunrise (morning), though little is known about how light responses differ in each. Here, we quantified the morning oscillator’s responses to 19 separate pulse trains, collecting observations from over 1300 Drosophila at ZT23. Our results show that the advances in activity onset produced by these protocols depended on the tempo of light administration even when total exposure was conserved across a 15-min window. Moreover, patterns of stimulation previously shown to optimize the evening oscillator’s delay resetting at ZT13 (an hour after dusk) were equally effective for the M oscillator at ZT23 (an hour before dawn), though the morning oscillator was by comparison more photosensitive and could benefit from a greater number of fractionation strategies that better converted light into phase-shifting drive. These data continue to build the case that the reading frames for the pacemaker’s time-of-day estimates at dusk and dawn are not uniform and suggest that the “photologic” for the evening versus morning oscillator’s resetting might be dissociable.
Collapse
|
21
|
Beauchamp M, Bertolini E, Deppisch P, Steubing J, Menegazzi P, Helfrich-Förster C. Closely Related Fruit Fly Species Living at Different Latitudes Diverge in Their Circadian Clock Anatomy and Rhythmic Behavior. J Biol Rhythms 2018; 33:602-613. [PMID: 30203704 DOI: 10.1177/0748730418798096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported differences in the expression pattern of the blue light-sensitive flavoprotein cryptochrome (CRY) and the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) in the neuronal clock network of high-latitude Drosophila species, belonging to the Drosophila subgenus ( virilis-repleta radiation), compared with cosmopolitan D. melanogaster flies, belonging to the Sophophora subgenus. Alterations in rhythmic patterns of activity due to these differences might have adaptive significance for colonizing high-latitude habitats and, hence, adjusting to long photoperiods. Here, we show that these differing CRY/PDF expression patterns are only present in those species of the virilis-repleta radiation that colonized high latitudes. The cosmopolitan species D. mercatorum and D. hydei have a D. melanogaster-like clock network and behavior despite belonging to the virilis-repleta radiation. Similarly, 2 species of the holotropical Zaprionus genus, more closely related to the Drosophila subgenus than to the Sophophora subgenus, retain a D. melanogaster-like clock network and rhythmic behavior. We therefore suggest that the D. melanogaster-like clock network is the "ancestral fly clock phenotype" and that alterations in the CRY/PDF clock neurochemistry have allowed some species of the virilis-repleta radiation to colonize high-latitude environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Beauchamp
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Enrico Bertolini
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Deppisch
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Steubing
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pamela Menegazzi
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Beck K, Hovhanyan A, Menegazzi P, Helfrich-Förster C, Raabe T. Drosophila RSK Influences the Pace of the Circadian Clock by Negative Regulation of Protein Kinase Shaggy Activity. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:122. [PMID: 29706866 PMCID: PMC5908959 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous molecular circadian clocks drive daily rhythmic changes at the cellular, physiological, and behavioral level for adaptation to and anticipation of environmental signals. The core molecular system consists of autoregulatory feedback loops, where clock proteins inhibit their own transcription. A complex and not fully understood interplay of regulatory proteins influences activity, localization and stability of clock proteins to set the pace of the clock. This study focuses on the molecular function of Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) in the Drosophila melanogaster circadian clock. Mutations in the human rsk2 gene cause Coffin–Lowry syndrome, which is associated with severe mental disabilities. Knock-out studies with Drosophila ortholog rsk uncovered functions in synaptic processes, axonal transport and adult behavior including associative learning and circadian activity. However, the molecular targets of RSK remain elusive. Our experiments provide evidence that RSK acts in the key pace maker neurons as a negative regulator of Shaggy (SGG) kinase activity, which in turn determines timely nuclear entry of the clock proteins Period and Timeless to close the negative feedback loop. Phosphorylation of serine 9 in SGG is mediated by the C-terminal kinase domain of RSK, which is in agreement with previous genetic studies of RSK in the circadian clock but argues against the prevailing view that only the N-terminal kinase domain of RSK proteins carries the effector function. Our data provide a mechanistic explanation how RSK influences the molecular clock and imply SGG S9 phosphorylation by RSK and other kinases as a convergence point for diverse cellular and external stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Beck
