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Madero-Ayala PA, Mares-Alejandre RE, Ramos-Ibarra MA. In Silico Structural Analysis of Serine Carboxypeptidase Nf314, a Potential Drug Target in Naegleria fowleri Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012203. [PMID: 36293059 PMCID: PMC9603766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri, also known as the “brain-eating” amoeba, is a free-living protozoan that resides in freshwater bodies. This pathogenic amoeba infects humans as a casual event when swimming in contaminated water. Upon inhalation, N. fowleri invades the central nervous system and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rapidly progressive and often fatal disease. Although PAM is considered rare, reducing its case fatality rate compels the search for pathogen-specific proteins with a structure–function relationship that favors their application as targets for discovering new or improved drugs against N. fowleri infections. Herein, we report a computational approach to study the structural features of Nf314 (a serine carboxypeptidase that is a virulence-related protein in N. fowleri infections) and assess its potential as a drug target, using bioinformatics tools and in silico molecular docking experiments. Our findings suggest that Nf314 has a ligand binding site suitable for the structure-based design of specific inhibitors. This study represents a further step toward postulating a reliable therapeutic target to treat PAM with drugs specifically aimed at blocking the pathogen proliferation by inhibiting protein function.
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Mei H, Han J, White S, Graham DJ, Izawa K, Sato T, Fustero S, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Tailor-Made Amino Acids and Fluorinated Motifs as Prominent Traits in Modern Pharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2020; 26:11349-11390. [PMID: 32359086 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structural analysis of modern pharmaceutical practices allows for the identification of two rapidly growing trends: the introduction of tailor-made amino acids and the exploitation of fluorinated motifs. Curiously, the former represents one of the most ubiquitous classes of naturally occurring compounds, whereas the latter is the most xenobiotic and comprised virtually entirely of man-made derivatives. Herein, 39 selected compounds, featuring both of these traits in the same molecule, are profiled. The total synthesis, source of the corresponding amino acids and fluorinated residues, and medicinal chemistry aspects and biological properties of the molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Sarah White
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Daniel J Graham
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, USA
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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Khavrutskii IV, Compton JR, Jurkouich KM, Legler PM. Paired Carboxylic Acids in Enzymes and Their Role in Selective Substrate Binding, Catalysis, and Unusually Shifted p Ka Values. Biochemistry 2019; 58:5351-5365. [PMID: 31192586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin A (CatA, EC 3.4.16.5, UniProtKB P10619 ) is a human lysosomal carboxypeptidase. Counterintuitively, crystal structures of CatA and its homologues show a cluster of Glu and Asp residues binding the C-terminal carboxylic acid of the product or inhibitor. Each of these enzymes functions in an acidic environment and contains a highly conserved pair of Glu residues with side chain carboxyl group oxygens that are approximately 2.3-2.6 Å apart. In small molecules, carboxyl groups separated by ∼3 Å can overcome the repulsive interaction by protonation of one of the two groups. The pKa of one group increases (pKa ∼ 11) and can be as much as ∼6 pH units higher than the paired group. Consequently, at low and neutral pH, one carboxylate can carry a net negative charge while the other can remain protonated and neutral. In CatA, E69 and E149 form a Glu pair that is important to catalysis as evidenced by the 56-fold decrease in kcat/Km in the E69Q/E149Q variant. Here, we have measured the pH dependencies of log(kcat), log(Km), and log(kcat/Km) for wild type CatA and its variants and have compared the measured pKa with calculated values. We propose a substrate-assisted mechanism in which the high pKa of E149 (>8.5) favors the binding of the carboxylate form of the substrate and promotes the abstraction of the proton from H429 of the catalytic triad effectively decreasing its pKa in a low-pH environment. We also identify a similar motif consisting of a pair of histidines in S-formylglutathione hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja V Khavrutskii
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute , Uniformed Services University , Bethesda , Maryland 20889-5648 , United States
| | - Jaimee R Compton
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue , Washington, D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Kayla M Jurkouich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Patricia M Legler
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue , Washington, D.C. 20375 , United States
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Hohl M, Erb K, Lang L, Ruf S, Hübschle T, Dhein S, Linz W, Elliott AD, Sanders P, Zamyatkin O, Böhm M, Schotten U, Sadowski T, Linz D. Cathepsin A Mediates Ventricular Remote Remodeling and Atrial Cardiomyopathy in Rats With Ventricular Ischemia/Reperfusion. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2019; 4:332-344. [PMID: 31312757 PMCID: PMC6609908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
After myocardial infarction, remote ventricular remodeling and atrial cardiomyopathy progress despite successful revascularization. In a rat model of ventricular ischemia/reperfusion, pharmacological inhibition of the protease activity of cathepsin A initiated at the time point of reperfusion prevented extracellular matrix remodeling in the atrium and the ventricle remote from the infarcted area. This scenario was associated with preservation of more viable ventricular myocardium and the prevention of an arrhythmogenic and functional substrate for atrial fibrillation. Remote ventricular extracellular matrix remodeling and atrial cardiomyopathy may represent a promising target for pharmacological atrial fibrillation upstream therapy following myocardial infarction.
