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Nedylakova M, Medinger J, Mirabello G, Lattuada M. Iron oxide magnetic aggregates: Aspects of synthesis, computational approaches and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 323:103056. [PMID: 38056225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles have been central to numerous investigations in the past few decades for their use in many applications, such as drug delivery, medical diagnostics, magnetic separation, and material science. However, the properties of single magnetic nanoparticles are sometimes not sufficient to accomplish tasks where a strong magnetic response is required. In light of this, aggregated magnetite nanoparticles have been proposed as an alternative advanced material, which may expand and combine some of the advantages of single magnetic nanoparticles, including superparamagnetism, with an enhanced magnetic moment and increased colloidal stability. This review comprehensively discusses the current literature on aggregates made of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. This review is divided into three sections. First, the current synthetic strategies for magnetite nanoparticle aggregates are discussed, together with the influence of different stabilizers on the primary crystals and the final aggregate size and morphology. The second section is dedicated to computational approaches, such as density functional methods (which permit accurate predictions of electronic and magnetic properties and shed light on the behavior of surfactant molecules on iron oxide surfaces) and molecular dynamics simulations (which provide additional insight into the influence of ligands on the surface chemistry of iron oxide nanocrystals). The last section discusses current and possible future applications of iron oxide magnetic aggregates, including wastewater treatment, water purification, medical applications, and magnetic aggregates for materials displaying structural colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Nedylakova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Joelle Medinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Mirabello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland.
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Luo S, Sun X, Zhang L, Miao Y, Yan G. Preparation of room-temperature phosphorescence-ratiometric fluorescence magnetic mesoporous imprinted microspheres and its application in detection of malachite green and tartrazine in multimatrix. Food Chem 2024; 430:137096. [PMID: 37562263 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The photoluminescent properties of Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots were fully exploited, and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP)-ratiometric fluorescence (RF) magnetic mesoporous molecularly imprinted polymers (PFMM-MIPs) were prepared by integrating molecular imprinting technology. RTP was used to detect malachite green (MG). The fluorescence at 420 nm and the peak at 590 nm in the fluorescence mode were used as the response reference signals respectively to detect tartrazine (TZ). The linear responsive range and detection limit of MG were 0.01-150 μM and 4.3 nM, and these of TZ were 0.05-80 μM and 23.7 nM. RTP, which can avoid the interference of background fluorescence, and RF with self-calibration ability can both largely weaken the matrix effect. This work enables single-probe-type MIPs to achieve dual-target analysis via RTP and RF. This method provides excellent sensitivity, specificity, recovery and recyclability, and is expected to be prospectively applied in the fields of food, environment and biological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Luo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China; Research Institute of Materials Science of Shanxi Normal University & Collaborative Innovation Center for Shanxi Advanced Permanent Magnetic Materials and Technology, Taiyuan 030000, China.
| | - Yanming Miao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Guiqin Yan
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, China
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Santos RM, Tavares CA, Santos TMR, Rasouli H, Ramalho TC. MD Simulations to Calculate NMR Relaxation Parameters of Vanadium(IV) Complexes: A Promising Diagnostic Tool for Cancer and Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1653. [PMID: 38139780 PMCID: PMC10747690 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Early phase diagnosis of human diseases has still been a challenge in the medicinal field, and one of the efficient non-invasive techniques that is vastly used for this purpose is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is able to detect a wide range of diseases and conditions, including nervous system disorders and cancer, and uses the principles of NMR relaxation to generate detailed internal images of the body. For such investigation, different metal complexes have been studied as potential MRI contrast agents. With this in mind, this work aims to investigate two systems containing the vanadium complexes [VO(metf)2]·H2O (VC1) and [VO(bpy)2Cl]+ (VC2), being metformin and bipyridine ligands of the respective complexes, with the biological targets AMPK and ULK1. These biomolecules are involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease and triple-negative breast cancer, respectively, and may act as promising spectroscopic probes for detection of these diseases. To initially evaluate the behavior of the studied ligands within the aforementioned protein active sites and aqueous environment, four classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations including VC1 + H2O (1), VC2 + H2O (2), VC1 + AMPK + H2O (3), and VC2 + ULK1 + H2O (4) were performed. From this, it was obtained that for both systems containing VCs and water only, the theoretical calculations implied a higher efficiency when compared with DOTAREM, a famous commercially available contrast agent for MRI. This result is maintained when evaluating the system containing VC1 + AMPK + H2O. Nevertheless, for the system VC2 + ULK1 + H2O, there was observed a decrease in the vanadium complex efficiency due to the presence of a relevant steric hindrance. Despite that, due to the nature of the interaction between VC2 and ULK1, and the nature of its ligands, the study gives an insight that some modifications on VC2 structure might improve its efficiency as an MRI probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Mancini Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil; (R.M.S.); (T.M.R.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Camila Assis Tavares
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil; (R.M.S.); (T.M.R.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Taináh Martins Resende Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil; (R.M.S.); (T.M.R.S.); (H.R.)
| | - Hassan Rasouli
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil; (R.M.S.); (T.M.R.S.); (H.R.)
