1
|
Zhou H, Wang X, Lin J, Zhao Z, Chang C. Distribution of Cadherin in the Parahippocampal Area of Developing Domestic Chicken Embryos. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:11-26. [PMID: 32122105 PMCID: PMC7075654 DOI: 10.5607/en.2020.29.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal formation is important in spatial learning and memory. Members of the cadherin superfamily are observed in the neural system with diverse spatial and temporal expression patterns and are involved in many biological processes. To date, the avian hippocampal formation is not well understood. In this study, we examined the expression of cadherin mRNA in chicken and mouse brains to investigate the morphological and cytoarchitectural bases of hippocampal formation. Profiles of the spatiotemporal expression of cadherin mRNAs in the developing chicken embryonic parahippocampal area (APH) are provided, and layer-specific expression and spatiotemporal expression were observed in different subdivisions of the APH. That fact that some cadherins (Cdh2, Cdh8, Pcdh8 and Pcdh10) showed conserved regional expression both in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of mice and the hippocampal formation of chickens partially confirmed the structural homology proposed by previous scientists. This study indicates that some cadherins can be used as special markers of the avian hippocampal formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.,Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - XiaoFan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - JunTang Lin
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Ze Zhao
- School of Law, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.,Birth Defect Prevention Key Laboratory, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450000, China.,Center of Cerebral Palsy Surgical Research and Treatment, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cdh4 Down-Regulation Impairs in Vivo Infiltration and Malignancy in Patients Derived Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164028. [PMID: 31426573 PMCID: PMC6718984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high invasive phenotype of glioblastoma is one of the main causes of therapy inefficacy and tumor relapse. Cell adhesion molecules of the cadherin family are involved in cell migration and are known as master regulators of epithelial tumor invasiveness, but their role in glioblastoma is less understood. In particular, we recently demonstrated, in the syngeneic murine model, the occurrence of a previously undescribed cadherin switch between Cdh2 and Cdh4 during gliomagenesis, which is necessary for the acquisition of the highly infiltrative and tumorigenic phenotype of these cells. In the present study, we tested the role of Cdh4 in human gliomas. Our results on patient-derived glioma cells demonstrate a positive correlation between Cdh4 expression levels and the loss of cell-cell contact inhibition of proliferation controls that allows cells to proliferate over confluence. Moreover, the silencing of Cdh4 by artificial microRNAs induced a decrease in the infiltrative ability of human glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. More strikingly, Cdh4 silencing induced an impairment of the tumorigenic potential of these cells after orthotopic transplantation in immunodeficient mice. Overall, we conclude that in human glioblastoma, Cdh4 can also actively contribute in regulating cell invasiveness and malignancy.
Collapse
|
3
|
Russo G, Theisen U, Fahr W, Helmsing S, Hust M, Köster RW, Dübel S. Sequence defined antibodies improve the detection of cadherin 2 (N-cadherin) during zebrafish development. N Biotechnol 2018; 45:98-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
4
|
Díaz C, Puelles L. Segmental Analysis of the Vestibular Nerve and the Efferents of the Vestibular Complex. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:472-484. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Díaz
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine/Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Albacete 02006 Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB-Arrixaca Institute, School of Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia E30071 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schaarschuch A, Hertel N. Expression profile of N-cadherin and protocadherin-19 in postnatal mouse limbic structures. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:663-680. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaarschuch
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Nicole Hertel
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schaarschuch A, Redies C, Hertel N. Unspecific binding of cRNA probe to plaques in two mouse models for Alzheimer's disease. J Negat Results Biomed 2016; 15:22. [PMID: 27978824 PMCID: PMC5159973 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-016-0065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the pathological deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein-containing plaques. Microglia and astrocytes are commonly attracted to the plaques by an unknown mechanism that may involve cell adhesion. One cell adhesion family of proteins, the cadherins, are widely expressed in the central nervous system. Therefore, our study was designed to map the expression of cadherins in AD mouse brains. A particular focus was on plaques because diverse mRNA-species were found in plaques and their surrounding area in brains of AD patients. Methods In this study, we used in situ hybridization to visualize cadherin expression in brains of two mouse models for AD (APP/PS1 and APP23). Results A variable number of plaques was detected in transgenic brain sections, depending on the probe used. Our first impression was that the cadherin probes visualized specific mRNA expression in plaques and that endogenous staining was unaffected. However, control experiments revealed unspecific binding with sense probes. Further experiments with variations in probe length, probe sequence, molecular tag and experimental procedure lead us to conclude that cRNA probes bind generally and in an unspecific manner to plaques. Conclusions We demonstrate unspecific binding of cRNA probes to plaques in two mouse models for AD. The widespread and general staining of the plaques prevented us from studying endogenous expression of cadherins in transgenic brain by in situ hybridization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12952-016-0065-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaarschuch
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Redies
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Hertel
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao Y, Wang G, Zhang C, Lin M, Liu X, Zeng Y, Liu J. Long non-coding RNA linc-cdh4-2 inhibits the migration and invasion of HCC cells by targeting R-cadherin pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:348-354. [PMID: 27765630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have played very important roles in the malignancy behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Linc-cdh4-2 (TCONS_00027978) is a novel LncRNA that has been identified in HCC tissues from our previous study. Overexpression of linc-cdh4-2 in HCC cell lines (SK-Hep-1 and Huh7) significantly decreases the migration and invasion abilities of these cells, while knockdown the expression of linc-cdh4-2 significantly increases the migration and invasion abilities. Interestingly, neither the over expression nor the knock down of linc-cdh4-2 could affect the viability and proliferation of HCC cells. Mechanistically, the linc-cdh4-2 could up-regulate the protein level of R-cadherin through direct binding that might improve the protein stability. Over expression of linc-cdh4-2 could significantly increase the protein levels of R-cadherin and decrease the protein levels of small GTPase RAC1, and vice-versa. Further knockdown R-cadherin in linc-cdh4-2 stably overexpressed cells, could significantly upregulate the protein levels of RAC1 and improve the cell migration and invasion abilities. Taken together, the novel linc-cdh4-2 may negatively regulate the motility of the HCC cells through targeting R-cadherin-RAC1 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhen Gao
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China
| | - Gaoxiong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, PR China
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China
| | - Minjie Lin
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China
| | - Yongyi Zeng
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; Liver Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, PR China; The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China.
