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Schalenbach M, Tesch R, Kowalski PM, Eichel RA. The electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction on alloys is determined by element-specific adsorption sites rather than d-band properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14171-14185. [PMID: 38713015 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Trends of the electrocatalytic activities for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) across transition metals are typically explained by d-band properties such as center or upper edge positions in relation to Fermi levels. Here, the universality of this relation is questioned for alloys, exemplified for the AuPt system which is examined with electrocatalytic measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. At small overpotentials, linear combinations of the pure-metals' Tafel kinetics normalized to the alloy compositions are found to precisely resemble the measured HER activities. DFT calculations show almost neighbor-independent adsorption energies on Au and Pt surface-sites, respectively, as the adsorbed hydrogen influences the electron density mostly locally at the adsorption site itself. In contrast, the density of states of the d-band describe the delocalized conduction electrons in the alloys, which are unable to portray the local electronic environments at adsorption sites and related bonding strengths. The adsorption energies at element-specific surface sites are related to overpotential-dependent reaction mechanisms in a multidimensional reinterpretation of the volcano plot for alloys, which bridges the found inconsistencies between activity and bonding strength descriptors of the common electrocatalytic theory for alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schalenbach
- Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Rebekka Tesch
- Theory and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance JARA Energy & Center for Simulation and Data Science (CSD), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Piotr M Kowalski
- Theory and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance JARA Energy & Center for Simulation and Data Science (CSD), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A Eichel
- Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
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2
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Pishgar S, Gulati S, Strain JM, Liang Y, Mulvehill MC, Spurgeon JM. In Situ Analytical Techniques for the Investigation of Material Stability and Interface Dynamics in Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100322. [PMID: 34927994 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry are critical to technologies like fuel cells, electrolysis, and solar fuels. Material stability and interfacial phenomena are central to the performance and long-term viability of these technologies. Researchers need tools to uncover the fundamental processes occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Numerous analytical instruments are well-developed for material characterization, but many are ex situ techniques often performed under vacuum and without applied bias. Such measurements miss dynamic phenomena in the electrolyte under operational conditions. However, innovative advancements have allowed modification of these techniques for in situ characterization in liquid environments at electrochemically relevant conditions. This review explains some of the main in situ electrochemical characterization techniques, briefly explaining the principle of operation and highlighting key work in applying the method to investigate material stability and interfacial properties for electrocatalysts and photoelectrodes. Covered methods include spectroscopy (in situ UV-vis, ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), and in situ Raman), mass spectrometry (on-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS)), and microscopy (in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)). Each technique's capabilities and advantages/disadvantages are discussed and summarized for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Pishgar
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Saumya Gulati
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Jacob M Strain
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Matthew C Mulvehill
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Joshua M Spurgeon
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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Kolagatla S, Subramanian P, Schechter A. Simultaneous Mapping of Oxygen Reduction Activity and Hydrogen Peroxide Generation on Electrocatalytic Surfaces. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:2708-2714. [PMID: 30972916 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical scanning probe microscopies have become valuable experimental tools, owing to their capability of capturing topographic features in addition to mapping the electrochemical activity of nanoscale oxygen reduction catalysts. However, most scanning probe techniques lack the ability to correlate topographic features with the electrochemical oxygen reduction and peroxide formation in real time. In this report, we show that it is indeed possible to construct high-resolution catalytic current maps at an electrified solid-liquid interface by placing a specially made Au-coated SiO2 Pt atomic force microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM-SECM) dual electrode tip approximately 4-8 nm above the reaction center. The catalytic current measured every 16 nm and high collection efficiency (≈90 %) of the reverse current of peroxide byproducts was also demonstrated with the help of the dual electrode tip. Simultaneous oxygen reduction and intermediate peroxide oxidation current mapping was demonstrated using this Au-coated SiO2 Pt probe on two model surfaces, namely highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a glassy carbon surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex Schechter
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
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4
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Liang Y, Csoklich C, McLaughlin D, Schneider O, Bandarenka AS. Revealing Active Sites for Hydrogen Evolution at Pt and Pd Atomic Layers on Au Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12476-12480. [PMID: 30864772 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the most active surface sites is one of the key tasks in the development of new electrocatalytic materials. This is in many cases both time and resource consuming due to methodological difficulties of in situ detection of centers of this kind. In this work, we use the recently developed approach based on the analysis of the tunneling current noise recorded by electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (n-ECSTM) to compare the nature of the most active hydrogen evolution catalytic sites in a system consisting of sub-monolayers of platinum on a Au substrate to the one of palladium on Au. Our n-ECSTM measurements performed under reaction conditions show that in striking contrast to Pd islands on gold, where the most active centers are located close to the boundary between Au and palladium atoms, all Pt ad-atoms contribute to the overall activity rather equally at pH 1. Methodological aspects related to the use of n-ECSTM in electrocatalytic research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchang Liang
