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Mai JK, Majtanik M. Toward a Common Terminology for the Thalamus. Front Neuroanat 2019; 12:114. [PMID: 30687023 PMCID: PMC6336698 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The wealth of competing parcellations with limited cross-correspondence between atlases of the human thalamus raises problems in a time when the usefulness of neuroanatomical methods is increasingly appreciated for modern computational analyses of the brain. An unequivocal nomenclature is, however, compulsory for the understanding of the organization of the thalamus. This situation cannot be improved by renewed discussion but with implementation of neuroinformatics tools. We adopted a new volumetric approach to characterize the significant subdivisions and determined the relationships between the parcellation schemes of nine most influential atlases of the human thalamus. The volumes of each atlas were 3d-reconstructed and spatially registered to the standard MNI/ICBM2009b reference volume of the Human Brain Atlas in the MNI (Montreal Neurological Institute) space (Mai and Majtanik, 2017). This normalization of the individual thalamus shapes allowed for the comparison of the nuclear regions delineated by the different authors. Quantitative cross-comparisons revealed the extent of predictability of territorial borders for 11 area clusters. In case of discordant parcellations we re-analyzed the underlying histological features and the original descriptions. The final scheme of the spatial organization provided the frame for the selected terms for the subdivisions of the human thalamus using on the (modified) terminology of the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). Waiving of exact individual definition of regional boundaries in favor of the statistical representation within the open MNI platform provides the common and objective (standardized) ground to achieve concordance between results from different sources (microscopy, imaging etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen K. Mai
- Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Milan Majtanik
- Institute of Informatics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Chuncher S, Somana R. Microvascularization of thalamus and metathalamus in common tree shrew (Tupaia glis). ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2006; 211:173-81. [PMID: 16456678 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-005-0070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The microangioarchitecture of the thalamus and metathalamus in common tree shrew (Tupaia glis) was studied using vascular corrosion cast/stereomicroscope and SEM technique. The arterial supply of the thalamus and metathalamus was found to originate from perforating branches of the posterior communicating artery, the posterior cerebral artery, the middle cerebral artery, and the anterior choroidal artery. These perforating arteries gave rise to numerous bipinnate arterioles which in turn, with decreasing vessel diameters, branched into a non-fenestrated capillary bed. Venous blood from the superficial parts of the thalamus and metathalamus was collected into the thalamocollicular vein, whereas venous blood from internal aspects of the thalamus was conveyed to the internal cerebral vein. Some venous blood from the most rostral part of the thalamus flowed into tributaries of the middle cerebral vein before draining into the cavernous sinus. Further, the thalamic and metathalamic vascular arrangement was found to be of centripetal type. In addition, thalamic arterial anastomosis was rarely observed. Thus, obstruction of thalamic blood supply could easily lead to thalamic infraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sununta Chuncher
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Phayathai, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
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Darvesh S, Hopkins DA. Differential distribution of butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase in the human thalamus. J Comp Neurol 2003; 463:25-43. [PMID: 12811800 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) are coregulators of the duration of action of acetylcholine in cholinergic neurotransmission, suggesting that BuChE may also have an important role in the brain. To compare the expression of cholinesterases in the human thalamus, the distributions of BuChE and AChE activity were studied by using a modified Karnovsky-Roots method. BuChE activity was present mainly in neurons, whereas AChE activity was present in both neurons and axons. There was intense staining for BuChE or AChE throughout the thalamus, with some nuclei primarily expressing one or the other cholinesterase. BuChE staining was most intense and widespread in neurons in the anteroventral, mediodorsal, ventral, lateral, and pulvinar thalamic nuclei. AChE was predominantly expressed in neurons of the anterodorsal, midline, ventral, intralaminar, and reticular nuclei. Many nuclei contained both cholinesterases. Considering the overall patterns of labeling in the thalamus for the two cholinesterases, there were both complementary and overlapping relationships of BuChE and AChE activity. Neuronal staining in the subthalamic nucleus and hypothalamus was predominantly positive for AChE activity. The distinct distribution of BuChE activity in neurons in the human thalamus is consistent with an important role for this enzyme in neurotransmission in the human nervous system. Furthermore, BuChE activity, like AChE activity, is found in certain thalamic nuclei related to cognitive and behavioral functions. Involvement of thalamic nuclei in diseases of the nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia suggests that BuChE could be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Darvesh
