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Llorca A, Deogracias R. Origin, Development, and Synaptogenesis of Cortical Interneurons. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:929469. [PMID: 35833090 PMCID: PMC9272671 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.929469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex represents one of the most recent and astonishing inventions of nature, responsible of a large diversity of functions that range from sensory processing to high-order cognitive abilities, such as logical reasoning or language. Decades of dedicated study have contributed to our current understanding of this structure, both at structural and functional levels. A key feature of the neocortex is its outstanding richness in cell diversity, composed by multiple types of long-range projecting neurons and locally connecting interneurons. In this review, we will describe the great diversity of interneurons that constitute local neocortical circuits and summarize the mechanisms underlying their development and their assembly into functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Llorca
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburg, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alfredo Llorca
| | - Ruben Deogracias
- Neuronal Circuits Formation and Brain Disorders Laboratory, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Ruben Deogracias
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2
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Szabo GG, Farrell JS, Dudok B, Hou WH, Ortiz AL, Varga C, Moolchand P, Gulsever CI, Gschwind T, Dimidschstein J, Capogna M, Soltesz I. Ripple-selective GABAergic projection cells in the hippocampus. Neuron 2022; 110:1959-1977.e9. [PMID: 35489331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ripples are brief high-frequency electrographic events with important roles in episodic memory. However, the in vivo circuit mechanisms coordinating ripple-related activity among local and distant neuronal ensembles are not well understood. Here, we define key characteristics of a long-distance projecting GABAergic cell group in the mouse hippocampus that selectively exhibits high-frequency firing during ripples while staying largely silent during theta-associated states when most other GABAergic cells are active. The high ripple-associated firing commenced before ripple onset and reached its maximum before ripple peak, with the signature theta-OFF, ripple-ON firing pattern being preserved across awake and sleep states. Controlled by septal GABAergic, cholinergic, and CA3 glutamatergic inputs, these ripple-selective cells innervate parvalbumin and cholecystokinin-expressing local interneurons while also targeting a variety of extra-hippocampal regions. These results demonstrate the existence of a hippocampal GABAergic circuit element that is uniquely positioned to coordinate ripple-related neuronal dynamics across neuronal assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely G Szabo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jordan S Farrell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Barna Dudok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Hsien Hou
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; DANDRITE, The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna L Ortiz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Tilo Gschwind
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jordane Dimidschstein
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marco Capogna
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; DANDRITE, The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Center for Proteins in Memory - PROMEMO, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ivan Soltesz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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3
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Cossart R, Garel S. Step by step: cells with multiple functions in cortical circuit assembly. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:395-410. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Urrutia-Piñones J, Morales-Moraga C, Sanguinetti-González N, Escobar AP, Chiu CQ. Long-Range GABAergic Projections of Cortical Origin in Brain Function. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:841869. [PMID: 35392440 PMCID: PMC8981584 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.841869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of long-range GABAergic projections has traditionally been focused on those with subcortical origin. In the last few years, cortical GABAergic neurons have been shown to not only mediate local inhibition, but also extend long-range axons to remote cortical and subcortical areas. In this review, we delineate the different types of long-range GABAergic neurons (LRGNs) that have been reported to arise from the hippocampus and neocortex, paying attention to the anatomical and functional circuits they form to understand their role in behavior. Although cortical LRGNs are similar to their interneuron and subcortical counterparts, they comprise distinct populations that show specific patterns of cortico-cortical and cortico-fugal connectivity. Functionally, cortical LRGNs likely induce timed disinhibition in target regions to synchronize network activity. Thus, LRGNs are emerging as a new element of cortical output, acting in concert with long-range excitatory projections to shape brain function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Urrutia-Piñones
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila Morales-Moraga
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Nicole Sanguinetti-González
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Angelica P. Escobar
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Chiayu Q. Chiu
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Neurociencia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- *Correspondence: Chiayu Q. Chiu,
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5
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Abstract