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China; Liver Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, PR China; The Liver Center of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin J, Wang C, Redies C. Restricted expression of classic cadherins in the spinal cord of the chicken embryo. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:18. [PMID: 24744704 PMCID: PMC3978366 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic cadherins belong to the family of cadherin genes and play important roles in neurogenesis, neuron migration, and axon growth. In the present study, we compared the expression patterns of 10 classic cadherins (Cdh2, Cdh4, Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh9, Cdh11, Cdh12, Cdh18, and Cdh20) in the developing chicken spinal cord (SP) by in situ hybridization. Our results indicate that each of the investigated cadherins exhibits a spatially restricted and temporally regulated pattern of expression. At early developmental stages (E2.5–E3), Cdh2 is expressed throughout the neuroepithelial layer. Cdh6 is strongly positive in the roof plate and later also in the floor plate. Cdh7, Cdh11, Cdh12, and Cdh20 are expressed in restricted regions of the basal plate of the SP. At intermediate stages of development (E4–E10), specific expression profiles are observed for all investigated cadherins in the differentiating mantle layer along the dorsoventral, mediolateral, and rostrocaudal dimensions. Expression profiles are especially diverse for Cdh2, Cdh4, Cdh8, Cdh11, and Cdh20 in the dorsal horn, while different pools of motor neurons exhibit signal for Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh9, Cdh12, and Cdh20 in the ventral horn. Interestingly, subpopulations of cells in the dorsal root ganglion express combinations of different cadherins. In the surrounding tissues, such as the boundary cap cells and the notochord, the cadherins are also expressed differentially. The highly regulated spatiotemporal expression patterns of the classic cadherins indicate that these genes potentially play multiple and diverse roles during the development of the SP and its surrounding tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Lin
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine - Jena University Hospital Jena, Germany ; Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Congrui Wang
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine - Jena University Hospital Jena, Germany ; Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Christoph Redies
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine - Jena University Hospital Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Asahina H, Masuba A, Hirano S, Yuri K. Distribution of protocadherin 9 protein in the developing mouse nervous system. Neuroscience 2012; 225:88-104. [PMID: 22982106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protocadherin 9 (Pcdh9) is a member of the protocadherin family, which includes many members involved in various phenomena, such as cell-cell adhesion, neural projection, and synapse formation. Here, we identified Pcdh9 protein in the mouse brain and examined its distribution during neural development. Pcdh9, with a molecular weight of approximately 180 kDa, was localized at cell-cell contact sites in COS-1 cells transfected with Pcdh9 cDNA. In cultured neurons, it was detected at the growth cone and at adhesion sites along neurites. In the E13.5 brain, prominent Pcdh9 immunoreactivity was detected in the dorsal thalamus along with other regions including the vestibulocochlear nerve. As development proceeded (E15.5-P1), Pcdh9 immunoreactivity became observable in various brain regions but was restricted to certain fiber tracts and brain nuclei. Interestingly, many Pcdh9-positive brain nuclei and fascicles belonged to the vestibular (e.g. vestibulocochlear nerve, vestibular nuclei, and the vestibulocerebellum) and oculomotor systems (medial longitudinal fascicles, oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, and interstitial nucleus of Cajal). In addition, we examined the distribution of Pcdh9 protein in the olfactory bulb, retina, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglion. In these regions, Pcdh9 and OL-protocadherin proteins were differentially distributed, with the difference highlighted in the olfactory bulb, where they were enriched in different subsets of glomeruli. In the mature retina, Pcdh9 immunoreactivity was detected in distinct sublaminae of the inner and outer plexiform layers. In the dorsal root ganglion, only certain subsets of neurons showed Pcdh9 immunoreactivity. These results suggest that Pcdh9 might be involved in formation of specific neural circuits during neural development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Asahina
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okoh-cho, Nankoku-City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin J, Wang C, Redies C. Expression of delta-protocadherins in the spinal cord of the chicken embryo. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:1509-31. [PMID: 22102158 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protocadherins constitute the largest subfamily of cadherin genes and are widely expressed in the nervous system. In the present study, we cloned eight members of the delta-protocadherin subfamily of cadherins (Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, Pcdh17, Pcdh18, and Pcdh19) from the chicken, and investigated their expression in the developing chicken spinal cord by in situ hybridization. Our results showed that each of the investigated delta-protocadherins exhibits a spatially restricted and temporally regulated pattern of expression. Pcdh1, Pcdh8, Pcdh18, and Pcdh19 are expressed in restricted dorsoventral domains of the neuroepithelial layer at early developmental stages (E2.5–E4). In the differentiating mantle layer, specific expression profiles are observed for all eight delta-protocadherins along the dorsoventral, mediolateral, and rostrocaudal dimensions at intermediate stages of development (E6–E10). Expression profiles are especially diverse in the motor column, where different pools of motor neurons exhibit signal for subsets of delta-protocadherins. In the dorsal root ganglion, subpopulations of cells express combinations of Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, and Pcdh17. The ventral boundary cap cells are positive for Pcdh7, Pcdh9, and Pcdh10. Signals for Pcdh8, Pcdh18, and Pcdh19 are found in the meninges. Surrounding tissues, such as the notochord, dermomyotome, and sclerotome also exhibit differential expression patterns. The highly regulated spatiotemporal expression patterns of delta-protocadherins suggest that they have multiple and diverse functions during development of the spinal cord and its surrounding tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Lin
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cadherins and neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Res 2012; 1470:130-44. [PMID: 22765916 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cadherins mediate cell-cell adhesion but are also involved in intracellular signaling pathways associated with neuropsychiatric disease. Most of the ∼100 cadherins that are expressed in the brain exhibit characteristic spatiotemporal expression profiles. Cadherins have been shown to regulate neural tube regionalization, neuronal migration, gray matter differentiation, neural circuit formation, spine morphology, synapse formation and synaptic remodeling. The dysfunction of the cadherin-based adhesive system may alter functional connectivity and coherent information processing in the human brain in neuropsychiatric disease. Several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy/mental retardation, autism, bipolar disease and schizophrenia, have been associated with cadherins, mostly by genome-wide association studies. For example, CDH15 and PCDH19 are associated with cognitive impairment; CDH5, CDH8, CDH9, CDH10, CDH13, CDH15, PCDH10, PCDH19 and PCDHb4 with autism; CDH7, CDH12, CDH18, PCDH12 and FAT with bipolar disease and schizophrenia; and CDH11, CDH12 and CDH13 with methamphetamine and alcohol dependency. To date, disease-causing mutations are established for PCDH19 in patients with epilepsy, cognitive impairment and/or autistic features. In conclusion, genes encoding members of the cadherin superfamily are of special interest in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disease because cadherins play a pivotal role in the development of the neural circuitry as well as in mature synaptic function.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ferguson TA, Scherer SS. Neuronal cadherin (NCAD) increases sensory neurite formation and outgrowth on astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2012; 522:108-12. [PMID: 22698587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons on astrocytes following the genetic deletion of N-cadherin (NCAD). Deletion abolished immunostaining for NCAD and the other classical cadherins, indicating that NCAD is likely the only classical cadherin expressed by astrocytes. Only 38% of neurons grown on NCAD-deficient astrocytes for 24 h produced neurites, as compared to 74% of neurons grown on NCAD-expressing astrocytes. Of the neurons that produced neurites, those grown on NCAD-deficient astrocytes had a mean total length of 378 μm, as compared to 1093 μm for neurons grown on NCAD-expressing astrocytes. Thus, the loss of NCAD greatly impairs the formation and extension neurites on astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toby A Ferguson