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714414971, Iran
| | - Teodorico Castro Ramalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil; (R.M.S.); (T.M.R.S.); (H.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Salvanou EA, Kolokithas-Ntoukas A, Liolios C, Xanthopoulos S, Paravatou-Petsotas M, Tsoukalas C, Avgoustakis K, Bouziotis P. Preliminary Evaluation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Radiolabeled with 68Ga and 177Lu as Potential Theranostic Agents. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142490. [PMID: 35889715 PMCID: PMC9321329 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Theranostic radioisotope pairs such as Gallium-68 (68Ga) for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Lutetium-177 (177Lu) for radioisotopic therapy, in conjunction with nanoparticles (NPs), are an emerging field in the treatment of cancer. The present work aims to demonstrate the ability of condensed colloidal nanocrystal clusters (co-CNCs) comprised of iron oxide nanoparticles, coated with alginic acid (MA) and stabilized by a layer of polyethylene glycol (MAPEG) to be directly radiolabeled with 68Ga and its therapeutic analog 177Lu. 68Ga/177Lu- MA and MAPEG were investigated for their in vitro stability. The biocompatibility of the non-radiolabeled nanoparticles, as well as the cytotoxicity of MA, MAPEG, and [177Lu]Lu-MAPEG were assessed on 4T1 cells. Finally, the ex vivo biodistribution of the 68Ga-labeled NPs as well as [177Lu]Lu-MAPEG was investigated in normal mice. Radiolabeling with both radioisotopes took place via a simple and direct labelling method without further purification. Hemocompatibility was verified for both NPs, while MTT studies demonstrated the non-cytotoxic profile of the nanocarriers and the dose-dependent toxicity for [177Lu]Lu-MAPEG. The radiolabeled nanoparticles mainly accumulated in RES organs. Based on our preliminary results, we conclude that MAPEG could be further investigated as a theranostic agent for PET diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia-Alexandra Salvanou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (E.-A.S.); (C.L.); (S.X.); (M.P.-P.); (C.T.)
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.K.-N.); (K.A.)
| | - Argiris Kolokithas-Ntoukas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.K.-N.); (K.A.)
| | - Christos Liolios
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (E.-A.S.); (C.L.); (S.X.); (M.P.-P.); (C.T.)
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Section of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Xanthopoulos
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (E.-A.S.); (C.L.); (S.X.); (M.P.-P.); (C.T.)
| | - Maria Paravatou-Petsotas
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (E.-A.S.); (C.L.); (S.X.); (M.P.-P.); (C.T.)
| | - Charalampos Tsoukalas
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (E.-A.S.); (C.L.); (S.X.); (M.P.-P.); (C.T.)
| | - Konstantinos Avgoustakis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (A.K.-N.); (K.A.)
| | - Penelope Bouziotis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (E.-A.S.); (C.L.); (S.X.); (M.P.-P.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2106503687
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Abdel Maksoud MIA, Fahim RA, Bedir AG, Osman AI, Abouelela MM, El-Sayyad GS, Elkodous MA, Mahmoud AS, Rabee MM, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Rooney DW. Engineered magnetic oxides nanoparticles as efficient sorbents for wastewater remediation: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:519-562. [DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe rapid urbanization and industrialization is causing worldwide water pollution, calling for advanced cleaning methods. For instance, pollutant adsorption on magnetic oxides is efficient and very practical due to the easy separation from solutions by an magnetic field. Here we review the synthesis and performance of magnetic oxides such as iron oxides, spinel ferrites, and perovskite oxides for water remediation. We present structural, optical, and magnetic properties. Magnetic oxides are also promising photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants. Antimicrobial activities and adsorption of heavy metals and radionucleides are also discussed.
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Ovejero JG, Spizzo F, Morales MP, Del Bianco L. Nanoparticles for Magnetic Heating: When Two (or More) Is Better Than One. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6416. [PMID: 34771940 PMCID: PMC8585339 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of magnetic nanoparticles as heating agents in biomedicine is driven by their proven utility in hyperthermia therapeutic treatments and heat-triggered drug delivery methods. The growing demand of efficient and versatile nanoheaters has prompted the creation of novel types of magnetic nanoparticle systems exploiting the magnetic interaction (exchange or dipolar in nature) between two or more constituent magnetic elements (magnetic phases, primary nanoparticles) to enhance and tune the heating power. This process occurred in parallel with the progress in the methods for the chemical synthesis of nanostructures and in the comprehension of magnetic phenomena at the nanoscale. Therefore, complex magnetic architectures have been realized that we classify as: (a) core/shell nanoparticles; (b) multicore nanoparticles; (c) linear aggregates; (d) hybrid systems; (e) mixed nanoparticle systems. After a general introduction to the magnetic heating phenomenology, we illustrate the different classes of nanoparticle systems and the strategic novelty they represent. We review some of the research works that have significantly contributed to clarify the relationship between the compositional and structural properties, as determined by the synthetic process, the magnetic properties and the heating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus G. Ovejero
- Departamento de Energía, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.O.); (M.P.M.)