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax B3H 1X5, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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van Groen T, Kadish I, Wyss JM. Efferent connections of the anteromedial nucleus of the thalamus of the rat. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1999; 30:1-26. [PMID: 10407123 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The projections from the anteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (AM) were investigated using anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. AM projects to nearly the entire rostrocaudal extent of limbic cortex and to visual cortex. Anteriorly, AM projects to medial orbital, frontal polar, precentral agranular, and infraradiata cortices. Posteriorly, AM projects to retrosplenial granular, entorhinal, perirhinal and presubicular cortices, and to the subiculum. Further, AM projects to visual cortical area 18b, and to the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala. AM projections are topographically organized, i.e., projections to different cortical areas arise from distinct parts of AM. The neurons projecting to rostral infraradiata cortex (IRalpha) are more caudally located in AM than the neurons projecting to caudal infraradiata cortex (IRbeta). The neuronal cell bodies that project to the terminal field in area 18b are located primarily in ventral and lateral parts of AM, whereas neurons projecting to perirhinal cortex and amygdala are more medially located in AM. Injections into the most caudal, medial part of AM (i.e., the interanteromedial [IAM] nucleus) label terminals in the rostral precentral agranular, caudal IRbeta, and caudal perirhinal cortices. Whereas most AM axons terminate in layers I and V-VI, exceptions to this pattern include area 18b (axons and terminals in layers I and IV-V), the retrosplenial granular cortex (axons and terminals in layers I and V), and the presubicular, perirhinal, and entorhinal cortices (axons and terminals predominantly in layer V). Together, these findings suggest that AM influences a widespread area of limbic cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T van Groen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, Canthia Building, Kuopio, Finland
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Van Groen T, Wyss JM. Projections from the anterodorsal and anteroventral nucleus of the thalamus to the limbic cortex in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1995; 358:584-604. [PMID: 7593752 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903580411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterized the projections of the anterodorsal (AD) and the anteroventral (AV) thalamic nuclei to the limbic cortex. Both AD and AV project to the full extent of the retrosplenial granular cortex in a topographic pattern. Neurons in caudal parts of both nuclei project to rostral retrosplenial cortex, and neurons in rostral parts of both nuclei project to caudal retrosplenial cortex. Within AV, the magnocellular neurons project primarily to the retrosplenial granular a cortex, whereas the parvicellular neurons project mainly to the retrosplenial granular b cortex. AD projections to retrosplenial cortex terminate in very different patterns than do AV projections: The AD projection terminates with equal density in layers I, III, and IV of the retrosplenial granular cortex, whereas, in contrast, the AV projections terminate very densely in layer Ia and less densely in layer IV. Further, both AD and AV project densely to the postsubicular, presubicular, and parasubicular cortices and lightly to the entorhinal (only the most caudal part) cortex and to the subiculum proper (only the most septal part). Rostral parts of AD project equally to all three subicular cortices, whereas neurons in caudal AD project primarily to the postsubicular cortex. Compared to AD, neurons in AV have a less extensive projection to the subicular cortex, and this projection terminates primarily in the postsubicular and presubicular cortices. Further, the AD projection terminates in layers I, II/III, and V of postsubiculum, whereas the AV projection terminates only in layers I and V.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Van Groen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294, USA