- Department of Neurology, Temple University and Shriners Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Omi M, Harada H, Nakamura H. Identification of retinotectal projection pathway in the deep tectal laminae in the chick. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2615-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
14
|
Cadherin expression in the somatosensory cortex: evidence for a combinatorial molecular code at the single-cell level. Neuroscience 2010; 175:37-48. [PMID: 21129452 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin superfamily genes play a role in a wide variety of developmental processes and mature functions of the vertebrate brain. In the present study, we mapped in situ the expression pattern of five classic cadherins (Cdh4, Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh11) and eight δ-protocadherins (Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, Pcdh11, Pcdh17 and Pcdh19) in the primary somatosensory cortex of the adult mouse. All of these cadherins show layer-specific expression profiles in primary somatosensory cortex. Some cadherins (for example, Cdh4, Cdh7, Pcdh8) mark subsets of cells within a given lamina, while other cadherins (Cdh11 and Pcdh10) are expressed more widely in multiple layers. Results from tyramide-based double-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) provide evidence that most single neurons express more than one cadherin in a combinatorial fashion in all layers of cerebral cortex. This combinatorial code is rather comprehensive because pairwise expression of cadherins can assume any type of combination (complementarity, partial or complete overlap, subset-specific expression, cell-size specific expression, etc.). We propose that the combinatorial expression of multiple cadherin genes contributes to the molecular specification of the vast complexity of neurons in cerebral cortex.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hertel N, Redies C. Absence of layer-specific cadherin expression profiles in the neocortex of the reeler mutant mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 21:1105-17. [PMID: 20847152 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are a superfamily of Ca(2+)-dependent cell surface glycoproteins that play a morphogenetic role in a wide variety of developmental processes. They provide a code of potentially adhesive cues for layer formation in mammalian cerebral cortex. One of the animal models used for studying corticogenesis is the reeler mouse. Previous investigations showed that radial neuronal migration is impaired in this mutant, possibly resulting in an inversion of cortical layers. However, the extent of this "outside-in" cortical layering remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the mRNA expression of cadherins (Cdh4, Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh11, Pcdh17, and Pcdh19) in the cerebral cortex of wild-type (wt) mice and reeler mutants. All cadherins show a layer-specific expression profile in wt mice, but, in reeler cortex, cadherin-expressing cells are distributed widely across the radial dimension. The altered layering in reeler mutants completely disrupts the radial expression of cadherins, which is more patchy, rather than laminar. Regionalized gradient-like expression of cadherins is preserved. Our findings are compatible with a model, in which the ubiquitous dispersion of cadherin-expressing cells results from a dysgenesis of radial glial cells and a misrouting of migrating neuroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hertel
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cadherins in Cerebellar Development: Translation of Embryonic Patterning into Mature Functional Compartmentalization. THE CEREBELLUM 2010; 10:393-408. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- A J Freemont
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Oblander SA, Brady-Kalnay SM. Distinct PTPmu-associated signaling molecules differentially regulate neurite outgrowth on E-, N-, and R-cadherin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 44:78-93. [PMID: 20197094 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical cadherins play distinct roles in axon growth and guidance in the visual system, however, the signaling pathways they activate remain unclear. Growth cones on each cadherin substrate have a unique morphology suggesting that distinct signals are activated by neurite outgrowth on E-, N-, and R-cadherin. We previously demonstrated that receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase-mu (PTPmu) is required for E- and N-cadherin-dependent neurite outgrowth. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that PTPmu regulates R-cadherin-mediated neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, we evaluated whether known PTPmu-associated signaling proteins, Rac1, Cdc42, IQGAP1 and PKCdelta, regulate neurite outgrowth mediated by these cadherins. While Rac1 activity is required for neurite outgrowth on all three cadherins Cdc42/IQGAP1 are required only for N- and R-cadherin-mediated neurite outgrowth. In addition, we determined that PKC activity is required for E- and R-cadherin-mediated, but not N-cadherin-mediated neurite outgrowth. In summary, distinct PTPmicro-associated signaling proteins are required to promote neurite outgrowth on cadherins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Oblander
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Expression of classic cadherins and delta-protocadherins in the developing ferret retina. BMC Neurosci 2009; 10:153. [PMID: 20028529 PMCID: PMC2811116 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadherins are a superfamily of calcium-dependent adhesion molecules that play multiple roles in morphogenesis, including proliferation, migration, differentiation and cell-cell recognition. The subgroups of classic cadherins and delta-protocadherins are involved in processes of neural development, such as neurite outgrowth, pathfinding, target recognition, synaptogenesis as well as synaptic plasticity. We mapped the expression of 7 classic cadherins (CDH4, CDH6, CDH7, CDH8, CDH11, CDH14, CDH20) and 8 delta-protocadherins (PCDH1, PCDH7, PCDH8, PCDH9, PCDH10, PCDH11, PCDH17, PCDH18) at representative stages of retinal development and in the mature retina of the ferret by in situ hybridization. RESULTS All cadherins investigated by us are expressed differentially by restricted populations of retinal cells during specific periods of the ferret retinogenesis. For example, during embryonic development, some cadherins are exclusively expressed in the outer, proliferative zone of the neuroblast layer, whereas other cadherins mark the prospective ganglion cell layer or cells in the prospective inner nuclear layer. These expression patterns anticipate histogenetic changes that become visible in Nissl or nuclear stainings at later stages. In parallel to the ongoing development of retinal circuits, cadherin expression becomes restricted to specific subpopulations of retinal cell types, especially of ganglion cells, which express most of the investigated cadherins until adulthood. A comparison to previous results in chicken and mouse reveals overall conserved expression patterns of some cadherins but also species differences. CONCLUSIONS The spatiotemporally restricted expression patterns of 7 classic cadherins and 8 delta-protocadherins indicate that cadherins provide a combinatorial adhesive code that specifies developing retinal cell populations and intraretinal as well as retinofugal neural circuits in the developing ferret retina.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ferran J, de Oliveira ED, Merchán P, Sandoval J, Sánchez-Arrones L, Martínez-De-La-Torre M, Puelles L. Genoarchitectonic profile of developing nuclear groups in the chicken pretectum. J Comp Neurol 2009; 517:405-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
21
|
Cadherin-19 expression is restricted to myelin-forming cells in the chicken embryo. Neuroscience 2009; 165:168-78. [PMID: 19850111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We cloned chicken cadherin-19 that demonstrates high similarity to human and rat cadherin-19. Chicken cadherin-19 is a type II classic cadherin that is located on the long arm of chicken chromosome 2 and is composed of 13 exons and 12 introns. The expression profile of cadherin-19 was analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization during chicken embryonic development. Its expression starts at E2.5, then gradually increases to reach a peak at E20. In contrast to previous results obtained in rat, chicken cadherin-19 is expressed both in Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, also at late stages of development. We found no other cell type positive for cadherin-19 in the chicken embryo throughout development, suggesting that cadherin-19 is selectively expressed by myelin-forming cells and might play a role in myelin formation. The sequence of cadherin-19 shares high similarity with that of cadherin-7 and cadherin-20, and the three genes form a cluster on chromosome 2. Their expression patterns, however, are rather distinct although partial overlap is observed. For example, cadherin-19 and cadherin-7 are co-expressed by Schwann cells but not by oligodendrocytes. Moreover, a subset of interneurons express cadherin-7 but not cadherin-19 or cadherin-20. Despite their close genetic relation, the three cadherins have acquired functions in rather different cell types during nervous system development.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cadherin-20 expression by motor neurons is regulated by Sonic hedgehog during spinal cord development. Neuroreport 2009; 20:365-70. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283243fe4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