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Hovhanyan
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pamela Menegazzi
- Institute of Neurobiology and Genetics, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Raabe
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Noreen S, Pegoraro M, Nouroz F, Tauber E, Kyriacou CP. Interspecific studies of circadian genes period and timeless in Drosophila. Gene 2018; 648:106-114. [PMID: 29353056 PMCID: PMC5818170 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The level of rescue of clock function in genetically arrhythmic Drosophila melanogaster hosts using interspecific clock gene transformation was used to study the putative intermolecular coevolution between interacting clock proteins. Among them PER and TIM are the two important negative regulators of the circadian clock feedback loop. We transformed either the D. pseudoobscura per or tim transgenes into the corresponding arrhythmic D. melanogaster mutant (per01 or tim01) and observed >50% rhythmicity but the period of activity rhythm was either longer (D. pseudoobscura-per) or shorter than 24 h (D. pseudoobscura-tim) compared to controls. By introducing both transgenes simultaneously into double mutants, we observed that the period of the activity rhythm was rescued by the pair of hemizygous transgenes (~24 h). These flies also showed a more optimal level of temperature compensation for the period. Under LD 12:12 these flies have a D. pseudoobscura like activity profile with the absence of morning anticipation as well as a very prominent earlier evening peak of activity rhythm. These observation are consistent with the view that TIM and PER form a heterospecific coevolved module at least for the circadian period of activity rhythms. However the strength of rhythmicity was reduced by having both transgenes present, so while evidence for a coevolution between PER and TIM is observed for some characters it is not for others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Noreen
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, United Kingdom; Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Mirko Pegoraro
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Faisal Nouroz
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Eran Tauber
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, United Kingdom; Department of Evolutionary & Environmental Biology, The Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Marelja Z, Leimkühler S, Missirlis F. Iron Sulfur and Molybdenum Cofactor Enzymes Regulate the Drosophila Life Cycle by Controlling Cell Metabolism. Front Physiol 2018; 9:50. [PMID: 29491838 PMCID: PMC5817353 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron sulfur (Fe-S) clusters and the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) are present at enzyme sites, where the active metal facilitates electron transfer. Such enzyme systems are soluble in the mitochondrial matrix, cytosol and nucleus, or embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, but virtually absent from the cell secretory pathway. They are of ancient evolutionary origin supporting respiration, DNA replication, transcription, translation, the biosynthesis of steroids, heme, catabolism of purines, hydroxylation of xenobiotics, and cellular sulfur metabolism. Here, Fe-S cluster and Moco biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster is reviewed and the multiple biochemical and physiological functions of known Fe-S and Moco enzymes are described. We show that RNA interference of Mocs3 disrupts Moco biosynthesis and the circadian clock. Fe-S-dependent mitochondrial respiration is discussed in the context of germ line and somatic development, stem cell differentiation and aging. The subcellular compartmentalization of the Fe-S and Moco assembly machinery components and their connections to iron sensing mechanisms and intermediary metabolism are emphasized. A biochemically active Fe-S core complex of heterologously expressed fly Nfs1, Isd11, IscU, and human frataxin is presented. Based on the recent demonstration that copper displaces the Fe-S cluster of yeast and human ferredoxin, an explanation for why high dietary copper leads to cytoplasmic iron deficiency in flies is proposed. Another proposal that exosomes contribute to the transport of xanthine dehydrogenase from peripheral tissues to the eye pigment cells is put forward, where the Vps16a subunit of the HOPS complex may have a specialized role in concentrating this enzyme within pigment granules. Finally, we formulate a hypothesis that (i) mitochondrial superoxide mobilizes iron from the Fe-S clusters in aconitase and succinate dehydrogenase; (ii) increased iron transiently displaces manganese on superoxide dismutase, which may function as a mitochondrial iron sensor since it is inactivated by iron; (iii) with the Krebs cycle thus disrupted, citrate is exported to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis, while succinyl-CoA and the iron are used for heme biosynthesis; (iv) as iron is used for heme biosynthesis its concentration in the matrix drops allowing for manganese to reactivate superoxide dismutase and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis to reestablish the Krebs cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zvonimir Marelja