- Servicio de Dosimetría y Radioprotección, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, E-28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Spizzo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - M. Puerto Morales
- Departamento de Energía, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.O.); (M.P.M.)
| | - Lucia Del Bianco
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy;
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Kolokithas-Ntoukas A, Bakandritsos A, Belza J, Kesa P, Herynek V, Pankrac J, Angelopoulou A, Malina O, Avgoustakis K, Georgakilas V, Polakova K, Zboril R. Condensed Clustered Iron Oxides for Ultrahigh Photothermal Conversion and In Vivo Multimodal Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29247-29256. [PMID: 33942606 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanocrystals (MIONs) are established as potent theranostic nanoplatforms due to their biocompatibility and the multifunctionality of their spin-active atomic framework. Recent insights have also unveiled their attractive near-infrared photothermal properties, which are, however, limited by their low near-infrared absorbance, resulting in noncompetitive photothermal conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Herein, we report on the dramatically improved photothermal conversion of condensed clustered MIONs, reaching an ultrahigh PCE of 71% at 808 nm, surpassing the so-far MION-based photothermal agents and even benchmark near-infrared photothermal nanomaterials. Moreover, their surface passivation is achieved through a simple self-assembly process, securing high colloidal stability and structural integrity in complex biological media. The bifunctional polymeric canopy simultaneously provided binding sites for anchoring additional cargo, such as a strong near-infrared-absorbing and fluorescent dye, enabling in vivo optical and photoacoustic imaging in deep tissues, while the iron oxide core ensures detection by magnetic resonance imaging. In vitro studies also highlighted a synergy-amplified photothermal effect that significantly reduces the viability of A549 cancer cells upon 808 nm laser irradiation. Integration of such-previously elusive-photophysical properties with simple and cost-effective nanoengineering through self-assembly represents a significant step toward sophisticated nanotheranostics, with great potential in the field of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argiris Kolokithas-Ntoukas
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece
| | - Aristides Bakandritsos
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Poruba, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Belza
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kesa
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Herynek
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pankrac
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ondrej Malina
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Katerina Polakova
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zboril
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Poruba, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Gonçalves MA, Pereira B, Tavares C, Martins T, Cunha E, Ramalho T. Value of contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of breast cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:865-872. [PMID: 34355681 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210521113155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review article aims to address the main features of breast cancer. Thus, the general aspects of this disease have been shown since the first evidence of breast cancer in the world until the numbers today. In this way, there are some ways to prevent breast cancer, such as the woman's lifestyle (healthy eating habits and physical activities) that helps to reduce the incidence of this anomaly. The first noticeable symptom of this anomaly is typically a lump that feels different from the rest of the breast tissue. More than 80% of breast cancer are discovered when the woman feels a lump being present and about 90% of the cases, the cancer is noticed by the woman herself. Currently, the most used method for the detection of cancer and other injuries is the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique. This technique has been shown to be very effective, however, for a better visualization of the images, contrast agents (CAs) are used, which are paramagnetic compounds capable of increasing the relaxation of the hydrogen atoms of the water molecules present in the body tissues. The most used CAs are Gd3+ complexes, although they are very efficient, they are toxic to the organism. Thus, new contrast agents have been studied to replace Gd3+ complexes, we can mention iron oxides as a promising substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Aquino Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras ,P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras ,P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Camila Tavares
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras ,P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Taináh Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras ,P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras ,P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Teodorico Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras ,P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
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Shima, Damodaran P. Mesoporous Magnetite Nanoclusters as Efficient Nanocarriers for Paclitaxel Delivery. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shima
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli 620 015 Tamil Nadu India
| | - P. Damodaran
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli 620 015 Tamil Nadu India
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Antibody-directed metal-organic framework nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2020; 103:223-236. [PMID: 31843718 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanosized metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) have shown great promise as high-capacity carriers for a variety of applications. For biomedicine, numerous nMOFs have been proposed that can transport virtually any molecular drug, can finely tune their payload release profile, etc. However, perspectives of their applications for the targeted drug delivery remain relatively unclear. So far, only a few works have reported specific cell targeting by nMOFs exclusively through small ligands such as folic acid or RGD peptides. Here we show feasibility of targeted drug delivery to specific cancer cells in vitro with nMOFs functionalized with such universal tool as an antibody. We demonstrate ca. 120 nm magnetic core/MOFs shell nanoagents loaded with doxorubicin/daunorubicin and coupled with an antibody though a hydrophilic carbohydrate interface. We show that carboxymethyl-dextran coating of nMOFs allows extensive loading of the drug molecules (up to 15.7 mg/g), offers their sustained release in physiological media and preserves antibody specificity. Reliable performance of the agents is illustrated with trastuzumab-guided selective targeting and killing of HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells in vitro. The approach expands the scope of nMOF applications and can serve as a platform for the development of potent theranostic nanoagents. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The unique combination of exceptional drug capacity and controlled release, biodegradability and low toxicity makes nanosized metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) nearly ideal drug vehicles for various biomedical applications. Unfortunately, the prospective of nMOF applications for the targeted drug delivery is still unclear since only a few examples have been reported for nMOF cell targeting, exclusively for small ligands. In this work, we fill the important gap and demonstrate nanoagent that can specifically kill target cancer cells via drug delivery based on recognition of HER2/neu cell surface receptors by such universal and specific tool as antibodies. The proposed approach is universal and can be adapted for specific biomedical tasks using antibodies of any specificity and nMOFs of a various composition.