- Physik-Department ECS , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Christoph Csoklich
- Physik-Department ECS , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - David McLaughlin
- Physik-Department ECS , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Oliver Schneider
- Institut für Informatik VI , Technische Universität München , Schleißheimer Straße 90a , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Physik-Department ECS , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , Schellingstraße 4 , 80799 Munich , Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM , Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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5
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Direct instrumental identification of catalytically active surface sites. Nature 2017; 549:74-77. [DOI: 10.1038/nature23661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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7
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Influence of nanosizing on hydrogen electrosorption properties of rhodium based nanoparticles/carbon composites. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Mao J, Li S, Zhang Y, Chu X, Yang Z. Density functional study on the mechanism for the highly active palladium monolayer supported on titanium carbide for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:204703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4952416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Mao
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanxing Zhang
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xingli Chu
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Zongxian Yang
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan Province, China
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Quaino PM, Nazmutdinov R, Peiretti LF, Santos E. Unravelling the hydrogen absorption process in Pd overlayers on a Au(111) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3659-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06443k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Shedding light on the mechanism of hydrogen absorption occurring in nano-structured materials using the power of modern computational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M. Quaino
- PRELINE
- Fac. de Ing. Química
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral
- 3000 Santa Fe
- Argentina
| | - Renat Nazmutdinov
- Kazan National Research Technological University
- 420015 Kazan
- Russian Federation
| | - Leonardo F. Peiretti
- PRELINE
- Fac. de Ing. Química
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral
- 3000 Santa Fe
- Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Santos
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Ulm University
- D-89069 Ulm
- Germany
- Facultad de Matemáticas
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10
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Marozzi CA, Gennero de Chialvo MR, Chialvo AC. Analysis of the applicability of short time chronoamperometry for the kinetic study of the hydrogen oxidation reaction. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Siahrostami S, Verdaguer-Casadevall A, Karamad M, Deiana D, Malacrida P, Wickman B, Escudero-Escribano M, Paoli EA, Frydendal R, Hansen TW, Chorkendorff I, Stephens IELS, Rossmeisl J. Enabling direct H2O2 production through rational electrocatalyst design. NATURE MATERIALS 2013; 12:1137-43. [PMID: 24240242 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Future generations require more efficient and localized processes for energy conversion and chemical synthesis. The continuous on-site production of hydrogen peroxide would provide an attractive alternative to the present state-of-the-art, which is based on the complex anthraquinone process. The electrochemical reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide is a particularly promising means of achieving this aim. However, it would require active, selective and stable materials to catalyse the reaction. Although progress has been made in this respect, further improvements through the development of new electrocatalysts are needed. Using density functional theory calculations, we identify Pt-Hg as a promising candidate. Electrochemical measurements on Pt-Hg nanoparticles show more than an order of magnitude improvement in mass activity, that is, A g(-1) precious metal, for H2O2 production, over the best performing catalysts in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Siahrostami
- 1] Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark [2]
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12
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Friedl J, Stimming U. Model catalyst studies on hydrogen and ethanol oxidation for fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Esposito DV, Hunt ST, Kimmel YC, Chen JG. A New Class of Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Production from Water Electrolysis: Metal Monolayers Supported on Low-Cost Transition Metal Carbides. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3025-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208656v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V. Esposito
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Sean T. Hunt
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yannick C. Kimmel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jingguang G. Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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14
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Size-dependent electrocatalytic activity of gold nanoparticles on HOPG and highly boron-doped diamond surfaces. Molecules 2011; 16:10059-77. [PMID: 22146369 PMCID: PMC6264566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules161210059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles were prepared by electrochemical deposition on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and boron-doped, epitaxial 100-oriented diamond layers. Using a potentiostatic double pulse technique, the average particle size was varied in the range from 5 nm to 30 nm in the case of HOPG as a support and between <1 nm and 15 nm on diamond surfaces, while keeping the particle density constant. The distribution of particle sizes was very narrow, with standard deviations of around 20% on HOPG and around 30% on diamond. The electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction of these carbon supported gold nanoparticles in dependence of the particle sizes was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. For oxygen reduction the current density normalized to the gold surface (specific current density) increased for decreasing particle size. In contrast, the specific current density of hydrogen evolution showed no dependence on particle size. For both reactions, no effect of the different carbon supports on electrocatalytic activity was observed.