In mammals, the selective transformation of transient experience into stored memory occurs in the hippocampus, which develops representations of specific events in the context in which they occur. In this review, we focus on the development of hippocampal circuits and the self-organized dynamics embedded within them since the latter critically support the role of the hippocampus in learning and memory. We first discuss evidence that adult hippocampal cells and circuits are sculpted by development as early as during embryonic neurogenesis. We argue that these primary developmental programs provide a scaffold onto which later experience of the external world can be grafted. Next, we review the different sequences in the development of hippocampal cells and circuits at anatomical and functional levels. We cover a period extending from neurogenesis and migration to the appearance of phenotypic diversity within hippocampal cells, and their wiring into functional networks. We describe the progressive emergence of network dynamics in the hippocampus, from sensorimotor-driven early sharp waves to sequences of place cells tracking relational information. We outline the critical turn points and discontinuities in that developmental journey, and close by formulating open questions. We propose that rewinding the process of hippocampal development helps understand the main organization principles of memory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Cossart
- Inserm, INMED, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Rustem Khazipov
- Inserm, INMED, Turing Center for Living Systems, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan Russia
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6
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Save L, Baude A, Cossart R. Temporal Embryonic Origin Critically Determines Cellular Physiology in the Dentate Gyrus. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2639-2652. [PMID: 29878074 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus, the entry gate to the hippocampus, comprises 3 types of glutamatergic cells, the granule, the mossy and the semilunar granule cells. Whereas accumulating evidence indicates that specification of subclasses of neocortical neurons starts at the time of their final mitotic divisions, when cellular diversity is specified in the Dentate Gyrus remains largely unknown. Here we show that semilunar cells, like mossy cells, originate from the earliest stages of developmental neurogenesis and that early born neurons form age-matched circuits with each other. Besides morphology, adult semilunar cells display characteristic electrophysiological features that differ from most neurons but are shared among early born granule cells. Therefore, an early birthdate specifies adult granule cell physiology and connectivity whereas additional factors may combine to produce morphological identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Save
- Inserm, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR, Marseille, France.,INMED, Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Baude
- Inserm, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR, Marseille, France.,INMED, Marseille, France
| | - Rosa Cossart
- Inserm, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UMR, Marseille, France.,INMED, Marseille, France
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7
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Bocchio M, Gouny C, Angulo-Garcia D, Toulat T, Tressard T, Quiroli E, Baude A, Cossart R. Hippocampal hub neurons maintain distinct connectivity throughout their lifetime. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4559. [PMID: 32917906 PMCID: PMC7486410 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal embryonic origins of cortical GABA neurons are critical for their specialization. In the neonatal hippocampus, GABA cells born the earliest (ebGABAs) operate as ‘hubs’ by orchestrating population synchrony. However, their adult fate remains largely unknown. To fill this gap, we have examined CA1 ebGABAs using a combination of electrophysiology, neurochemical analysis, optogenetic connectivity mapping as well as ex vivo and in vivo calcium imaging. We show that CA1 ebGABAs not only operate as hubs during development, but also maintain distinct morpho-physiological and connectivity profiles, including a bias for long-range targets and local excitatory inputs. In vivo, ebGABAs are activated during locomotion, correlate with CA1 cell assemblies and display high functional connectivity. Hence, ebGABAs are specified from birth to ensure unique functions throughout their lifetime. In the adult brain, this may take the form of a long-range hub role through the coordination of cell assemblies across distant regions. In the neonatal hippocampus, GABA cells born the earliest operate as ‘hubs’ by orchestrating population synchrony. Here, the authors show that the earliest born GABAergic cells in the hippocampal CA1 region maintain distinct anatomical and functional properties throughout their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bocchio
- INMED (INSERM U1249), Aix-Marseille University, Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France.
| | - Claire Gouny
- INMED (INSERM U1249), Aix-Marseille University, Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France
| | - David Angulo-Garcia
- INMED (INSERM U1249), Aix-Marseille University, Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France.,Grupo de Modelado Computacional-Dinámica y Complejidad de Sistemas, Instituto de Matemáticas Aplicadas, Universidad de Cartagena, 130001, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Tom Toulat
- INMED (INSERM U1249), Aix-Marseille University, Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Tressard
- INMED (INSERM U1249), Aix-Marseille University, Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France
| | - Eleonora Quiroli
- INMED (INSERM U1249), Aix-Marseille University, Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Baude
- INMED (INSERM U1249), Aix-Marseille University, Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France
| | - Rosa Cossart
- INMED (INSERM U1249), Aix-Marseille University, Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13273, Marseille, France.