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Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoclusters, which refers to a group of individual nanoparticles, have recently attracted much attention because of their distinctive behaviors compared to individual nanoparticles. In this review, we discuss preparation methods for creating iron oxide nanoclusters, focusing on synthetic procedures, formation mechanisms, and the quality of the products. Then, we discuss the emerging applications for iron oxide nanoclusters in various fields, covering traditional and novel applications in magnetic separation, bioimaging, drug delivery, and magnetically responsive photonic crystals.
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Luo Z, Sun D, Tong Y, Zhong Y, Chen Z. DNA nanotetrahedron linked dual-aptamer based voltammetric aptasensor for cardiac troponin I using a magnetic metal-organic framework as a label. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:374. [PMID: 31123904 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive voltammetric aptasensor was constructed to analyze cardiac troponin I (cTnI). It is based on DNA nanotetrahedron (NTH) linked dual-aptamer (dAPT) and magnetic metal organic frameworks (mMOFs) of type Fe3O4@UiO-66. Firstly, the DNA NTH linked dAPT (Tro4 and Tro6) were immobilized on a gold electrode for improving the capture efficiency of cTnI. The novel mMOFs Fe3O4@UiO-66 was then decorated by Au@Pt nanoparticles (Au@PtNPs), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), G-quadruplex/hemin (GQH) DNAzyme, and two types of aptamers to form signaling nanoprobes. In the presence of cTnI, an aptamer-protein-nanoprobe sandwich-type structure is formed. Afterward, the nanoprobes including enzyme, GQH DNAzyme and Fe3O4@UiO-66/Au@PtNP were utilized to catalyze the oxidation of hydroquinone by hydrogen peroxide for the electrochemical signals amplification, typically at a working potential of -0.1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The voltammetric signal increases linearly in the 0.01 to 100 ng·mL-1 cTnI concentration range, and the detection limit is 5.7 pg·mL-1. Graphical abstract An ultrasensitive voltammetric aptasensor was constructed to analyze cardiac troponin I (cTnI) based on DNA nanotetrahedron linked dual-aptamer and magnetic metal organic frameworks of type Fe3O4@UiO-66. The results indicated the aptasensor has a wide linear response range (0.01 to 100 ng/mL) and low detection limit (5.74 pg/mL) for cTnI. GE: gold electrode; MCH: 6-Mmercapto-1-hexanol; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; HQ: hydroquinone; BQ: benzoquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Duanping Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yanli Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhong
- East Campus Lab Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zuanguang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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13
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Size-controlled synthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoclusters for heat generation in an alternating magnetic field. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Heuer-Jungemann A, Feliu N, Bakaimi I, Hamaly M, Alkilany A, Chakraborty I, Masood A, Casula MF, Kostopoulou A, Oh E, Susumu K, Stewart MH, Medintz IL, Stratakis E, Parak WJ, Kanaras AG. The Role of Ligands in the Chemical Synthesis and Applications of Inorganic Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4819-4880. [PMID: 30920815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The design of nanoparticles is critical for their efficient use in many applications ranging from biomedicine to sensing and energy. While shape and size are responsible for the properties of the inorganic nanoparticle core, the choice of ligands is of utmost importance for the colloidal stability and function of the nanoparticles. Moreover, the selection of ligands employed in nanoparticle synthesis can determine their final size and shape. Ligands added after nanoparticle synthesis infer both new properties as well as provide enhanced colloidal stability. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review on the role of the ligands with respect to the nanoparticle morphology, stability, and function. We analyze the interaction of nanoparticle surface and ligands with different chemical groups, the types of bonding, the final dispersibility of ligand-coated nanoparticles in complex media, their reactivity, and their performance in biomedicine, photodetectors, photovoltaic devices, light-emitting devices, sensors, memory devices, thermoelectric applications, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Heuer-Jungemann
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | - Neus Feliu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED) , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm 171 77 , Sweden.,Fachbereich Physik, CHyN , Universität Hamburg , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Ioanna Bakaimi
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO171BJ , U.K
| | - Majd Hamaly
- King Hussein Cancer Center , P. O. Box 1269, Al-Jubeiha, Amman 11941 , Jordan
| | - Alaaldin Alkilany
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy , The University of Jordan , Amman 11942 , Jordan.,Fachbereich Physik, CHyN , Universität Hamburg , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | | | - Atif Masood
- Fachbereich Physik , Philipps Universität Marburg , 30357 Marburg , Germany
| | - Maria F Casula
- INSTM and Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences , University of Cagliari , 09042 Monserrato , Cagliari , Italy.,Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Cagliari , Via Marengo 2 , 09123 Cagliari , Italy
| | - Athanasia Kostopoulou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser , Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , Heraklion , 71110 Crete , Greece
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- KeyW Corporation , Hanover , Maryland 21076 , United States.,Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600 , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- KeyW Corporation , Hanover , Maryland 21076 , United States.,Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600 , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Michael H Stewart
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600 , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900 , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser , Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , Heraklion , 71110 Crete , Greece
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, CHyN , Universität Hamburg , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Antonios G Kanaras
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
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15