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Key Words
- AF, atrial fibrillation
- CatA, cathepsin A
- Cx43, connexin 43
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- I/R, ischemia/reperfusion
- ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy
- LA, left atrial
- LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery
- LV, left ventricular
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- PL, permanent left anterior descending ligation
- SAR, (S)-3-{[1-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-5-methoxy-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl]-amino}-3-o-tolyl-propionic-acid
- atrial cardiomyopathy
- atrial fibrillation
- ischemia/reperfusion
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- myocardial infarction
- remote remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hohl
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Katharina Erb
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Lisa Lang
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sven Ruf
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Dhein
- Herzzentrum Leipzig Abt. Herzchirurgie, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Adrian D. Elliott
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Prashanthan Sanders
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Olesja Zamyatkin
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schotten
- Department of Physiology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Dominik Linz
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universität des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy T. Cowling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
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van Rooden EJ, van Esbroeck ACM, Baggelaar MP, Deng H, Florea BI, Marques ARA, Ottenhoff R, Boot RG, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, van der Stelt M. Chemical Proteomic Analysis of Serine Hydrolase Activity in Niemann-Pick Type C Mouse Brain. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:440. [PMID: 30018533 PMCID: PMC6037894 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is considered to be an endogenous protective system in various neurodegenerative diseases. Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is a neurodegenerative disease in which the role of the ECS has not been studied yet. Most of the endocannabinoid enzymes are serine hydrolases, which can be studied using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). Here, we report the serine hydrolase activity in brain proteomes of a NPC mouse model as measured by ABPP. Two ABPP methods are used: a gel-based method and a chemical proteomics method. The activities of the following endocannabinoid enzymes were quantified: diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) α, α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein 4, α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein 6, α/β-hydrolase domain-containing protein 12, fatty acid amide hydrolase, and monoacylglycerol lipase. Using the gel-based method, two bands were observed for DAGL α. Only the upper band corresponding to this enzyme was significantly decreased in the NPC mouse model. Chemical proteomics showed that three lysosomal serine hydrolase activities (retinoid-inducible serine carboxypeptidase, cathepsin A, and palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1) were increased in Niemann-Pick C1 protein knockout mouse brain compared to wild-type brain, whereas no difference in endocannabinoid hydrolase activity was observed. We conclude that these targets might be interesting therapeutic targets for future validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J van Rooden
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Marc P Baggelaar
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hui Deng
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - André R A Marques
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Cardiac drug-drug interaction between HCV-NS5B pronucleotide inhibitors and amiodarone is determined by their specific diastereochemistry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44820. [PMID: 28327633 PMCID: PMC5361079 DOI: 10.1038/srep44820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe bradycardia/bradyarrhythmia following coadministration of the HCV-NS5B prodrug sofosbuvir with amiodarone was recently reported. Our previous preclinical in vivo experiments demonstrated that only certain HCV-NS5B prodrugs elicit bradycardia when combined with amiodarone. In this study, we evaluate the impact of HCV-NS5B prodrug phosphoramidate diastereochemistry (D-/L-alanine, R-/S-phosphoryl) in vitro and in vivo. Co-applied with amiodarone, L-ala,SP prodrugs increased beating rate and decreased beat amplitude in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), but D-ala,RP produgs, including MK-3682, did not. Stereochemical selectivity on emerging bradycardia was confirmed in vivo. Diastereomer pairs entered cells equally well, and there was no difference in intracellular accumulation of L-ala,SP metabolites ± amiodarone, but no D-ala,RP metabolites were detected. Cathepsin A (CatA) inhibitors attenuated L-ala,SP prodrug metabolite formation, yet exacerbated L-ala,SP + amiodarone effects, implicating the prodrugs in these effects. Experiments indicate that pharmacological effects and metabolic conversion to UTP analog are L-ala,SP prodrug-dependent in cardiomyocytes.