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8
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Paracrine Role for Somatostatin Interneurons in the Assembly of Perisomatic Inhibitory Synapses. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7421-7435. [PMID: 32847968 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0613-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons represent a heterogenous group of cell types in neocortex that can be clustered based on developmental origin, morphology, physiology, and connectivity. Two abundant populations of cortical GABAergic interneurons include the low-threshold, somatostatin (SST)-expressing cells and the fast-spiking, parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells. While SST+ and PV+ interneurons are both early born and migrate into the developing neocortex at similar times, SST+ cells are incorporated into functional circuits prior to PV+ cells. During this early period of neural development, SST+ cells play critical roles in the assembly and maturation of other cortical circuits; however, the mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Here, using both sexes of conditional mutant mice, we discovered that SST+ interneuron-derived Collagen XIX, a synaptogenic extracellular matrix protein, is required for the formation of GABAergic, perisomatic synapses by PV+ cells. These results, therefore, identify a paracrine mechanism by which early-born SST+ cells orchestrate inhibitory circuit formation in the developing neocortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex represent a heterogenous group of cells that generate the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. One such interneuron type is the low-threshold, somatostatin (SST)-expressing cell, which is one of the first types of interneurons to migrate into the cerebral cortex and become incorporated into functional circuits. In addition, to contributing important roles in controlling the flow of information in the adult cerebral cortex, SST+ cells play important roles in the development of other neural circuits in the developing brain. Here, we identified an extracellular matrix protein that is released by these early-born SST+ neurons to orchestrate inhibitory circuit formation in the developing cerebral cortex.
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9
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Flossmann T, Kaas T, Rahmati V, Kiebel SJ, Witte OW, Holthoff K, Kirmse K. Somatostatin Interneurons Promote Neuronal Synchrony in the Neonatal Hippocampus. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3173-3182.e5. [PMID: 30893591 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchronized activity is a universal characteristic of immature neural circuits that is essential for their developmental refinement and strongly depends on GABAergic neurotransmission. A major subpopulation of GABA-releasing interneurons (INs) expresses somatostatin (SOM) and proved critical for rhythm generation in adulthood. Here, we report a mechanism whereby SOM INs promote neuronal synchrony in the neonatal CA1 region. Combining imaging and electrophysiological approaches, we demonstrate that SOM INs and pyramidal cells (PCs) coactivate during spontaneous activity. Bidirectional optogenetic manipulations reveal excitatory GABAergic outputs to PCs that evoke correlated network events in an NKCC1-dependent manner and contribute to spontaneous synchrony. Using a dynamic systems modeling approach, we show that SOM INs affect network dynamics through a modulation of network instability and amplification threshold. Our study identifies a network function of SOM INs with implications for the activity-dependent construction of developing brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Flossmann
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Kaas
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Vahid Rahmati
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan J Kiebel
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Knut Holthoff
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Knut Kirmse
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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10
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Christenson Wick Z, Tetzlaff MR, Krook-Magnuson E. Novel long-range inhibitory nNOS-expressing hippocampal cells. eLife 2019; 8:46816. [PMID: 31609204 PMCID: PMC6839902 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus, a brain region that is important for spatial navigation and episodic memory, benefits from a rich diversity of neuronal cell-types. Through the use of an intersectional genetic viral vector approach in mice, we report novel hippocampal neurons which we refer to as LINCs, as they are long-range inhibitory neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-expressing cells. LINCs project to several extrahippocampal regions including the tenia tecta, diagonal band, and retromammillary nucleus, but also broadly target local CA1 cells. LINCs are thus both interneurons and projection neurons. LINCs display regular spiking non-pyramidal firing patterns, are primarily located in the stratum oriens or pyramidale, have sparsely spiny dendrites, and do not typically express somatostatin, VIP, or the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2. We further demonstrate that LINCs can strongly influence hippocampal function and oscillations, including interregional coherence. The identification and characterization of these novel cells advances our basic understanding of both hippocampal circuitry and neuronal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé Christenson Wick