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Mouraki A, Alinejad Z, Sanjabi S, Mahdavian AR. Anisotropic magnetite nanoclusters with enhanced magnetization as an efficient ferrofluid in mass transfer and liquid hyperthermia. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00212j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A stable dispersion of anisotropic superparamagnetic nanoparticles was introduced for efficient heat build-up and mass transfer under an external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mouraki
- Polymer Science Department
- Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Zeinab Alinejad
- Polymer Science Department
- Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Samira Sanjabi
- Polymer Science Department
- Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Ali Reza Mahdavian
- Polymer Science Department
- Iran Polymer & Petrochemical Institute
- Tehran
- Iran
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16
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Zhao J, Wu S, Qin J, Shi D, Wang Y. Electrical-Charge-Mediated Cancer Cell Targeting via Protein Corona-Decorated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles in a Simulated Physiological Environment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41986-41998. [PMID: 30426746 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A critical issue in nanomedicine is on the understanding of nano-bio interface behaviors, particularly when the nanoparticles are inevitably decorated by protein coronas in the physiological fluids. In this study, the effects of particle surface corona on cancer cell targeting were investigated in simulated physiological fluids. Cell targeting was achieved by two strategies: (1) using conventional epithelial cell adhesion molecule antibody-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles and (2) rendering the same but naked magnetic nanoparticles electrically positively charged, enabling them to electrostatically bind onto the negatively charged cancer cells. The cell-particle electrostatic binding was found to be much stronger with faster reaction kinetics than the immunological interactions even at 4 nC. Both types of nanoparticles were decorated with various protein coronas by administration in a simulated physiological system. Well-decorated by protein coronas, the electrically charged particles retained strong electrostatic interactions with cancer cells, even upon reversal of the particle zeta potential from positive to negative. This behavior was explained by a nonuniform corona modulation of the particle surface charge distributions, exposing locally positively charged regions, capable of strong electrostatic cell binding and magnetic capturing in a physiological environment. This fundamental discovery paves new way for sensitive detection of circulating tumor cells in whole blood in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan 250353 , China
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics , Qingdao University of Science & Technology , No. 53 Zhengzhou Road , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Shengming Wu
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Qin
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Donglu Shi
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
- The Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Applied Science , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Yilong Wang
- The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, the Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science , Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
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17
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Ohno K, Sakaue M, Mori C. Magnetically Responsive Assemblies of Polymer-Brush-Decorated Nanoparticle Clusters That Exhibit Structural Color. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:9532-9539. [PMID: 30036070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of new magnetic materials for applications such as magnetic-driven drug delivery, next-generation display materials, and magnetic resonance imaging is an important objective. To that end, we synthesized monodispersed, magnetically responsive particles grafted with well-defined polymer brushes and investigated the formation of their ordered arrays in organic solvents in response to a magnetic field. To achieve this, we prepared monodispersed magnetic nanoparticle clusters (MNCs) composed of large numbers of superparamagnetic ferrite ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles. The MNCs were subsequently coated with thin silica layers through the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane. The colloidal particles were surface-modified with initiating groups for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using a triethoxysilane derivative with an ATRP initiation site. To demonstrate the ability of the synthesized particles to produce well-defined polymer brushes on their surfaces, the ATRP-initiator-functionalized silica-coated MNCs were subjected to surface-initiated ATRP with methyl methacrylate. This polymerization proceeded in a living fashion to produce graft polymers with targeted molar masses and narrow molar mass distributions. The average graft density was determined to be 0.65 chains/nm2, which confirms the formation of concentrated polymer brushes on the MNCs. The hybrid particles were analyzed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy techniques, which revealed excellent uniformity and solvent dispersibility. A suspension of the polymer-brush-decorated MNCs in acetone quickly developed intense structural color in response to approaching a magnet that depended on the strength of the magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Ohno
- Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Motokazu Sakaue
- Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Chizuru Mori
- Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
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18