- Imagine Institute, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fanis Missirlis
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bertolini E, Kistenpfennig C, Menegazzi P, Keller A, Koukidou M, Helfrich-Förster C. The characterization of the circadian clock in the olive fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) reveals a Drosophila-like organization. Sci Rep 2018; 8:816. [PMID: 29339768 PMCID: PMC5770390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, is the single most important pest for the majority of olive plantations. Oxitec's self-limiting olive fly technology (OX3097D-Bol) offers an alternative management approach to this insect pest. Because of previously reported asynchrony in the mating time of wild and laboratory strains, we have characterized the olive fly circadian clock applying molecular, evolutionary, anatomical and behavioural approaches. Here we demonstrate that the olive fly clock relies on a Drosophila melanogaster-like organization and that OX3097D-Bol carries a functional clock similar to wild-type strains, confirming its suitability for operational use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bertolini
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Pamela Menegazzi
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Keller
- Center for Computation and Theoretical Biology and Department of Bioinformatics, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Menegazzi P, Dalla Benetta E, Beauchamp M, Schlichting M, Steffan-Dewenter I, Helfrich-Förster C. Adaptation of Circadian Neuronal Network to Photoperiod in High-Latitude European Drosophilids. Curr Biol 2017; 27:833-839. [PMID: 28262491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Drosophila contains over 2,000 species that, stemming from a common ancestor in the Old World Tropics, populate today very different environments [1, 2] (reviewed in [3]). We found significant differences in the activity pattern of Drosophila species belonging to the holarctic virilis group, i.e., D. ezoana and D. littoralis, collected in Northern Europe, compared to that of the cosmopolitan D. melanogaster, collected close to the equator. These behavioral differences might have been of adaptive significance for colonizing high-latitude habitats and hence adjust to long photoperiods. Most interestingly, the flies' locomotor activity correlates with the neurochemistry of their circadian clock network, which differs between low and high latitude for the expression pattern of the blue light photopigment cryptochrome (CRY) and the neuropeptide Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) [4-6]. In D. melanogaster, CRY and PDF are known to modulate the timing of activity and to maintain robust rhythmicity under constant conditions [7-11]. We could partly simulate the rhythmic behavior of the high-latitude virilis group species by mimicking their CRY/PDF expression patterns in a laboratory strain of D. melanogaster. We therefore suggest that these alterations in the CRY/PDF clock neurochemistry might have allowed the virilis group species to colonize high-latitude environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Menegazzi
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Dalla Benetta
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marta Beauchamp
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schlichting
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vaze KM, Helfrich‐Förster C. Drosophila ezoana uses an hour-glass or highly damped circadian clock for measuring night length and inducing diapause. PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 41:378-389. [PMID: 27867253 PMCID: PMC5108423 DOI: 10.1111/phen.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Insects inhabiting the temperate zones measure seasonal changes in day or night length to enter the overwintering diapause. Diapause induction occurs after the duration of the night exceeds a critical night length (CNL). Our understanding of the time measurement mechanisms is continuously evolving subsequent to Bünning's proposal that circadian systems play the clock role in photoperiodic time measurement (Bünning, 1936). Initially, the photoperiodic clocks were considered to be either based on circadian oscillators or on simple hour-glasses, depending on 'positive' or 'negative' responses in Nanda-Hamner and Bünsow experiments (Nanda & Hammer, 1958; Bünsow, 1960). However, there are also species whose responses can be regarded as neither 'positive', nor as 'negative', such as the Northern Drosophila species Drosophila ezoana, which is investigated in the present study. In addition, modelling efforts show that the 'positive' and 'negative' Nanda-Hamner responses can also be provoked by circadian oscillators that are damped to different degrees: animals with highly sustained