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Heckers S, Geula C, Mesulam MM. Cholinergic innervation of the human thalamus: dual origin and differential nuclear distribution. J Comp Neurol 1992; 325:68-82. [PMID: 1282919 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903250107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic innervation of the human thalamus was studied with antibodies against the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and nerve growth factor receptor (NGFr). Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry was used to delineate nuclear boundaries. All thalamic nuclei displayed ChAT-positive axons and varicosities. Only the medial habenula contained ChAT-positive perikarya. Some intralaminar nuclei (central medial, central lateral, and paracentral), the reticular nucleus, midline nuclei (paraventricular and reuniens), some nuclei associated with the limbic system (anterodorsal nucleus and medially situated patches in the mediodorsal nucleus) and the lateral geniculate nucleus displayed the highest density of ChAT-positive axonal varicosities. The remaining sensory relay nuclei and the nuclei interconnected with the motor and association cortex displayed a lower level of innervation. Immunoreactivity for NGFr was observed in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain but not in cholinergic neurons of the upper brainstem. The contribution of basal forebrain afferents to the cholinergic innervation of the human thalamus was therefore studied with the aid of NGFr-immunoreactive axonal staining. The anterior intralaminar nuclei, the reticular nucleus, and medially situated patches in the mediodorsal nucleus displayed a substantial number of NGFr-positive varicose axons, presumably originating in the basal forebrain. Rare NGFr-positive axonal profiles were also seen in many of the other thalamic nuclei. These observations suggest that thalamic nuclei affiliated with limbic structures and with the ascending reticular activating system are likely to be under particularly intense cholinergic influence. While the vast majority of thalamic cholinergic input seems to come from the upper brainstem, the intralaminar and reticular nuclei, and especially medially situated patches within the mediodorsal nucleus also appear to receive substantial cholinergic innervation from the basal forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heckers
- Bullard Laboratory, Boston, Massachusetts
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Sakamoto N, Michel JP, Kopp N, Pearson J. Neurotensin immunoreactive neurons in the human infant diencephalon. Brain Res 1987; 403:31-42. [PMID: 3548888 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin-like immunoreactive (NT-IR) neurons are present in discrete subregions of the anterior, medial and lateral thalamic nuclear groups of the human infant brain. The pulvinar is notably rich in such cells. Smaller numbers of cells are present in the ventral group, centromedian nucleus, reticular nuclei and intralaminar nuclei. Neurotensin immunoreactive axons accumulate dorsally in the thalamus and cross the deep white matter. The cerebral cortex contains a rich network of NT-IR axons. The subthalamic nucleus is rich in NT-IR neurons. Within the hypothalamus NT-IR perikarya are present in parts of the lateral and tuberal regions and in the lateral mammillary area. NT-IR axons are widespread being particularly prominent in parts of the tuberal region and the mammillary body.
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Jayaraman A. Organization of thalamic projections in the nucleus accumbens and the caudate nucleus in cats and its relation with hippocampal and other subcortical afferents. J Comp Neurol 1985; 231:396-420. [PMID: 3968245 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902310309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The organization of thalamic projections in the nucleus accumbens (NA) and the caudate nucleus of cats and its relation to other subcortical striatal afferents were studied with a retrograde tracing technique by use of lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase. The study showed that the paraventricular and medial parafascicular nuclei (PF) of the thalamus project to the medial NA and the parataenial and medial PF project to the lateral NA. The ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars dorsalis (SNpd) project to medial and lateral NA. The midline thalamic nuclei, rostral intralaminar nuclei, ventroanterior nucleus, medial and lateral PF, lateral posterior complex, and nucleus limitans project to medial caudate nucleus. The most medial substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and rostral SNpd project to medial caudate nucleus. The center median, ventrolateral, and the central lateral nuclei of thalamus, SNpc, and SNpd project to lateral caudate nucleus. These results suggest that the thalamic and subcortical nuclei known to connect with the limbic and frontal cortices project to NA and medial caudate nucleus. Those thalamic nuclei connected with the motor system project to lateral caudate nucleus. The hippocampus projects selectively to medial NA. The amygdala, raphe, and other mesencephalic nuclei project only to NA and medial caudate nucleus. The organization of hippocampal, amygdala, and other subcortical afferents suggests that NA and caudate nucleus can be separated into medial "limbic" and lateral nonlimbic "sensory-motor" compartments. A brief review of the distribution pattern of some neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and their receptors and behavior studies provides additional support to the concept that the striatum can be divided into several subcompartments.