23
|
LaMora A, Voigt MM. Cranial sensory ganglia neurons require intrinsic N-cadherin function for guidance of afferent fibers to their final targets. Neuroscience 2009; 159:1175-84. [PMID: 19356698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules, such as N-cadherin (cdh2), are essential for normal neuronal development, and as such have been implicated in an array of processes including neuronal differentiation and migration, and axon growth and fasciculation. cdh2 is expressed in neurons of the peripheral nervous system during development, but its role in these cells during this time is poorly understood. Using the transgenic zebrafish line, tg(p2xr3.2:eGFP(sl1)), we have examined the involvement of cdh2 in the formation of sensory circuits by the peripheral nervous system. The tg(p2xr3.2:eGFP(sl1)) fish allows visualization of neurons comprising the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal ganglia and their axons throughout development. Reduction of cdh2 in this line was achieved by either crosses to the cdh2-mutant strain, glass onion (glo) or injection of a cdh2 morpholino (MO) into single-cell embryos. Here we show that cdh2 function is required to alter the directional vectors of growing axons upon reaching intermediate targets. The central axons enter the hindbrain appropriately but fail to turn caudally towards their final targets. Similarly, the peripheral axons extend ventrally, but fail to turn and project along a rostral/caudal axis. Furthermore, by expressing dominant negative cdh2 constructs selectively within cranial sensory ganglia (CSG) neurons, we found that cdh2 function is necessary within the axons to elicit these stereotypic turns, thus demonstrating that cdh2 acts cell autonomously. Together, our in vivo data reveal a novel role for cdh2 in the establishment of circuits by peripheral sensory neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A LaMora
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Neudert F, Nuernberger KKM, Redies C. Comparative analysis of cadherin expression and connectivity patterns in the cerebellar system of ferret and mouse. J Comp Neurol 2009; 511:736-52. [PMID: 18855899 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum shows remarkable variations in the relative size of its divisions among vertebrate species. In the present study, we compare the cerebella of two mammals (ferret and mouse) by mapping the expression of three cadherins (cadherin-8, protocadherin-7, and protocadherin-10) at similar postnatal stages. The three cadherins are expressed differentially in parasagittal stripes in the cerebellar cortex, in the portions of the deep cerebellar nuclei, in the divisions of the inferior olivary nucleus, and in the lateral vestibular nucleus. The expression profiles suggest that the cadherin-positive structures are interconnected. The expression patterns resemble each other in ferret and mouse, although some differences can be observed. The general resemblance indicates that cerebellar organization is based on a common set of embryonic divisions in the two species. Consequently, the large differences in cerebellar morphology between the two species are more likely caused by differential growth of these embryonic divisions than by differences in early embryonic patterning. Based on the cadherin expression patterns, a model of corticonuclear projection territories in ferret and mouse is proposed. In summary, our results indicate that the cerebellar systems of rodents and carnivores display a relatively large degree of similarity in their molecular and functional organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Neudert
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Redies C, Heyder J, Kohoutek T, Staes K, Van Roy F. Expression of protocadherin-1 (Pcdh1) during mouse development. Dev Dyn 2009; 237:2496-505. [PMID: 18729229 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherin-1 (Pcdh1) is a member of the delta-protocadherin subgroup of non-clustered protocadherins. We studied the expression of Pcdh1 from the early embryonic to the adult stage of mouse development by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Pcdh1 can be detected as early as embryonic day 9.5. In early embryogenesis, expression is especially prominent in blood vessels. During later development and in the adult mouse, organs derived from the embryonic gut, such as the esophagus, intestines, liver, lung, and submandibular gland, contain epithelia and other types of tissues that are Pcdh1-positive. Other positive organs include the brain, spinal cord, retina, peripheral ganglia, the inner ear, hair follicles, kidney, vagina, uterus, placenta, testis, prostate, and the seminal gland. The tight spatial and temporal regulation of Pcdh1 expression suggests that this protocadherin plays multiple roles not only during development but also in mature tissues and organs in the mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Redies
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lin J, Luo J, Redies C. Differential expression of five members of the ADAM family in the developing chicken brain. Neuroscience 2008; 157:360-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Takahashi M, Osumi N. Expression study of cadherin7 and cadherin20 in the embryonic and adult rat central nervous system. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:87. [PMID: 18801203 PMCID: PMC2564927 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate classic cadherins are divided into type I and type II subtypes, which are individually expressed in brain subdivisions (e.g., prosomeres, rhombomeres, and progenitor domains) and in specific neuronal circuits in region-specific manners. We reported previously the expression of cadherin19 (cad19) in Schwann cell precursors. Cad19 is a type II classic cadherin closely clustered on a chromosome with cad7 and cad20. The expression patterns of cad7 and cad20 have been reported previously in chick embryo but not in the developing and adult central nervous system of mammals. In this study, we identified rat cad7 and cad20 and analyzed their expression patterns in embryonic and adult rat brains. RESULTS Rat cad7 protein showed 92% similarity to chick cad7, while rat cad20 protein had 76% similarity to Xenopus F-cadherin. Rat cad7 mRNA was initially expressed in the anterior neural plate including presumptive forebrain and midbrain regions, and then accumulated in cells of the dorsal neural tube and in rhombomere boundary cells of the hindbrain. Expression of rat cad20 mRNA was specifically localized in the anterior neural region and rhombomere 2 in the early neural plate, and later in longitudinally defined ventral cells of the hindbrain. The expression boundaries of cad7 and cad20 corresponded to those of region-specific transcription factors such as Six3, Irx3 and Otx2 in the neural plate, and Dbx2 and Gsh1 in the hindbrain. At later stages, the expression of cad7 and cad20 disappeared from neuroepithelial cells in the hindbrain, and was almost restricted to postmitotic cells, e.g. somatic motor neurons and precerebellar neurons. These results emphasized the diversity of cad7 and cad20 expression patterns in different vertebrate species, i.e. birds and rodents. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings suggest that the expression of cad7 and cad20 demarcates the compartments, boundaries, progenitor domains, specific nuclei and specific neural circuits during mammalian brain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Takahashi