circadian clocks will respond 'positive' and those with heavily damped circadian clocks will respond 'negative'. In the present study, an experimental assay is proposed that characterizes the photoperiodic oscillators by determining the effects of non-24-h light/dark cycles (T-cycles) on critical night length. It is predicted that there is (i) a change in the critical night length as a function of T-cycle period in sustained-oscillator-based clocks and (ii) a fixed night-length measurement (i.e. no change in critical night length) in damped-oscillator-based clocks. Drosophila ezoana flies show a critical night length of approximately 7 h irrespective of T-cycle period, suggesting a damped-oscillator-based photoperiodic clock. The conclusion is strengthened by activity recordings revealing that the activity rhythm of D. ezoana flies also dampens in constant darkness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koustubh M. Vaze
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor‐Boveri Institute, BiocenterUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kauranen H, Ala-Honkola O, Kankare M, Hoikkala A. Circadian clock of Drosophila montana is adapted to high variation in summer day lengths and temperatures prevailing at high latitudes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 89:9-18. [PMID: 26993661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiodic regulation of the circadian rhythms in insect locomotor activity has been studied in several species, but seasonal entrainment of these rhythms is still poorly understood. We have traced the entrainment of activity rhythm of northern Drosophila montana flies in a climate chamber mimicking the photoperiods and day and night temperatures that the flies encounter in northern Finland during the summer. The experiment was started by transferring freshly emerged females into the chamber in early and late summer conditions to obtain both non-diapausing and diapausing females for the studies. The locomotor activity of the females and daily changes in the expression levels of two core circadian clock genes, timeless and period, in their heads were measured at different times of summer. The study revealed several features in fly rhythmicity that are likely to help the flies to cope with high variation in the day length and temperature typical to northern summers. First, both the non-diapausing and the diapausing females showed evening activity, which decreased towards the short day length as observed in the autumn in nature. Second, timeless and period genes showed concordant daily oscillations and seasonal shifts in their expression level in both types of females. Contrary to Drosophila melanogaster, oscillation profiles of these genes were similar to each other in all conditions, including the extremely long days in early summer and the cool temperatures in late summer, and their peak expression levels were not locked to lights-off transition in any photoperiod. Third, the diapausing females were less active than the non-diapausing ones, in spite of their younger age. Overall, the study showed that D. montana clock functions well under long day conditions, and that both the photoperiod and the daily temperature cycles are important zeitgebers for seasonal changes in the circadian rhythm of this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannele Kauranen
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Outi Ala-Honkola
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Maaria Kankare
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anneli Hoikkala
- University of Jyväskylä, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nagai-Okatani C, Nagasawa H, Nagata S. Tachykinin-Related Peptides Share a G Protein-Coupled Receptor with Ion Transport Peptide-Like in the Silkworm Bombyx mori. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156501. [PMID: 27248837 PMCID: PMC4889062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we identified an orphan Bombyx mori neuropeptide G protein-coupled receptor (BNGR)-A24 as an ion transport peptide-like (ITPL) receptor. BNGR-A24 belongs to the same clade as BNGR-A32 and -A33, which were recently identified as natalisin receptors. Since these three BNGRs share high similarities with known receptors for tachykinin-related peptides (TRPs), we examined whether these BNGRs can function as physiological receptors for five endogenous B. mori TRPs (TK-1–5). In a heterologous expression system, BNGR-A24 acted as a receptor for all five TRPs. In contrast, BNGR-A32 responded only to TK-5, and BNGR-A33 did not respond to any of the TRPs. These findings are consistent with recent studies on the ligand preferences for B. mori natalisins. Furthermore, we evaluated whether the binding of ITPL and TRPs to BNGR-A24 is competitive by using a Ca2+ imaging assay. Concomitant addition of a TRP receptor antagonist, spantide I, reduced the responses of BNGR-A24 not only to TK-4 but also to ITPL. The results of a binding assay using fluorescent-labeled BNGR-A24 and ligands demonstrated that the binding of ITPL to BNGR-A24 was inhibited by TK-4 as well as