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Abstract
The medial geniculate body in non-human species is divided into several parts, each with a different structure, physiological organization, and pattern of connections. Which parts of the human medial geniculate body and which types of neurons might be homologous to those of other species is unknown, and the object of the present study. The cytoarchitecture, fiber architecture, and neuronal organization of the adult human medial geniculate body were studied in Nissl, Golgi, and other preparations. Three divisions, comparable to those in other mammals, were described. The ventral division had a bimodal distribution of somatic sizes in Nissl material which, in Golgi impregnations, may correspond, respectively, to a larger neuron with bushy dendrites and a tufted branching pattern, and a smaller stellate cell with a radiating, spherical dendritic field. The large neurons formed clusters surrounded by a particular pattern of neuropil which, together, constituted fibro-dendritic laminae whose long axis was oriented medio-laterally in parallel sheets or rows. The dorsal division was dominated by small and medium-sized somata representing at least three populations of neurons in the Golgi preparations. The large stellate cell had a radiate dendritic field and a dichotomous branching pattern; an equally large neuron with an elongated, multiangular perikaryon and bushy dendritic arbors forming tufts also occurred. Blended among these larger neurons were many smaller cells with tiny, flask-shaped, round, or drumstick-like perikarya, limited dendritic fields and thin dendrites, and poorly developed stellate or bushy dendritic configurations. In the medial division, larger somata were more common than in the other medial geniculate divisions, but small cells were present in considerable numbers. The fiber architecture and the different kinds of neurons distinguished the three major divisions and the nuclei within them. Thus, the ventral nucleus had long fascicles of axons running parallel to the dendrites of bushy neurons, while the marginal and ovoid nuclei had a different organization. The dorsal division had a more diffuse, irregular arrangement of thinner axons interspersed among bundles of coarser fibers, whereas the medial division was traversed by many coarse preterminal axons passing laterally and dorsally from the brachium of the inferior colliculus; these imparted a striated pattern to the neuropil. Regional variation in cytoarchitecture and the fiber plexus defined several nuclei in each subdivision, except in the medial division, where the density of the staining made further subdivision impossible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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White EL. Thalamocortical synaptic relations: a review with emphasis on the projections of specific thalamic nuclei to the primary sensory areas of the neocortex. Brain Res 1979; 180:275-311. [PMID: 394815 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(79)90008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Twelve electrodes aimed at the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus were implanted in 6 rats. In 5 of these animals intracranial stimulation was effective in punishing a bar press response on a baseline schedule of water reinforcement. The sixth animal was not tested. In all 6 animals lesions produced through these electrodes disrupted response suppression to punishing electric shock superimposed on the same baseline. Those animals in which both parts of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus were damaged showed a more marked and graded punishment effect of intracranial stimulation and a more profound disruption of the quantitative shock intensity-response relationship than those in which only the rostromedial part of the nucleus was damaged. Three other animals had electrodes implanted in the rostromedial hypothalamus or the midline thalamus. They showed neither the punishing effect of intracranial stimulation nor the dusruptive effect on response suppression of electrocoagulative lesions.
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Van Buren JM, Borke RC. Nucleus dorsalis superficialis (lateralis dorsalis) of the thalamus and the limbic system in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1974; 37:765-89. [PMID: 4853391 PMCID: PMC494784 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.37.7.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the earlier supposition was that the n. dorsalils superficialis (n. lateralis dorsalis) of the thalamus projected to the parietal region, more recent evidence has linked it to the posterior cingulate gyrus and possibly adjacent regions near the splenium of the corpus callosum. An afferent supply from lower levels was in more doubt, although some report had been made of cell and fibre degeneration in the n. dorsalis superficialis after extensive temporal resections and section of the fornix in lower primates. The five human hemispheres of the present study all had lesions of long duration below the level of the splenium of the corpus callosum in the posteromedial temporal region. All showed marked degeneration in the fornix and n. dorsalis superficialis. In favourably stained cases, gliotic fascicles could be followed from the descending column of the fornix to the n. dorsalis superficialis via the region lateral to the stria medullaris thalami. The cell loss in the nucleus thus appeared to be an instance of anterograde transynptic degeneration. These cases provided an interesting instance in which human infarctions provided natural lesions that would have been hard to duplicate in experimental animals.