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Madison R Tetzlaff
- Neuroscience Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
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11
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Wang CZ, Ma J, Xu YQ, Jiang SN, Chen TQ, Yuan ZL, Mao XY, Zhang SQ, Liu LY, Fu Y, Yu YC. Early-generated interneurons regulate neuronal circuit formation during early postnatal development. eLife 2019; 8:44649. [PMID: 31120418 PMCID: PMC6533056 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A small subset of interneurons that are generated earliest as pioneer neurons are the first cohort of neurons that enter the neocortex. However, it remains largely unclear whether these early-generated interneurons (EGIns) predominantly regulate neocortical circuit formation. Using inducible genetic fate mapping to selectively label EGIns and pseudo-random interneurons (pRIns), we found that EGIns exhibited more mature electrophysiological and morphological properties and higher synaptic connectivity than pRIns in the somatosensory cortex at early postnatal stages. In addition, when stimulating one cell, the proportion of EGIns that influence spontaneous network synchronization is significantly higher than that of pRIns. Importantly, toxin-mediated ablation of EGIns after birth significantly reduce spontaneous network synchronization and decrease inhibitory synaptic formation during the first postnatal week. These results suggest that EGIns can shape developing networks and may contribute to the refinement of neuronal connectivity before the establishment of the adult neuronal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Zheng Wang
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Qian Xu
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Na Jiang
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Qi Chen
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zu-Liang Yuan
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Mao
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Qing Zhang
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Yun Liu
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghui Fu
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Chun Yu
- Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Pujala A, Koyama M. Chronology-based architecture of descending circuits that underlie the development of locomotor repertoire after birth. eLife 2019; 8:42135. [PMID: 30801247 PMCID: PMC6449084 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new and increasingly sophisticated behaviors after birth is accompanied by dramatic increase of newly established synaptic connections in the nervous system. Little is known, however, of how nascent connections are organized to support such new behaviors alongside existing ones. To understand this, in the larval zebrafish we examined the development of spinal pathways from hindbrain V2a neurons and the role of these pathways in the development of locomotion. We found that new projections are continually layered laterally to existing neuropil, and give rise to distinct pathways that function in parallel to existing pathways. Across these chronologically layered pathways, the connectivity patterns and biophysical properties vary systematically to support a behavioral repertoire with a wide range of kinematics and dynamics. Such layering of new parallel circuits equipped with systematically changing properties may be central to the postnatal diversification and increasing sophistication of an animal’s behavioral repertoire. Newborn babies have limited abilities. Indeed, most of our actions shortly after birth are the result of reflexes that serve our most basic need: to stay alive. As we get older, however, our behaviour gradually becomes more sophisticated. During this time, the billions of cells in our brain form new connections to build intricate ‘circuits’ of neurons that allow for more complicated thoughts and actions. It is clear that the brain circuits that support new behaviours must develop in a way that does not interfere with the existing circuits that are vital for survival. However, the challenge has been to find a way to peer into a brain as it develops to see how these new circuits form. In recent years, zebrafish have revolutionised research into neuronal circuits in animals. Developing over the course of a few days, these small transparent fish provide a window into the brain during the earliest stages of development. Indeed, the circuits of neurons that descend from the brain and connect to the spinal cord have already been mapped in these animals. Now, Pujala and Koyama have begun to follow the careful development of these ‘descending’ neurons, and relate it to the appearance of new behaviours in young zebrafish. Time-lapse imaging with a fluorescent