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Kostopoulou A, Brintakis K, Fragogeorgi E, Anthousi A, Manna L, Begin-Colin S, Billotey C, Ranella A, Loudos G, Athanassakis I, Lappas A. Iron Oxide Colloidal Nanoclusters as Theranostic Vehicles and Their Interactions at the Cellular Level. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E315. [PMID: 29747449 PMCID: PMC5977329 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Advances in surfactant-assisted chemical approaches have led the way for the exploitation of nanoscale inorganic particles in medical diagnosis and treatment. In this field, magnetically-driven multimodal nanotools that perform both detection and therapy, well-designed in size, shape and composition, are highly advantageous. Such a theranostic material—which entails the controlled assembly of smaller (maghemite) nanocrystals in a secondary motif that is highly dispersible in aqueous media—is discussed here. These surface functionalized, pomegranate-like ferrimagnetic nanoclusters (40⁻85 nm) are made of nanocrystal subunits that show a remarkable magnetic resonance imaging contrast efficiency, which is better than that of the superparamagnetic contrast agent Endorem©. Going beyond this attribute and with their demonstrated low cytotoxicity in hand, we examine the critical interaction of such nanoprobes with cells at different physiological environments. The time-dependent in vivo scintigraphic imaging of mice experimental models, combined with a biodistribution study, revealed the accumulation of nanoclusters in the spleen and liver. Moreover, the in vitro proliferation of spleen cells and cytokine production witnessed a size-selective regulation of immune system cells, inferring that smaller clusters induce mainly inflammatory activities, while larger ones induce anti-inflammatory actions. The preliminary findings corroborate that the modular chemistry of magnetic iron oxide nanoclusters stimulates unexplored pathways that could be driven to alter their function in favor of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Kostopoulou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for the Research and Technology, Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, 711 10 Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Brintakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for the Research and Technology, Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, 711 10 Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Eirini Fragogeorgi
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences, Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR "Demokritos", 153 41 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
| | - Amalia Anthousi
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 710 03 Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Liberato Manna
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Sylvie Begin-Colin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67034 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Claire Billotey
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, EA 3738, Ciblage Thérapeutique en Oncologie, UJM-UCBL-HCL, Hôpital E. Herriot, 5 place d'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon CEDEX 03, France.
| | - Anthi Ranella
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for the Research and Technology, Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, 711 10 Heraklion, Greece.
| | - George Loudos
- Bioemission Technology Solutions, Alexandras 116, 117 42 Athens, Greece.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technological Educational Institute, 122 10 Egaleo, Athens, Greece.
| | - Irene Athanassakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 710 03 Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Alexandros Lappas
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for the Research and Technology, Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, 711 10 Heraklion, Greece.
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19
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Nikitin AA, Shchetinin IV, Tabachkova NY, Soldatov MA, Soldatov AV, Sviridenkova NV, Beloglazkina EK, Savchenko AG, Fedorova ND, Abakumov MA, Majouga AG. Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoclusters by Thermal Decomposition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4640-4650. [PMID: 29566327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel one-step solvothermal synthesis of magnetite nanoclusters (MNCs). In this report, we discuss the synthesis, structure, and properties of MNCs and contrast enhancement in T2-weighted MR images using magnetite nanoclusters. The effect of different organic acids, used as surfactants, on the size and shape of MNCs was investigated. The structure and properties of samples were determined by magnetic measurements, TGA, TEM, HRTEM, XRD, FTIR, and MRI. Magnetic measurements show that obtained MNCs have relatively high saturation magnetization values (65.1-81.5 emu/g) and dependence of the coercive force on the average size of MNCs was established. MNCs were transferred into an aqueous medium by Pluronic F-127, and T2-relaxivity values were determined. T2-Weighted MR phantom images clearly demonstrated that such magnetite nanoclusters can be used as contrast agents for MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey A Nikitin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninskiy prospect 4 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskiye gory 1-3, GSP-1 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Shchetinin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninskiy prospect 4 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Yu Tabachkova
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninskiy prospect 4 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail A Soldatov
- Southern Federal University , Bolshaya Sadovaya st., 105 , 344006 Rostov-on-Don , Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Soldatov
- Southern Federal University , Bolshaya Sadovaya st., 105 , 344006 Rostov-on-Don , Russian Federation
| | - Natalya V Sviridenkova
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninskiy prospect 4 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Elena K Beloglazkina
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskiye gory 1-3, GSP-1 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G Savchenko
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninskiy prospect 4 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Natalya D Fedorova
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninskiy prospect 4 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Maxim A Abakumov
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskiye gory 1-3, GSP-1 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- The Russian National Research Medical University , Ostrovityanova 1 , 117997 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G Majouga
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" , Leninskiy prospect 4 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskiye gory 1-3, GSP-1 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia , Miusskaya 9 , 125047 Moscow , Russian Federation
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20