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- The Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8, Honmachi, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Krishna-K, Nuernberger M, Weth F, Redies C. Layer-specific expression of multiple cadherins in the developing visual cortex (V1) of the ferret. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:388-401. [PMID: 18534988 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are superfamily of Ca2+-dependent transmembrane glycoproteins with more than 100 members. They play a role in a wide variety of developmental mechanisms, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell-cell recognition, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. We cloned 16 novel members of the classic cadherin and delta-protocadherin subgroups from ferret brain. Their expression patterns were investigated by in situ hybridization in the developing primary visual cortex (V1) of the ferret. Fifteen out of the 16 cadherins are expressed in a spatiotemporally restricted fashion throughout development. Each layer of V1 can be characterized by the combinatorial expression of a subset of cadherins at any given developmental stage. A few cadherins are expressed by subsets of neurons in specific layers or by neurons dispersed throughout all cortical layers. Generally, the expression of protocadherins is more widespread, whereas that of classic cadherins is more restricted to specific layers. At the V1/V2 boundary, changes in layer-specific cadherin expression are observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that cadherins provide a code of potentially adhesive cues for layer formation in ferret V1. The persistence of expression in the adult suggests a functional role also in the mature cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna-K
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Teichgraben 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hertel N, Krishna-K, Nuernberger M, Redies C. A cadherin-based code for the divisions of the mouse basal ganglia. J Comp Neurol 2008; 508:511-28. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
30
|
Bekirov IH, Nagy V, Svoronos A, Huntley GW, Benson DL. Cadherin-8 and N-cadherin differentially regulate pre- and postsynaptic development of the hippocampal mossy fiber pathway. Hippocampus 2008; 18:349-63. [PMID: 18064706 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cells sort into regions and groups in part by their selective surface expression of particular classic cadherins during development. In the nervous system, cadherin-based sorting can define axon tracts, restrict axonal and dendritic arbors to particular regions or layers, and may encode certain aspects of synapse specificity. The underlying model has been that afferents and their targets hold in common the expression of a particular cadherin, thereby providing a recognition code of homophilic cadherin binding. However, most neurons express multiple cadherins, and it is not clear whether multiple cadherins all act similarly in shaping neural circuitry. Here we asked how two such cadherins, cadherin-8 and N-cadherin, influence the guidance and differentiation of hippocampal mossy fibers. Using organotypic hippocampal cultures, we find that cadherin-8 regulates mossy fiber fasciculation and targeting, but has little effect on CA3 dendrites. In contrast, N-cadherin regulates mossy fiber fasciculation, but has little impact on axonal growth and targeting. However, N-cadherin is essential for CA3 dendrite arborization. Both cadherins are required for formation of proper numbers of presynaptic terminals. Mechanistically, such differential actions of these two cadherins could, in theory, reflect coupling to distinct intracellular binding partners. However, we find that both cadherins bind beta-catenin in dentate gyrus (DG). This suggests that cadherins may engage different intracellular signaling cascades downstream of beta-catenin, coopt different extracellular binding partners, or target distinct subcellular domains. Together our findings demonstrate that cadherin-8 and N-cadherin are critical for generating the mossy fiber pathway, but that each contributes differentially to afferent and target differentiation, thereby complementing one another in the assembly of a synaptic circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iddil H Bekirov
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Matsunaga E, Okanoya K. Expression analysis of cadherins in the songbird brain: relationship to vocal system development. J Comp Neurol 2008; 508:329-42. [PMID: 18322922 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Songbirds learn their songs as juveniles. The brains of songbirds have a series of nuclei and neural circuits called the song system, which is indispensable for vocal learning and production. In the present study we analyzed the expression patterns of cell adhesion molecules, cadherins, in the Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica) to investigate their potential involvement in song nuclei and neural circuit formation. We found that cadherin-6B was expressed in many song nuclei of the juvenile and adult brain, while R-cadherin was complementarily expressed in surrounding areas. On the other hand, cadherin-7 was expressed in the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) in the sensory learning stage, and its expression was downregulated during the sensorimotor learning stage. This downregulation of cadherin-7 was sexually dimorphic, suggesting its involvement in song development. Other cadherins, including cadherin-9, -10, and -12, showed different song-nuclei-related expression profiles. These patterns of song nuclei related expression suggest the possibility that cadherins are involved in the formation and maintenance of the song nuclei or neural pathways of the song system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsunaga
- Laboratory for Biolinguistics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Neudert F, Redies C. Neural circuits revealed by axon tracing and mapping cadherin expression in the embryonic chicken cerebellum. J Comp Neurol 2008; 509:283-301. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
33
|
Warga RM, Kane DA. A role for N-cadherin in mesodermal morphogenesis during gastrulation. Dev Biol 2007; 310:211-25. [PMID: 17826762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules mediate numerous developmental processes necessary for the segregation and organization of tissues. Here we show that the zebrafish biber (bib) mutant encodes a dominant allele at the N-cadherin locus. When knocked down with antisense oligonucleotides, bib mutants phenocopy parachute (pac) null alleles, demonstrating that bib is a gain-of-function mutation. The mutant phenotype disrupts normal cell-cell contacts throughout the mesoderm as well as the ectoderm. During gastrulation stages, cells of the mesodermal germ layer converge slowly; during segmentation stages, the borders between paraxial and axial tissues are irregular and somite borders do not form; later, myotomes are fused. During neurulation, the neural tube is disorganized. Although weaker, all traits present in bib mutants were found in pac mutants. When the distribution of N-cadherin mRNA was analyzed to distinguish mesodermal from neuroectodermal expression, we found that N-cadherin is strongly expressed in the yolk cell and hypoblast in the early gastrula, just preceding the appearance of the bib mesodermal defects. Only later is N-cadherin expressed in the anlage of the CNS, where it is found as a radial gradient in the forming neural plate. Hence, besides a well-established role in neural and somite morphogenesis, N-cadherin is essential for morphogenesis of the mesodermal germ layer during gastrulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Warga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kim SY, Chung HS, Sun W, Kim H. Spatiotemporal expression pattern of non-clustered protocadherin family members in the developing rat brain. Neuroscience 2007; 147:996-1021. [PMID: 17614211 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Protocadherins (PCDHs) consist of the largest subgroup of the cadherin superfamily, and most PCDHs are expressed dominantly in the CNS. Because PCDHs are involved in the homophilic cell-cell adhesion, PCDHs in the nervous system have been suggested to play roles in the formation and maintenance of the synaptic connections. Although many PCDHs (>50) are in tandem arranged as a cluster in a specific chromosome locus, there are also considerable numbers of non-clustered PCDH members (approximately 20). In this study, we examined the spatiotemporal distribution of mRNAs for 12 non-clustered PCDHs in rat brain using in situ hybridization. Some of them (PCDH1, PCDH7, PCDH9, PCDH10, PCDH11, PCDH17, and PCDH20) exhibited region-dependent expression pattern in the cerebral cortex during the early postnatal stage (P3), which is a critical period for the establishment of specific synaptic connections: PCDH7 and PCDH20 mRNAs were predominantly expressed in the somatosensory (parietal) and visual (occipital) cortices, whereas PCDH11 and PCDH17 mRNAs were preferentially expressed in the motor (forelimb and hindlimb areas) and auditory (temporal) cortices, and PCDH9 mRNA was highly expressed in the motor and main somatosensory cortices. These PCDHs were also expressed in the specific regions of the connecting thalamic nuclei. These cortical regionalization and thalamic nuclei-specificity appeared to be most distinct in P3 compared with those of embryonic and adult stages. Taken together, these results suggest that PCDHs may play specific roles in the establishment of selective synaptic connections of specific modality of cerebral cortex with other communicating brain regions such as the thalamus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pankratz MT, Li XJ, Lavaute TM, Lyons EA, Chen X, Zhang SC. Directed neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells via an obligated primitive anterior stage. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1511-20. [PMID: 17332508 PMCID: PMC2743478 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding neuroectoderm formation and subsequent diversification to functional neural subtypes remains elusive. We show here that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiate to primitive neuroectoderm after 8-10 days. At this stage, cells uniformly exhibit columnar morphology and express neural markers, including anterior but not posterior homeodomain proteins. The anterior identity of these cells develops regardless of morphogens present during initial neuroectoderm specification. This anterior phenotype can be maintained or transformed to a caudal fate with specific morphogens over the next week, when cells become definitive neuroepithelia, marked by neural tube-like structures with distinct adhesion molecule expression, Sox1 expression, and a resistance to additional patterning signals. Thus, primitive neuroepithelia represents the earliest neural cells that possess the potential to differentiate to regionally specific neural progenitors. This finding offers insights into early human brain development and lays a foundation for generating neural cells with correct positional and transmitter profiles. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Pankratz