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Petrera A, Kern U, Linz D, Gomez-Auli A, Hohl M, Gassenhuber J, Sadowski T, Schilling O. Proteomic Profiling of Cardiomyocyte-Specific Cathepsin A Overexpression Links Cathepsin A to the Oxidative Stress Response. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3188-95. [PMID: 27432266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin A (CTSA) is a lysosomal carboxypeptidase present at the cell surface and secreted outside the cell. Additionally, CTSA binds to β-galactosidase and neuraminidase 1 to protect them from degradation. CTSA has gained attention as a drug target for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Here, we investigated the impact of CTSA on the murine cardiac proteome in a mouse model of cardiomyocyte-specific human CTSA overexpression using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in conjunction with an isotopic dimethyl labeling strategy. We identified up to 2000 proteins in each of three biological replicates. Statistical analysis by linear models for microarray data (limma) found >300 significantly affected proteins (moderated p-value ≤0.01), thus establishing CTSA as a key modulator of the cardiac proteome. CTSA strongly impaired the balance of the proteolytic system by upregulating several proteases such as cathepsin B, cathepsin D, and cathepsin Z while down-regulating numerous protease inhibitors. Moreover, cardiomyocyte-specific human CTSA overexpression strongly reduced the levels of numerous antioxidative stress proteins, i.e., peroxiredoxins and protein deglycase DJ-1. In vitro, using cultured rat cardiomyocytes, ectopic overexpression of CTSA resulted in accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Collectively, our proteomic and functional data strengthen an association of CTSA with the cellular oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Petrera
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg , Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Kern
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg , Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Linz
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes , 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Alejandro Gomez-Auli
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg , Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Hohl
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes , 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Johann Gassenhuber
- Diabetes Division, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thorsten Sadowski
- Diabetes Division, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg , Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Petrera A, Gassenhuber J, Ruf S, Gunasekaran D, Esser J, Shahinian JH, Hübschle T, Rütten H, Sadowski T, Schilling O. Cathepsin A inhibition attenuates myocardial infarction-induced heart failure on the functional and proteomic levels. J Transl Med 2016; 14:153. [PMID: 27246731 PMCID: PMC4888645 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of heart failure. The carboxypeptidase cathepsin A is a novel target in the treatment of cardiac failure. We aim to show that recently developed inhibitors of the protease cathepsin A attenuate post-MI heart failure. Methods Mice were subjected to permanent left anterior descending artery (LAD) ligation or sham operation. 24 h post–surgery, LAD-ligated animals were treated with daily doses of the cathepsin A inhibitor SAR1 or placebo. After 4 weeks, the three groups (sham, MI-placebo, MI-SAR1) were evaluated. Results Compared to sham-operated animals, placebo-treated mice showed significantly impaired cardiac function and increased plasma BNP levels. Cathepsin A inhibition prevented the increase of plasma BNP levels and displayed a trend towards improved cardiac functionality. Proteomic profiling was performed for the three groups (sham, MI-placebo, MI-SAR1). More than 100 proteins were significantly altered in placebo-treated LAD ligation compared to the sham operation, including known markers of cardiac failure as well as extracellular/matricellular proteins. This ensemble constitutes a proteome fingerprint of myocardial infarction induced by LAD ligation in mice. Cathepsin A inhibitor treatment normalized the marked increase of the muscle stress marker CA3 as well as of Igγ 2b and fatty acid synthase. For numerous further proteins, cathepsin A inhibition partially dampened the LAD ligation-induced proteome alterations. Conclusions Our proteomic and functional data suggest that cathepsin A inhibition has cardioprotective properties and support a beneficial effect of cathepsin A inhibition in the treatment of heart failure after myocardial infarction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0907-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Petrera
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johann Gassenhuber
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Ruf
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Deepika Gunasekaran
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Esser
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 33, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Hasmik Shahinian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hübschle
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Hartmut Rütten
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten Sadowski
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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