protein that is active only in specific descending neurons revealed that new circuits are laid down over existing ones, like the growth rings in a tree. Next, at different timepoints in zebrafish development, Pujala and Koyama traced these neurons backwards from the spine to the brain to identify which connections formed first. This showed that the spinal connections develop one after the other, in the same order that the neurons mature. Next, Pujala and Koyama asked how the activity of neurons that mature early or late in development relates to specific behaviours in young zebrafish. Early-born circuits connect to neurons that produce powerful, reflex-driven, whole-body movements such as an escape response. The later circuits connect to different neurons through slower, less direct pathways; the late-born neurons also generate the refined movements that are acquired later in a zebrafish’s development and help the fish to explore its environment. These findings show that descending circuits in zebrafish run parallel to each other, but with distinct connections and properties that allow them to control different kinds of movements. While this study was conducted using an animal model, a better understanding of how such circuits develop and the movements they control may one day aid the treatment of patients with neurodegenerative diseases or injuries where connections have been lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Pujala
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Minoru Koyama
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
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13
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Spoljaric I, Spoljaric A, Mavrovic M, Seja P, Puskarjov M, Kaila K. KCC2-Mediated Cl - Extrusion Modulates Spontaneous Hippocampal Network Events in Perinatal Rats and Mice. Cell Rep 2019; 26:1073-1081.e3. [PMID: 30699338 PMCID: PMC6352714 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally thought that hippocampal neurons of perinatal rats and mice lack transport-functional K-Cl cotransporter KCC2, and that Cl- regulation is dominated by Cl- uptake via the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1. Here, we demonstrate a robust enhancement of spontaneous hippocampal network events (giant depolarizing potentials [GDPs]) by the KCC2 inhibitor VU0463271 in neonatal rats and late-gestation, wild-type mouse embryos, but not in their KCC2-null littermates. VU0463271 increased the depolarizing GABAergic synaptic drive onto neonatal CA3 pyramidal neurons, increasing their spiking probability and synchrony during the rising phase of a GDP. Our data indicate that Cl- extrusion by KCC2 is involved in modulation of GDPs already at their developmental onset during the perinatal period in mice and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkeri Spoljaric
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Spoljaric
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martina Mavrovic
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patricia Seja
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Puskarjov
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Kaila
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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14
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Lim L, Pakan JMP, Selten MM, Marques-Smith A, Llorca A, Bae SE, Rochefort NL, Marín O. Optimization of interneuron function by direct coupling of cell migration and axonal targeting. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:920-931. [PMID: 29915195 PMCID: PMC6061935 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neural circuit assembly relies on the precise synchronization of developmental processes, such as cell migration and axon targeting, but the cell-autonomous mechanisms coordinating these events remain largely unknown. Here we found that different classes of interneurons use distinct routes of migration to reach the embryonic cerebral cortex. Somatostatin-expressing interneurons that migrate through the marginal zone develop into Martinotti cells, one of the most distinctive classes of cortical interneurons. For these cells, migration through the marginal zone is linked to the development of their characteristic layer 1 axonal arborization. Altering the normal migratory route of Martinotti cells by conditional deletion of Mafb-a gene that is preferentially expressed by these cells-cell-autonomously disrupts axonal development and impairs the function of these cells in vivo. Our results suggest that migration and axon targeting programs are coupled to optimize the assembly of inhibitory circuits in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette Lim
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Janelle M P Pakan
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martijn M Selten
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - André Marques-Smith
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alfredo Llorca
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sung Eun Bae
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalie L Rochefort
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Oscar Marín
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK.