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- The Stem Cell Research Program, Waisman Center, and the WiCell Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- The Stem Cell Research Program, Waisman Center, and the WiCell Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy M. Lavaute
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- The Stem Cell Research Program, Waisman Center, and the WiCell Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Lyons
- The Stem Cell Research Program, Waisman Center, and the WiCell Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Su-Chun Zhang
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- The Stem Cell Research Program, Waisman Center, and the WiCell Institute, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Blackmore M, Letourneau PC. L1, beta1 integrin, and cadherins mediate axonal regeneration in the embryonic spinal cord. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 66:1564-83. [PMID: 17058193 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic birds and mammals are capable of axon regeneration after spinal cord injury, but this ability is lost during a discrete developmental transition. We recently showed that changes within maturing neurons, as opposed to changes solely in the spinal cord environment, significantly restrict axon regeneration during development. The developmental changes within neurons that limit axon regeneration remain unclear. One gap in knowledge is the identity of the adhesive receptors that embryonic neurons use to extend axons in the spinal cord. Here we test the roles of L1/NgCAM, beta1 integrin, and cadherins, using a coculture system in which embryonic chick brainstem neurons regenerate axons into an explant of embryonic spinal cord. By in vivo and in vitro methods, we found that brainstem neurons reduce axonal expression of L1 as they mature. Disrupting either L1 or beta1 integrin function individually in our coculture system partially inhibited growth of brainstem axons in spinal cords, while disrupting cadherin function alone had no effect. However, when all three adhesive receptors were blocked simultaneously, axon growth in the spinal cord was reduced by 90%. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization we show that during the period when neurons lose their regenerative capacity they reduce expression of mRNA for N-cadherin, and reduce axonal L1/NgCAM protein through a post-transcriptional mechanism. These data show that embryonic neurons use L1/NgCAM, beta1 integrin, and cadherin receptors for axon regeneration in the embryonic spinal cord, and raise the possibility that a reduced expression of these essential receptors may contribute to the low-regenerative capacity of older neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murray Blackmore
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Halbleib JM, Nelson WJ. Cadherins in development: cell adhesion, sorting, and tissue morphogenesis. Genes Dev 2007; 20:3199-214. [PMID: 17158740 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1486806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis during development is dependent on activities of the cadherin family of cell-cell adhesion proteins that includes classical cadherins, protocadherins, and atypical cadherins (Fat, Dachsous, and Flamingo). The extracellular domain of cadherins contains characteristic repeats that regulate homophilic and heterophilic interactions during adhesion and cell sorting. Although cadherins may have originated to facilitate mechanical cell-cell adhesion, they have evolved to function in many other aspects of morphogenesis. These additional roles rely on cadherin interactions with a wide range of binding partners that modify their expression and adhesion activity by local regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and diverse signaling pathways. Here we examine how different members of the cadherin family act in different developmental contexts, and discuss the mechanisms involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Halbleib
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Synapses are specialized adhesive contacts characteristic of many types of cell-cell interactions involving neurons, immune cells, epithelial cells, and even pathogens and host cells. Cell-cell adhesion is mediated by structurally diverse classes of cell-surface glycoproteins, which form homophilic or heterophilic interactions across the intercellular space. Adhesion proteins bind to a cytoplasmic network of scaffolding proteins, regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, and signal transduction pathways that control the structural and functional organization of synapses. The themes of this review are to compare the organization of synapses in different cell types and to understand how different classes of cell adhesion proteins and cytoplasmic protein networks specify the assembly of functionally distinct synapses in different cell contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Yamada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
| | - W. James Nelson
- Departments of Biological Sciences, and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lin J, Redies C, Luo J. Regionalized expression of ADAM13 during chicken embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:862-70. [PMID: 17245702 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAMs are a family of membrane proteins possessing a disintegrin domain and a metalloprotease domain, which have functions in cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix adhesion, and protein shedding, respectively. ADAMs are involved in morphogenesis and tissue formation during embryonic development. In the present study, chicken ADAM13 was cloned and identified, and its expression was investigated by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization during chicken embryonic development. Our results show that ADAM13 expression is temporally and spatially regulated in chicken embryos. At early developmental stages, ADAM13 is expressed in the head mesenchyme, which later develops into the craniofacial skeleton, in the branchial arches, and in the meninges surrounding the brain. Furthermore, ADAM13 mRNA was also detected in several tissues and organs, such as the somites and their derived muscles, the meninges surrounding the spinal cord, the dorsal aorta, the developing kidney, and several digestive organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Lin
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fung S, Wang F, Chase M, Godt D, Hartenstein V. Expression profile of the cadherin family in the developingDrosophila brain. J Comp Neurol 2007; 506:469-88. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
41
|
Luo J, Ju MJ, Redies C. Regionalized cadherin-7 expression by radial glia is regulated by Shh and Pax7 during chicken spinal cord development. Neuroscience 2006; 142:1133-43. [PMID: 16973294 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During development, several genes that specify neuronal subtype identity are expressed in distinct dorsoventral domains of the spinal cord and hindbrain. Cadherin-7 (Cad7), a member of the cadherin family of adhesion molecules, is expressed by radial glia in a dorsal domain of the spinal cord basal plate in chicken. To study the regulation of the Cad7 gene, we ectopically expressed two known dorsoventral patterning genes, Shh and Pax7, in the caudal neural tube and in two brain regions at different stages of development by in vivo electroporation. Results showed that Shh regulated the expression of Cad7 by radial glia in a concentration-dependent manner. Shh induced or repressed the expression of Cad7, at low and high concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, Pax7 inhibited the expression of Cad7. These results are compatible with a role of Shh and Pax7 in regulating endogenous Cad7 expression during spinal cord and hindbrain development. Our data show, for the first time, that Shh can regulate the expression not only of other gene regulatory factors, but also of Cad7, a morphoregulatory molecule that plays a role in axon elongation and neural circuit formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Luo