by spantide I, and vice versa. In addition, the ITPL-induced increase in cGMP levels of BNGR-A24-expressing BmN cells was suppressed by the addition of excess TK-4 or spantide I. The intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP, as second messenger candidates of the TRP signaling, were not altered by the five TRPs, suggesting that these peptides act via different signaling pathways from cAMP and cGMP signaling at least in BmN cells. Taken together, the present findings suggest that ITPL and TRPs are endogenous orthosteric ligands of BNGR-A24 that may activate discrete signaling pathways. This receptor, which shares orthosteric ligands, may constitute an important model for studying ligand-biased signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Nagai-Okatani
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (CNO)
| | - Hiromichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail: (SN); (CNO)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kobelková A, Závodská R, Sauman I, Bazalová O, Dolezel D. Expression of clock genes period and timeless in the central nervous system of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella. J Biol Rhythms 2015; 30:104-16. [PMID: 25637625 DOI: 10.1177/0748730414568430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Homologous circadian genes are found in all insect clocks, but their contribution to species-specific circadian timing systems differs. The aim of this study was to extend research within Lepidoptera to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying circadian clock plasticity and evolution. The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Pyralidae), represents a phylogenetically ancestral lepidopteran species. We have identified circadian rhythms in egg hatching, adult emergence, and adult locomotor activity. Cloning full-length complementary DNAs and further characterization confirmed one copy of period and timeless genes in both sexes. Both per and tim transcripts oscillate in their abundance in E. kuehniella heads under light-dark conditions. PER-like immunoreactivity (PER-lir) was observed in nuclei and cytoplasm of most neurons in the central brain, the ventral part of subesophageal complex, the neurohemal organs, the optic lobes, and eyes. PER-lir in photoreceptor nuclei oscillated during the day with maximal intensity in the light phase of the photoperiodic regime and lack of a signal in the middle of the dark phase. Expression patterns of per and tim messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were revealed in the identical location as the PER-lir was detected. In the photoreceptors, a daily rhythm in the intensity of expression of both per mRNA and tim mRNA was found. These findings suggest E. kuehniella as a potential lepidopteran model for circadian studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kobelková
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Závodská
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Sauman
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Bazalová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Dolezel
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The ion transport peptide is a new functional clock neuropeptide in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9522-36. [PMID: 25031396 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0111-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The clock network of Drosophila melanogaster expresses various neuropeptides, but a function in clock-mediated behavioral control was so far only found for the neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor (PDF). Here, we propose a role in the control of behavioral rhythms for the ion transport peptide (ITP), which is expressed in the fifth small ventral lateral neuron, one dorsal lateral neuron, and in only a few nonclock cells in the brain. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that ITP, like PDF, is most probably released in a rhythmic manner at projection terminals in the dorsal protocerebrum. This rhythm continues under constant dark conditions, indicating that ITP release is clock controlled. ITP expression is reduced in the hypomorph mutant Clk(AR), suggesting that ITP expression is regulated by CLOCK. Using a genetically encoded RNAi construct, we knocked down ITP in the two clock cells and found that these flies show reduced evening activity and increased nocturnal activity. Overexpression of ITP with two independent timeless-GAL4 lines completely disrupted behavioral rhythms, but only slightly dampened PER cycling in important pacemaker neurons, suggesting a role for ITP in clock output pathways rather than in the communication within the clock network. Simultaneous knockdown (KD) of ITP and PDF made the flies hyperactive and almost completely arrhythmic under constant conditions. Under light-dark conditions, the double-KD combined the behavioral characteristics of the single-KD flies. In addition, it reduced the flies' sleep. We conclude that ITP and PDF are the clock's main output signals that cooperate in controlling the flies' activity rhythms.