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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15
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Mòdol L, Sousa VH, Malvache A, Tressard T, Baude A, Cossart R. Spatial Embryonic Origin Delineates GABAergic Hub Neurons Driving Network Dynamics in the Developing Entorhinal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4649-4661. [PMID: 28922859 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinated neuronal activity is essential for the development of cortical circuits. GABAergic hub neurons that function in orchestrating early neuronal activity through a widespread net of postsynaptic partners are therefore critical players in the establishment of functional networks. Evidence for hub neurons was previously found in the hippocampus, but their presence in other cortical regions remains unknown. We examined this issue in the entorhinal cortex, an initiation site for coordinated activity in the neocortex and for the activity-dependent maturation of the entire entorhinal-hippocampal network. Using an unbiased approach that identifies "driver hub neurons" displaying a high number of functional links in living slices, we show that while almost half of the GABAergic cells single-handedly influence network dynamics, only a subpopulation of cells born in the MGE and composed of somatostatin-expressing neurons located in infragranular layers, spontaneously operate as "driver" hubs. This indicates that despite differences in the origin of interneuron diversity, the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex share similar developmental mechanisms for the establishment of functional circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mòdol
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille 13273, France
| | - Vitor Hugo Sousa
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille 13273, France
| | - Arnaud Malvache
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille 13273, France
| | - Thomas Tressard
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille 13273, France
| | - Agnes Baude
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille 13273, France
| | - Rosa Cossart
- INMED, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, Marseille 13273, France
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16
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Pelkey KA, Chittajallu R, Craig MT, Tricoire L, Wester JC, McBain CJ. Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1619-1747. [PMID: 28954853 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only ~10-15% of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological diversity allows them to regulate virtually all aspects of cellular and circuit function. Here we provide an overview of the current state of the field of interneuron research, focusing largely on the hippocampus. We discuss recent advances related to the various cell types, including their development and maturation, expression of subtype-specific voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and their roles in network oscillations. We also discuss recent technological advances and approaches that have permitted high-resolution, subtype-specific examination of their roles in numerous neural circuit disorders and the emerging therapeutic strategies to ameliorate such pathophysiological conditions. The ultimate goal of this review is not only to provide a touchstone for the current state of the field, but to help pave the way for future research by highlighting where gaps in our knowledge exist and how a complete appreciation of their roles will aid in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Pelkey
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ramesh Chittajallu
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Michael T Craig
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Jason C Wester
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Chris J McBain
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
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17
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Mercer A, Thomson AM. Cornu Ammonis Regions-Antecedents of Cortical Layers? Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:83. [PMID: 29018334 PMCID: PMC5622992 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying neocortex and hippocampus in parallel, we are struck by the similarities. All three to four layered allocortices and the six layered mammalian neocortex arise in the pallium. All receive and integrate multiple cortical and subcortical inputs, provide multiple outputs and include an array of neuronal classes. During development, each cell positions itself to sample appropriate local and distant inputs and to innervate appropriate targets. Simpler cortices had already solved the need to transform multiple coincident inputs into serviceable outputs before neocortex appeared in mammals. Why then do phylogenetically more recent cortices need multiple pyramidal cell layers? A simple answer is that more neurones can compute more complex functions. The dentate gyrus and hippocampal CA regions-which might be seen as hippocampal antecedents of neocortical layers-lie side by side, albeit around a tight bend. Were the millions of cells of rat neocortex arranged in like fashion, the surface area of the CA pyramidal cell layers would be some 40 times larger. Even if evolution had managed to fold this immense sheet into the space available, the distances between neurones that needed to be synaptically connected would be huge and to maintain the speed of information transfer, massive, myelinated fiber tracts would be needed. How much more practical to stack the "cells that fire and wire together" into narrow columns, while retaining the mechanisms underlying the extraordinary precision with which circuits form. This demonstrably efficient arrangement presents us with challenges, however, not the least being to categorize the baffling array of neuronal subtypes in each of five "pyramidal layers." If we imagine the puzzle posed by this bewildering jumble of apical dendrites, basal dendrites and axons, from many different pyramidal and interneuronal classes, that is encountered by a late-arriving interneurone insinuating itself into a functional circuit, we can perhaps begin to understand why definitive classification, covering every aspect of each neurone's structure and function, is such a challenge. Here, we summarize and compare the development of these two cortices, the properties of their neurones, the circuits they form and the ordered, unidirectional flow of information from one hippocampal region, or one neocortical layer, to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Mercer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M. Thomson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Spencer WC, Deneris ES. Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Maturation of Serotonin Neuron Identity and Function. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:215. [PMID: 28769770 PMCID: PMC5515867 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system has been extensively studied for its role in normal physiology and behavior, as well as, neuropsychiatric disorders. The broad influence of 5-HT on brain function, is in part due to the vast connectivity pattern of 5-HT-producing neurons throughout the CNS. 5-HT neurons are born and terminally specified midway through embryogenesis, then enter a protracted period of maturation, where they functionally integrate into CNS circuitry and then are maintained throughout life. The transcriptional regulatory networks controlling progenitor cell generation and terminal specification of 5-HT neurons are relatively well-understood, yet the factors controlling 5-HT neuron maturation are only recently coming to light. In this review, we first provide an update on the regulatory network controlling 5-HT neuron development, then delve deeper into the properties and regulatory strategies governing 5-HT neuron maturation. In particular, we discuss the role of the 5-HT neuron terminal selector transcription factor (TF) Pet-1 as a key regulator of 5-HT neuron maturation. Pet-1 was originally shown to positively regulate genes needed for 5-HT synthesis, reuptake and vesicular transport, hence 5-HT neuron-type transmitter identity. It has now been shown to regulate, both positively and negatively, many other categories of genes in 5-HT neurons including ion channels, GPCRs, transporters, neuropeptides, and other transcription factors. Its function as a terminal selector results in the maturation of 5-HT neuron excitability, firing characteristics, and synaptic modulation by several neurotransmitters. Furthermore, there is a temporal requirement for Pet-1 in the control of postmitotic gene expression trajectories thus indicating a direct role in 5-HT neuron maturation. Proper regulation of the maturation of cellular identity is critical for normal neuronal functioning and perturbations in the gene regulatory networks controlling these processes may result in long-lasting changes in brain function in adulthood. Further study of 5-HT neuron gene regulatory networks is likely to provide additional insight into how neurons acquire their mature identities and how terminal selector-type TFs function in postmitotic vertebrate neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, United States
| | - Evan S Deneris
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, United States
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19
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Katona L, Micklem B, Borhegyi Z, Swiejkowski DA, Valenti O, Viney TJ, Kotzadimitriou D, Klausberger T, Somogyi P. Behavior-dependent activity patterns of GABAergic long-range projecting neurons in the rat hippocampus. Hippocampus 2017; 27:359-377. [PMID: 27997999 PMCID: PMC5363363 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Long-range glutamatergic and GABAergic projections participate in temporal coordination of neuronal activity in distributed cortical areas. In the hippocampus, GABAergic neurons project to the medial septum and retrohippocampal areas. Many GABAergic projection cells express somatostatin (SOM+) and, together with locally terminating SOM+ bistratified and O-LM cells, contribute to dendritic inhibition of pyramidal cells. We tested the hypothesis that diversity in SOM+ cells reflects temporal specialization during behavior using extracellular single cell recording and juxtacellular neurobiotin-labeling in freely moving rats. We have demonstrated that rare GABAergic projection neurons discharge rhythmically and are remarkably diverse. During sharp wave-ripples, most projection cells, including a novel SOM+ GABAergic back-projecting cell, increased their activity similar to bistratified cells, but unlike O-LM cells. During movement, most projection cells discharged along the descending slope of theta cycles, but some fired at the trough jointly with bistratified and O-LM cells. The specialization of hippocampal SOM+ projection neurons complements the action of local interneurons in differentially phasing inputs from the CA3 area to CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites during sleep and wakefulness. Our observations suggest that GABAergic projection cells mediate the behavior- and network state-dependent binding of neuronal assemblies amongst functionally-related brain regions by transmitting local rhythmic entrainment of neurons in CA1 to neuronal populations in other areas. © 2016 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Katona
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3QTUK
- MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3THUK
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3THUK
| | - Ben Micklem
- MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3THUK
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3THUK
| | - Zsolt Borhegyi
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaA‐1090Austria
- Department of BiochemistryEötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest1117Hungary
| | - Daniel A. Swiejkowski
- MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3THUK
| | - Ornella Valenti
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaA‐1090Austria
- Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyCenter for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of ViennaVienna1090Austria
| | - Tim J. Viney
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3QTUK
- MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3THUK
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3THUK
| | - Dimitrios Kotzadimitriou
- MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3THUK
| | - Thomas Klausberger
- MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3THUK
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaA‐1090Austria
| | - Peter Somogyi
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3QTUK
- MRC Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3THUK
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3THUK
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaA‐1090Austria
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