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University, Teichgraben 7, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tanabe K, Takahashi Y, Sato Y, Kawakami K, Takeichi M, Nakagawa S. Cadherin is required for dendritic morphogenesis and synaptic terminal organization of retinal horizontal cells. Development 2006; 133:4085-96. [PMID: 16987869 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendrite morphology of neurons provides a structural basis for their physiological characteristics, and is precisely regulated in a cell type-dependent manner. Using a unique transposon-mediated gene transfer system that enables conditional and cell-type specific expression of exogenous genes, we investigated the role of cadherin on dendritic morphogenesis of horizontal cells in the developing chicken retina. We first visualized single horizontal cells by overexpressing membrane-targeted EGFP, and confirmed that there were three subtypes of horizontal cells, the dendritic terminals of which projected to distinct synaptic sites in the outer plexiform layer. Expression of a dominant-negative cadherin decreased the dendritic field size, and perturbed the termination of dendritic processes onto the photoreceptor cells. The cadherin blockade also impaired the accumulation of GluR4, a postsynaptic marker, at the cone pedicles. We thus provide in vivo evidence that cadherin is required for dendrite morphogenesis of horizontal cells and subsequent synapse formation with photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tanabe
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuoku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Piechotta K, Dudanova I, Missler M. The resilient synapse: insights from genetic interference of synaptic cell adhesion molecules. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 326:617-42. [PMID: 16855838 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (SCAMs) are mostly membrane-anchored molecules with extracellular domains that extend into the synaptic cleft. Prototypical SCAMs interact with homologous or heterologous molecules on the surface of adjacent cells, ensuring the precise apposition of pre- and postsynaptic elements. More recent definitions of SCAMs often include molecules involved in axon pathfinding, cell recognition and synaptic differentiation events, making SCAMs functionally and molecularly a highly diverse group. In this review, we summarize the proposed in vivo functions of a large variety of SCAMs. We mainly focus on results obtained from analyses of genetic model organisms, mostly mouse knockout mutants, lacking expression of the respective candidate genes. In contrast to the substantial effect yielded by some knockouts of molecules involved in synaptic vesicle release, no SCAM mutant has been reported thus far that shows a prominently altered structure of the majority of synapses or even lacks synapses altogether. This surprising resilience of synaptic structure might be explained by a high redundancy between different SCAMs, by the assumption that the crucial molecular players in synapse structure have yet to be discovered or by a grand variability in the mechanisms of synapse formation that underlies the diversity of synapses. Whatever the final answer turns out to be, the genetic dissection of the SCAM superfamilies has led to a much better understanding of the different steps required to form, differentiate and modify a synapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Piechotta
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Georg-August University, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Moenig B, Luksch H. Selective cultivation of N-cadherin expressing cells from the optic tectum of the chick. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 154:53-9. [PMID: 16423406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dissociated primary cell cultures of the nervous system are usually composed of many different cell types, which makes it difficult to investigate a specific cell type and to describe its development in vitro without direct or indirect influence of other cell types. Although various methods have been published to specifically separate either neurons or glial cells, there is still a need for simple protocols to isolate distinct neuronal subpopulations. Here we describe a method to purify specific neuronal subtypes from the chick embryonic midbrain. Embryonic (E10) optic tecta were dissociated and a cell suspension was produced. Cells were separated by magnetic cell sorting (MACS) based on their specific expression of somatic N-cadherin. After cultivation on poly-D-lysine coated dishes in serum-free culture medium supplemented with B27, cells were fixed and analyzed with immuncytochemistry. Enriched primary cultures contained about 70% of N-cadherin positive cells compared to 46% before sorting. 7 days after cultivation, N-cadherin expression and its co-localization with synapses was demonstrated.
Collapse
|
45
|
Morishita H, Murata Y, Esumi S, Hamada S, Yagi T. CNR/Pcdhalpha family in subplate neurons, and developing cortical connectivity. Neuroreport 2005; 15:2595-9. [PMID: 15570159 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200412030-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cadherin-related neuronal receptor (CNR)/protocadherin (Pcdh) alpha family is one of the diverse protocadherin families identified as a candidate diversified membrane-associated component regulating the formation of neuronal connectivity. However, its expression during neural circuit formation has not been examined in detail. Here, we used a conserved sequence to study the expression of this protein family during the development of neocortical connectivity, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The proteins were detected in developing thalamocortical and corticofugal axons, and in subplate neurons, which pioneer these axon tracts. The expression in subplate neurons was confirmed by birth-date labeling with BrdU, and by examination in homozygous reeler mice. This pattern of CNR/Pcdhalpha expression suggests its involvement in the development of neocortical connectivity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Contactin 2
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Indoles/metabolism
- Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Neocortex/cytology
- Neocortex/embryology
- Neocortex/metabolism
- Neural Pathways/embryology
- Neural Pathways/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Protocadherins
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Transfection/methods
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Morishita
- KOKORO Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-08713, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ju MJ, Aroca P, Luo J, Puelles L, Redies C. Molecular profiling indicates avian branchiomotor nuclei invade the hindbrain alar plate. Neuroscience 2005; 128:785-96. [PMID: 15464286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that the spinal cord and hindbrain consist of a motor basal plate and a sensory alar plate. We now have molecular markers for these territories. The relationship of migrating branchiomotor neurons to molecularly defined alar and basal domains was examined in the chicken embryo by mapping the expression of cadherin-7 and cadherin-6B, in comparison to genetic markers for ventrodorsal patterning (Otp, Pax6, Pax7, Nkx2.2, and Shh) and motoneuron subpopulations (Phox2b and Isl1). We show cadherin-7 is expressed in a complete radial domain occupying a lateral region of the hindbrain basal plate. The cadherin-7 domain abuts the medial border of Pax7 expression; this common limit defines, or at least approximates, the basal/alar boundary. The hindbrain branchiomotor neurons originate in the medial part of the basal plate, close to the floor plate. Their cadherin-7-positive axons grow into the alar plate and exit the hindbrain close to the corresponding afferent nerve root. The cadherin-7-positive neuronal cell bodies later translocate laterally, following this axonal trajectory, thereby passing through the cadherin-7-positive basal plate domain. Finally, the cell bodies traverse the molecularly defined basal/alar boundary and move into positions within the alar plate. After the migration has ended, the branchiomotor neurons switch expression from cadherin-7 to cadherin-6B. These findings demonstrate that a specific subset of primary motor neurons, the branchiomotor neurons, migrate into the alar plate of the chicken embryo. Consequently, the century-old concept that all primary motor neurons come to reside in the basal plate should be revised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Ju