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15
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Theory meets experiment: Electrocatalysis of hydrogen oxidation/evolution at Pd–Au nanostructures. Catal Today 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Abstract
This review discusses the role of the detailed nanoscale structure of catalytic surfaces on the activity of various electrocatalytic reactions of importance for fuel cells, hydrogen production, and other environmentally important catalytic reactions, such as carbon monoxide oxidation, methanol and ethanol oxidation, ammonia oxidation, nitric oxide reduction, hydrogen evolution, and oxygen reduction. Specifically, results and insights obtained from surface-science single-crystal-based model experiments are linked to experiments on well-defined shape-controlled nanoparticles. A classification of structure sensitive effects in electrocatalysis is suggested, based both on empirical grounds and on quantum-chemical viz. thermochemical considerations. The mutual relation between the two classification schemes is also discussed. The review underscores the relevance of single-crystal modeling of nanoscale effects in catalysis, and points to the special role of two kinds of active sites for electrocatalysis on nanoparticulate surfaces: (i) steps and defects in (111) terraces or facets, and (ii) long-range (100) terraces or facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Minimizing the Use of Platinum in Hydrogen-Evolving Electrodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1476-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Stephens IEL, Chorkendorff I. Minimierung des Platinbedarfs bei wasserstoffentwickelnden Elektroden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Brülle T, Denisenko A, Sternschulte H, Stimming U. Catalytic activity of platinum nanoparticles on highly boron-doped and 100-oriented epitaxial diamond towards HER and HOR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:12883-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20852g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Baltruschat H, Ernst S. Molecular adsorbates at single-crystal platinum-group metals and bimetallic surfaces. Chemphyschem 2010; 12:56-69. [PMID: 21226180 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The surface orientation of Pt-group metals determines the kind of organic species (such as CO, benzene and ethene) that will adsorb on them as well as the prevailing reaction channels. Pt and Pd as well as (sub)monolayers of them on Au are compared, including mono- and multiatomic rows of Pd on stepped Au surfaces. In general, Pd is less active for oxidation or hydrogenation of the adsorbates. Desorption of the intact molecule is favored because of a lower adsorption strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Baltruschat
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Bonn, Römerstraße 164, 53117 Bonn, Germany.
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STM, SECPM, AFM and Electrochemistry on Single Crystalline Surfaces. MATERIALS 2010; 3:4196-4213. [PMID: 28883327 PMCID: PMC5445822 DOI: 10.3390/ma3084196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques have had a great impact on research fields of surface science and nanotechnology during the last decades. They are used to investigate surfaces with scanning ranges between several 100 μm down to atomic resolution. Depending on experimental conditions, and the interaction forces between probe and sample, different SPM techniques allow mapping of different surface properties. In this work, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in air and under electrochemical conditions (EC-STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) in air and scanning electrochemical potential microscopy (SECPM) under electrochemical conditions, were used to study different single crystalline surfaces in electrochemistry. Especially SECPM offers potentially new insights into the solid-liquid interface by providing the possibility to image the potential distribution of the surface, with a resolution that is comparable to STM. In electrocatalysis, nanostructured catalysts supported on different electrode materials often show behavior different from their bulk electrodes. This was experimentally and theoretically shown for several combinations and recently on Pt on Au(111) towards fuel cell relevant reactions. For these investigations single crystals often provide accurate and well defined reference and support systems. We will show heteroepitaxially grown Ru, Ir and Rh single crystalline surface films and bulk Au single crystals with different orientations under electrochemical conditions. Image studies from all three different SPM methods will be presented and compared to electrochemical data obtained by cyclic voltammetry in acidic media. The quality of the single crystalline supports will be verified by the SPM images and the cyclic voltammograms. Furthermore, an outlook will be presented on how such supports can be used in electrocatalytic studies.
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