Collapse
|
32
|
Prabhakaran PM, Sheeba V. Temperature sensitivity of circadian clocks is conserved across Drosophila species melanogaster, malerkotliana and ananassae. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:1008-16. [PMID: 25051431 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.941471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Light and temperature are the major environmental cycles that can synchronize circadian rhythms in a variety of organisms. Previously, we have shown that under light/dark cycles of various photoperiods, the Drosophila species ananassae exhibits unimodal activity pattern with a prominent morning activity peak in contrast with Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila malerkotliana, which show bimodal activity pattern with morning and evening activity peaks. Here we report that circadian clocks controlling activity/rest rhythm of these two less-studied species D. malerkotliana and D. ananassae can be synchronized by temperature cycles and that even under temperature cycles D. ananassae exhibits only a pronounced morning (thermophase onset) activity peak. Although D. melanogaster and D. ananassae exhibit differences in the phase of activity/rest rhythm under temperature cycles, circadian clocks of both show similar sensitivity to warm temperature pulses. Circadian period of activity/rest rhythm of D. ananassae differs from the other two species at some moderate-range temperatures; however, in conditions that are more extreme, circadian clocks of D. melanogaster, D. malerkotliana and D. ananassae appear to be largely temperature compensated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya M Prabhakaran
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Bangalore, Karnataka , India
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yadav P, Thandapani M, Sharma VK. Interaction of light regimes and circadian clocks modulate timing of pre-adult developmental events in Drosophila. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:19. [PMID: 24885932 PMCID: PMC4040135 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-14-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Circadian clocks have been postulated to regulate development time in several species of insects including fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. Previously we have reported that selection for faster pre-adult development reduces development time (by ~19 h or ~11%) and clock period (by ~0.5 h), suggesting a role of circadian clocks in the regulation of development time in D. melanogaster. We reasoned that these faster developing flies could serve as a model to study stage-specific interaction of circadian clocks and developmental events with the environmental light/dark (LD) conditions. We assayed the duration of three pre-adult stages in the faster developing (FD) and control (BD) populations under a variety of light regimes that are known to modulate circadian clocks and pre-adult development time of Drosophila to examine the role of circadian clocks in the timing of pre-adult developmental stages. Results We find that the duration of pre-adult stages was shorter under constant light (LL) and short period light (L)/dark (D) cycles (L:D = 10:10 h; T20) compared to the standard 24 h day (L:D = 12:12 h; T24), long LD cycles (L:D = 14:14 h; T28) and constant darkness (DD). The difference in the duration of pre-adult stages between the FD and BD populations was significantly smaller under the three LD cycles and LL compared to DD, possibly due to the fact that clocks of both FD and BD flies are driven at the same pace in the three LD regimes owing to circadian entrainment, or are rendered dysfunctional under LL. Conclusions These results suggest that interaction between light regimes and circadian clocks regulate the duration of pre-adult developmental stages in fruit flies D. melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, P, O, Jakkur, Bangalore, Karnataka 560064, India.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schlichting M, Grebler R, Peschel N, Yoshii T, Helfrich-Förster C. Moonlight Detection by Drosophila’s Endogenous Clock Depends on Multiple Photopigments in the Compound Eyes. J Biol Rhythms 2014; 29:75-86. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730413520428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many organisms change their activity on moonlit nights. Even the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster responds to moonlight with a shift of activity into the night, at least under laboratory conditions. The compound eyes have been shown to be essential for the perception of moonlight, but it is unknown which of the 5 rhodopsins in the eyes are responsible for the observed moonlight effects. Here, we show that the outer (R1-R6) and inner (R7 and R8) photoreceptor cells in a fly’s ommatidium interact in a complex manner to provoke the moonlight effects on locomotor activity. The shift of the evening activity peak into the night depends on several rhodopsins in the inner and outer photoreceptor cells. The increase in relative nocturnal activity in response to moonlight is mainly mediated by the rhodopsin 6–expressing inner photoreceptor cell R8 together with the rhodopsin 1–expressing outer receptor cells (R1-R6), whereas just rhodopsin 1 of R1 to R6 seems necessary for increasing nocturnal activity in response to increasing daylight intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schlichting
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudi Grebler
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolai Peschel
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Taishi Yoshii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Charlotte Helfrich-Förster