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Cortical projections of intralaminar nuclei of the cat thalamus and their physiological importance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01125920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rakić P, Sidman RL. Telencephalic origin of pulvinar neurons in the fetal human brain. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANATOMIE UND ENTWICKLUNGSGESCHICHTE 1969; 129:53-82. [PMID: 4186810 DOI: 10.1007/bf00521955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rinvik E. The corticothalamic projection from the pericruciate and coronal gyri in the cat. An experimental study with silver-impregnation methods. Brain Res 1968; 10:79-119. [PMID: 4176329 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(68)90116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rinvik E. A re-evaluation of the cytoarchitecture of the ventral nuclear complex of the cat's thalamus on the basis of corticothalamic connections. Brain Res 1968; 8:237-54. [PMID: 5652718 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(68)90045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Scheibel ME, Scheibel AB. Structural organization of nonspecific thalamic nuclei and their projection toward cortex. Brain Res 1967; 6:60-94. [PMID: 4964024 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(67)90183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Crosby EC, Schneider RC, DeJonge BR, Szonyi P. The alterations of tonus and movements through the interplay between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 1966; 127:Suppl 1:1-91. [PMID: 4958055 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901270502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Krupp P, Monnier M. The unspecific intralaminary modulatihg system of the thalamus. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1966; 9:45-94. [PMID: 5338292 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Die Zellformen des Nucleus Medialis Dorsalis Thalami des Menschen. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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AGUINIS M. [The significance of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus in stereotactic therapy of parkinsonism]. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1963; 11:151-60. [PMID: 14011313 DOI: 10.1007/bf01414203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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PROLO DJ, STILWELL DL. Arterial supply of the diencephalon and some associated areas of the rabbit brain. J Comp Neurol 1962; 119:229-54. [PMID: 13986348 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901190208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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GOLDBERG JM, NEFF WD. Frequency discrimination after bilateral section of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. J Comp Neurol 1961; 116:265-89. [PMID: 13706458 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901160303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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MACCHI G, ANGELERI F, GUAZZI G. Thalamo-cortical connections of the first and second somatic sensory areas in the cat. J Comp Neurol 1959; 111:387-405. [PMID: 14419282 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901110302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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SHOWERS MJ. Correlation of medial thalamic nuclear activity with cortical and subcortical neuronal arcs. J Comp Neurol 1958; 109:261-315. [PMID: 13598800 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901090208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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SPERLING E. [Thalamic changes in frontal lobe lesions; with a contribution to the problem of essential changes in organic brain structure]. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1957; 195:589-606. [PMID: 13435865 DOI: 10.1007/bf00343133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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HANBERY J, AJMONE-MARSAN C, DILWORTH M. Pathways of non-specific thalamo-cortical projection system. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1954; 6:103-18. [PMID: 13141925 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(54)90010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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DEKABAN A. Human thalamus; an anatomical, developmental and pathological study. I. Division of the human adult thalamus into nuclei by use of the cyto-myelo-architectonic method. J Comp Neurol 1953; 99:639-83. [PMID: 13118005 DOI: 10.1002/cne.900990309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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SLOANE MWM. The diencephalon of the mink. I. The nuclear pattern of the dorsal thalamus. J Comp Neurol 1951; 95:463-519. [PMID: 14907910 DOI: 10.1002/cne.900950305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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COMBS CM. The distribution and temporal course of fiber degeneration after experimental lesions in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 1951; 94:123-75. [PMID: 14814222 DOI: 10.1002/cne.900940106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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