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nakajima S, Doi R, Toyoda E, Tsuji S, Wada M, Koizumi M, Tulachan SS, Ito D, Kami K, Mori T, Kawaguchi Y, Fujimoto K, Hosotani R, Imamura M. N-cadherin expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:4125-33. [PMID: 15217949 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0578-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Loss of intercellular adhesion and increased cell motility promote tumor cell invasion. In the present study, E- and N-cadherin, members of the classical cadherin family, are investigated as inducers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is thought to play a fundamental role during the early steps of invasion and metastasis of carcinomas. Cell growth factors are known to regulate cell adhesion molecules. The purpose of the study presented here was to investigate whether a gain in N-cadherin in pancreatic cancer is involved in the process of metastasis via EMT and whether its expression is affected by growth factors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We immunohistochemically examined the expression of N- and E-cadherins and vimentin, a mesenchymal marker, in pancreatic primary and metastatic tumors. Correlations among the expressions of N-cadherin, transforming growth factor (TGF)beta, and fibroblast growth factor 2 was evaluated in both tumors, and the induction of cadherin and vimentin by growth factors was examined in cultured cell lines. RESULTS N-cadherin expression was observed in 13 of 30 primary tumors and in 8 of 15 metastatic tumors. N-cadherin expression correlated with neural invasion (P = 0.008), histological type (P = 0.043), fibroblast growth factor expression in primary tumors (P = 0.007), and TGF expression (P = 0.004) and vimentin (P = 0.01) in metastatic tumors. Vimentin, a mesenchymal marker, was observed in a few cancer cells of primary tumor but was substantially expressed in liver metastasis. TGF stimulated N-cadherin and vimentin protein expression and decreased E-cadherin expression of Panc-1 cells with morphological change. CONCLUSION This study provided the morphological evidence of EMT in pancreatic carcinoma and revealed that overexpression of N-cadherin is involved in EMT and is affected by growth factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Nakajima
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Basic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Thornton MR, Mantovani C, Birchall MA, Terenghi G. Quantification of N-CAM and N-cadherin expression in axotomized and crushed rat sciatic nerve. J Anat 2005; 206:69-78. [PMID: 15679872 PMCID: PMC1571456 DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2005.00369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion molecules are important in supporting axonal regeneration. Qualitative studies have described increased expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and N-cadherin in models of nerve injury allowing active regeneration. In this study we have used quantitative immunohistochemistry to compare expression of NCAM and N-cadherin after nerve injury either with active regeneration (crush) into the distal stump or without (axotomy and capping). Quantification was performed 15 days after axotomy in proximal and distal stumps. Quantification after crush either proximal, distal or within the crushed area was performed at 2, 7, 15 and 30 days after injury. Axotomy induced increases in expression in proximal stumps between two and three times those in uninjured nerves for both molecules. In distal stumps, N-cadherin levels increased seven-fold, yet NCAM levels did not exceed control values. After crush, NCAM immunoreactivity increased in the crushed area and distal stump in contrast to axotomy and NCAM-positive axons co-localized with PGP9.5. N-cadherin levels in the distal stump increased above control levels, but the magnitude of the increase seen after crush was different to those seen after axotomy. In conclusion, increased expression of adhesion molecules, particularly NCAM, in the distal stump of injured nerves is dependent upon the presence of regenerating axons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Thornton
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Research, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hatakeyama J, Bessho Y, Katoh K, Ookawara S, Fujioka M, Guillemot F, Kageyama R. Hesgenes regulate size, shape and histogenesis of the nervous system by control of the timing of neural stem cell differentiation. Development 2004; 131:5539-50. [PMID: 15496443 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radial glial cells derive from neuroepithelial cells, and both cell types are identified as neural stem cells. Neural stem cells are known to change their competency over time during development: they initially undergo self-renewal only and then give rise to neurons first and glial cells later. Maintenance of neural stem cells until late stages is thus believed to be essential for generation of cells in correct numbers and diverse types, but little is known about how the timing of cell differentiation is regulated and how its deregulation influences brain organogenesis. Here, we report that inactivation of Hes1 and Hes5, known Notch effectors, and additional inactivation of Hes3 extensively accelerate cell differentiation and cause a wide range of defects in brain formation. In Hes-deficient embryos, initially formed neuroepithelial cells are not properly maintained, and radial glial cells are prematurely differentiated into neurons and depleted without generation of late-born cells. Furthermore,loss of radial glia disrupts the inner and outer barriers of the neural tube,disorganizing the histogenesis. In addition, the forebrain lacks the optic vesicles and the ganglionic eminences. Thus, Hes genes are essential for generation of brain structures of appropriate size, shape and cell arrangement by controlling the timing of cell differentiation. Our data also indicate that embryonic neural stem cells change their characters over time in the following order: Hes-independent neuroepithelial cells,transitory Hes-dependent neuroepithelial cells and Hes-dependent radial glial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hatakeyama
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bowers-Morrow VM, Ali SO, Williams KL. Comparison of molecular mechanisms mediating cell contact phenomena in model developmental systems: an exploration of universality. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2004; 79:611-42. [PMID: 15366765 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793103006389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Are there universal molecular mechanisms associated with cell contact phenomena during metazoan ontogenesis? Comparison of adhesion systems in disparate model systems indicates the existence of unifying principles. Requirements for multicellularity are (a) the construction of three-dimensional structures involving a crucial balance between adhesiveness and motility; and (b) the establishment of integration at molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal levels of organization. Mechanisms for (i) cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion, (ii) cell movement, (iii) cell-cell communication, (iv) cellular responses, (v) regulation of these processes, and (vi) their integration with patterning, growth, and other developmental processes are all crucial to metazoan development, and must have been present for the emergence and radiation of Metazoa. The principal unifying themes of this review are the dynamics and regulation of cell contact phenomena. Our knowledge of the dynamic molecular mechanisms underlying cell contact phenomena remains fragmentary. Here we examine the molecular bases of cell contact phenomena using extant model developmental systems (representing a wide range of phyla) including the simplest i.e. sponges, and the eukaryotic protist Dictyostelium discoideum, the more complex Drosophila melanogaster, and vertebrate systems. We discuss cell contact phenomena in a broad developmental context. The molecular language of cell contact phenomena is complex; it involves a plethora of structurally and functionally diverse molecules, and diverse modes of intermolecular interactions mediated by protein and/or carbohydrate moieties. Reasons for this are presumably the necessity for a high degree of specificity of intermolecular interactions, the requirement for a multitude of different signals, and the apparent requirement for an increasingly large repertoire of cell contact molecules in more complex developmental systems, such as the developing vertebrate nervous system. However, comparison of molecular models for dynamic adhesion in sponges and in vertebrates indicates that, in spite of significant differences in the details of the way specific cell-cell adhesion is mediated, similar principles are involved in the mechanisms employed by members of disparate phyla. Universal requirements are likely to include (a) rapidly reversible intermolecular interactions; (b) low-affinity intermolecular interactions with fast on-off rates; (c) the compounding of multiple intermolecular interactions; (d) associated regulatory signalling systems. The apparent widespread employment of molecular mechanisms involving cadherin-like cell adhesion molecules suggests the fundamental importance of cadherin function during development, particularly in epithelial morphogenesis, cell sorting, and segregation of cells.
Collapse
|