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Prabhakaran PM, De J, Sheeba V. Natural conditions override differences in emergence rhythm among closely related drosophilids. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83048. [PMID: 24349430 PMCID: PMC3859640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on adult emergence rhythm of Drosophila melanogaster (DM) done under semi-natural conditions have shown that emergence is correlated to daily changes in temperature, humidity and light at dawn. Recently we showed that under laboratory conditions D. ananassae (DA), a closely related species of DM exhibits patterns in its activity/rest rhythm distinct from the latter. Here, we report the results of a study aimed at examining whether this difference in activity/rest rhythm among species extends to other circadian behaviours such as the adult emergence rhythm under a more natural environment with multiple cyclic time cues. We monitored the adult emergence rhythm of recently wild-caught DM and DA populations in parallel with those of a related species D. malerkotliana (DK), both in the laboratory and under semi-natural conditions. We find that although DM, DK and DA showed marked difference from one another under laboratory conditions, such differences were not detectable in the emergence behaviour of these three species under semi-natural conditions, and that they respond very similarly to seasonal changes in the environment. The results suggest that seasonal changes in temperature and humidity contribute largely to the variation in adult emergence waveform in terms of gate width, phase and amplitude of the peak and day-to-day variance in the timing of the emergence peak. In all three species, seasons with cooler and wetter conditions make the rhythm less tightly gated, with low amplitude peak and high day-to-day variation in timing of the peak of emergence. We show that in nature the emergence rhythm of DM, DK and DA is strongly influenced by environmental factors such that in a given season all of them exhibit similar time course and waveform and that with the changing season, they all modify their emergence patterns in a similar manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya M. Prabhakaran
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Joydeep De
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vasu Sheeba
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Prabhakaran PM, Sheeba V. Insights into differential activity patterns of drosophilids under semi-natural conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:4691-702. [PMID: 24143027 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.092270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We showed recently that Drosophila ananassae, a closely related and sympatric species of the commonly studied fruitfly D. melanogaster, shows distinctly deviant patterns in circadian activity/rest rhythm from the latter under a variety of laboratory conditions. To examine whether such differences extend to more natural conditions where a variety of time cues and similar environmental pressures might force different species to adopt similar temporal patterns, we examined these two species under semi-natural conditions over a span of 1.5 years. Furthermore, we asked to what extent features of activity/rest rhythm of flies are conserved across species under changing environmental conditions encountered across seasons, and to do so, we studied two more drosophilid species. We found that while each species exhibits seasonality in activity patterns, this seasonality is marked by interesting inter-specific differences. Similar to laboratory studies, D. ananassae showed activity mostly during the day, while D. melanogaster and D. malerkotliana exhibited almost similar activity patterns across seasons, with predominantly two peaks of activity, one in the morning and another in the evening. Throughout the year, Zaprionus indianus displayed very low levels of activity compared with D. melanogaster, yet, compared with those seen in standard laboratory assays, this species exhibited more robust rhythms under semi-natural conditions. We hypothesise that different ecological factors may have influenced these species to adopt different temporal niches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya M Prabhakaran
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore-560064, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Reduction of Cellular Lipid Content by a Knockdown of Drosophila PDP1 γ and Mammalian Hepatic Leukemia Factor. J Lipids 2013; 2013:297932. [PMID: 24062952 PMCID: PMC3766575 DOI: 10.1155/2013/297932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In exploring the utility of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) injections for silencing the PAR-domain protein 1 (Pdp1) gene in adult Drosophila, we noticed a dramatic loss of fat tissue lipids. To verify that our RNAi approach produced the expected Pdp1 knockdown, the abdominal fat tissues sections were stained with PDP1 antibodies. PDP1 protein immunostaining was absent in flies injected with dsRNA targeting a sequence common to all known Pdp1 isoforms. Subsequent experiments revealed that lipid staining is reduced in flies injected with dsRNA against Pdp1 γ (fat body specific) and not against Pdp1 ε (predominantly involved in circadian mechanisms). Drosophila PDP1 γ protein shows a high homology to mammalian thyrotroph embryonic factor (TEF), albumin D site-binding protein (DBP), and hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) transcription factors. In an in vitro model of drug- (olanzapine-) induced adiposity in mouse 3T3-L1 cells, the mRNA content of HLF but not TEF and DBP was increased by the drug treatment. A knockdown of the HLF mRNA by transfecting the cultures with HLF dsRNA significantly reduced their lipid content. Furthermore, the HLF RNAi prevented olanzapine from increasing the cell lipid content. These results suggest that the PDP1/HLF system may play a role in physiological and drug-influenced lipid regulation.
Collapse
|
38
|
Prabhakaran PM, Sheeba V. Sympatric Drosophilid Species melanogaster and ananassae Differ in Temporal Patterns of Activity. J Biol Rhythms 2012; 27:365-76. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730412458661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has long served as a model system for circadian rhythm research. Various aspects of its genetic, molecular, and circuit-level properties are the subject of investigation, based on which several circadian behaviors and their neuronal controls have been unraveled. In an attempt to address the question of functional significance of circadian organization using a comparative approach, we studied activity/rest rhythm of wild-caught D. melanogaster (DM) and its close relative, Drosophila ananassae (DA). We compared features of the rhythm such as the ability to anticipate morning and evening transitions, presence or absence of morning-associated or evening-associated activity peaks, and phase of these peaks in both species. We found that these 2 sympatric species are different from each other in several aspects of activity/rest rhythm. Unlike DM, which showed a distinct bimodal activity pattern with both morning and evening peaks and a midday interval of relative inactivity under a 12:12-h light/dark regime, DA exhibited unimodal activity with a predominant morning peak, restricting most of its activity to the light phase with no apparent “siesta” during midday. While daytime sleep levels were not different between the 2 species, DA exhibited significantly lesser nighttime activity and higher, more consolidated sleep. This predominant morning activity of DA was also reflected in persistence and phasing of the morning peak under a range of photoperiods. Both under long and short days, the morning peak was the most dominant and persistent peak of DA, whereas the evening peak was more dominant in DM. In addition, DA had a significantly faster circadian clock and more consolidated activity compared with DM. Hence, we hypothesize that these recently diverged sympatric species of fruit flies occupy distinct temporal niches due to differences in their underlying circadian clocks and speculate that they occupy different spatial microenvironments in the wild.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya M. Prabhakaran
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasu Sheeba
- Behavioural Neurogenetics Laboratory, Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Caers J, Verlinden H, Zels S, Vandersmissen HP, Vuerinckx K, Schoofs L. More than two decades of research on insect neuropeptide GPCRs: an overview. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:151. [PMID: 23226142 PMCID: PMC3510462 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the state of the art on neuropeptide receptors in insects. Most of these receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of virtually all physiological processes during an insect's life. More than 20 years ago a milestone in invertebrate endocrinology was achieved with the characterization of the first insect neuropeptide receptor, i.e., the Drosophila tachykinin-like receptor. However, it took until the release of the Drosophila genome in 2000 that research on neuropeptide receptors boosted. In the last decade a plethora of genomic information of other insect species also became available, leading to a better insight in the functions and evolution of the neuropeptide signaling systems and their intracellular pathways. It became clear that some of these systems are conserved among all insect species, indicating that they fulfill crucial roles in their physiological processes. Meanwhile, other signaling systems seem to be lost in several insect orders or species, suggesting that their actions were superfluous in those insects, or that other neuropeptides have taken over their functions. It is striking that the deorphanization of neuropeptide GPCRs gets much attention, but the subsequent unraveling of the intracellular pathways they elicit, or their physiological functions are often hardly examined. Especially in insects besides Drosophila this information is scarce if not absent. And although great progress made in characterizing neuropeptide signaling systems, even in Drosophila several predicted neuropeptide receptors remain orphan, awaiting for their endogenous ligand to be determined. The present review gives a précis of the insect neuropeptide receptor research of the last two decades. But it has to be emphasized that the work done so far is only the tip of the iceberg and our comprehensive understanding of these important signaling systems will still increase substantially in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liliane Schoofs
- *Correspondence: Liliane Schoofs, Department of Biology, Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Naamsestraat 59, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|