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Casula MF, Conca E, Bakaimi I, Sathya A, Materia ME, Casu A, Falqui A, Sogne E, Pellegrino T, Kanaras AG. Manganese doped-iron oxide nanoparticle clusters and their potential as agents for magnetic resonance imaging and hyperthermia. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:16848-55. [PMID: 27282828 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple, one pot method to synthesize water-dispersible Mn doped iron oxide colloidal clusters constructed of nanoparticles arranged into secondary flower-like structures was developed. This method allows the successful incorporation and homogeneous distribution of Mn within the nanoparticle iron oxide clusters. The formed clusters retain the desired morphological and structural features observed for pure iron oxide clusters, but possess intrinsic magnetic properties that arise from Mn doping. They show distinct performance as imaging contrast agents and excellent characteristics as heating mediators in magnetic fluid hyperthermia. It is expected that the outcomes of this study will open up new avenues for the exploitation of doped magnetic nanoparticle assemblies in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Casula
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences and INSTM, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Erika Conca
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences and INSTM, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ioanna Bakaimi
- Institute for Life Sciences, Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Ayyappan Sathya
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16145 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Casu
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrea Falqui
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elisa Sogne
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, KAUST, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Antonios G Kanaras
- Institute for Life Sciences, Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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21
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Aqueous-phase synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and composites for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 249:374-385. [PMID: 28335985 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The design and development of multifunctional nanoplatforms for biomedical applications still remains to be challenging. This review reports the recent advances in aqueous-phase synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) and their composites for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer. Water dispersible and colloidally stable Fe3O4 NPs synthesized via controlled coprecipitation route, hydrothermal route and mild reduction route are introduced. Some of key strategies to improve the r2 relaxivity of Fe3O4 NPs and to enhance their uptake by cancer cells are discussed in detail. These aqueous-phase synthetic methods can also be applied to prepare Fe3O4 NP-based composites for dual-mode molecular imaging applications. More interestingly, aqueous-phase synthesized Fe3O4 NPs are able to be fabricated as multifunctional theranostic agents for multi-mode imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer. This review will provide some meaningful information for the design and development of various Fe3O4 NP-based multifunctional nanoplatforms for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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22
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Gavilán H, Sánchez EH, Brollo MEF, Asín L, Moerner KK, Frandsen C, Lázaro FJ, Serna CJ, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S, Morales MP, Gutiérrez L. Formation Mechanism of Maghemite Nanoflowers Synthesized by a Polyol-Mediated Process. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7172-7184. [PMID: 31457296 PMCID: PMC6645291 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are being developed as structural and functional materials for use in diverse areas, including biomedical applications. Here, we report the synthesis of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles with distinct morphologies: single-core and multicore, including hollow spheres and nanoflowers, prepared by the polyol process. We have used sodium acetate to control the nucleation and assembly process to obtain the different particle morphologies. Moreover, from samples obtained at different time steps during the synthesis, we have elucidated the formation mechanism of the nanoflowers: the initial phases of the reaction present a lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) structure, which suffers a fast dehydroxylation, transforming to an intermediate "undescribed" phase, possibly a partly dehydroxylated lepidocrocite, which after some incubation time evolves to maghemite nanoflowers. Once the nanoflowers have been formed, a crystallization process takes place, where the γ-Fe2O3 crystallites within the nanoflowers grow in size (from ∼11 to 23 nm), but the particle size of the flower remains essentially unchanged (∼60 nm). Samples with different morphologies were coated with citric acid and their heating capacity in an alternating magnetic field was evaluated. We observe that nanoflowers with large cores (23 nm, controlled by annealing) densely packed (tuned by low NaAc concentration) offer 5 times enhanced heating capacity compared to that of the nanoflowers with smaller core sizes (15 nm), 4 times enhanced heating effect compared to that of the hollow spheres, and 1.5 times enhanced heating effect compared to that of single-core nanoparticles (36 nm) used in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gavilán
- Materials
Science Factory, Institute of Materials
Science of Madrid/CSIC (ICMMCSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena H. Sánchez
- Materials
Science Factory, Institute of Materials
Science of Madrid/CSIC (ICMMCSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María E. F. Brollo
- Materials
Science Factory, Institute of Materials
Science of Madrid/CSIC (ICMMCSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Asín
- Institute
of Materials Science of Aragón, Universidad
de Zaragoza, CSIC and CIBER-BBN, Campus Río Ebro, Edificio I+D, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Kimmie K. Moerner
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Frandsen
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building 307, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francisco J. Lázaro
- Departamento
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales y Fluidos, Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos J. Serna
- Materials
Science Factory, Institute of Materials
Science of Madrid/CSIC (ICMMCSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabino Veintemillas-Verdaguer
- Materials
Science Factory, Institute of Materials
Science of Madrid/CSIC (ICMMCSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Puerto Morales
- Materials
Science Factory, Institute of Materials
Science of Madrid/CSIC (ICMMCSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Gutiérrez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de
Zaragoza and CIBER-BBN, Fundación Instituto Universitario de
Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Edificio I+D, Mariano Esquillor Gómez, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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23
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Zhu K, Deng Z, Liu G, Hu J, Liu S. Photoregulated Cross-Linking of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle (SPION) Loaded Hybrid Nanovectors with Synergistic Drug Release and Magnetic Resonance (MR) Imaging Enhancement. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangning Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at the Microscale, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry
for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at the Microscale, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry
for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guhuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at the Microscale, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry
for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at the Microscale, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry
for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft
Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences
at the Microscale, iChem (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry
for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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24
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Kalantari M, Yu M, Noonan O, Song H, Xu C, Huang X, Xiang F, Wang X, Yu C. Rattle-type magnetic mesoporous hollow carbon as a high-performance and reusable adsorbent for water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:109-117. [PMID: 27689890 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rattle-type magnetic mesoporous hollow carbon (RMMHC) materials have shown great promise as adsorbents for water treatment. In this work, we report a surfactant-free synthesis of RMMHC nanoparticles (NPs) using magnetite NPs as the core, tetrapropyl orthosilicate, resorcinol and formaldehyde to form the shell followed by carbonization and selective silica etching. The pore size, specific surface area and pore volume of RMMHC NPs can be tuned by varying the carbonization temperature (500, 700 and 900 °C). At the optimized temperature of 700 °C, the RMMHC NPs possess the highest specific surface area of 579 m2 g-1, the largest pore volume of 0.795 cm3 g-1, and the largest pore size of 7.6 nm among all three samples. The adsorption capacity of optimized RMMHC NPs towards di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (a model organic pollutant) reaches as high as 783.1 mg g-1. Taking advantage of the magnetic property, the adsorbents retain more than 87% of their initial adsorption capacity over five times' reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kalantari
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Meihua Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Owen Noonan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hao Song
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chun Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Feixiang Xiang
- Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Liu Z, Cai J, Su H, Yang J, Sun W, Ma Y, Liu S, Zhang C. Feasibility of USPIOs for T1-weighted MR molecular imaging of tumor receptors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
USPIOs having a superior T1 contrast effect could only be used for T2-weighted, but not for T1-weighted MR tumor receptor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhetao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes
- Shanghai Cancer Institute
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200030
| | - Jiali Cai
- Changzheng Hospital
- Secondary Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200003
- China
| | - Huilan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Jingxing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes
- Shanghai Cancer Institute
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200030
| | - Wenshe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes
- Shanghai Cancer Institute
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200030
| | - Yongjie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes
- Shanghai Cancer Institute
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200030
| | - Shiyuan Liu
- Changzheng Hospital
- Secondary Military Medical University
- Shanghai 200003
- China
| | - Chunfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes
- Shanghai Cancer Institute
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200030
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26
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Grillo R, Gallo J, Stroppa DG, Carbó-Argibay E, Lima R, Fraceto LF, Bañobre-López M. Sub-Micrometer Magnetic Nanocomposites: Insights into the Effect of Magnetic Nanoparticles Interactions on the Optimization of SAR and MRI Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25777-25787. [PMID: 27595772 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the development of new magnetic polymeric carriers for biomedical applications such as trigger-controlled drug release, magnetic hyperthermia (MH) for the treatment of cancer, and as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This work describes the synthesis of sub-micrometer and magnetic polymer nanocomposite capsules (MPNCs) by combining in one single platform the biodegradable polymer poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and different concentrations of ∼8 nm oleic acid (OA)-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4@OA), employing the oil-in-water emulsion/solvent evaporation method. The MPNCs showed a significant increase in particle size from ∼400 to ∼800 nm as the magnetic loading in the organic-inorganic hybrids increases from 1.0% to 10%. The MPNCs presented high incorporation efficiency of Fe3O4@OA nanoparticles, good colloidal stability, and super-paramagnetic properties. Interestingly, electron microscopy results showed that the Fe3O4@OA nanoparticles were preferentially located at the surface of the capsules. Evaluation of the magnetic properties showed that the saturation magnetization and the blocking temperature of the MPNCs samples increased as a function of the Fe3O4@OA loading. All the MPNCs exhibited heating when subjected to MH, and showed good specific absorption rates. Use of the formulations decreased the longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times of water protons' nuclei, with excellent transverse relaxivity (r2) values, especially in the case of the formulation with lowest Fe3O4@OA loading. Furthermore, the MPNCs-cell interaction was studied, and MPNCs showed lower cellular toxicity to normal cells compared to cancer cells. These findings help in understanding the relationships between magnetic nanoparticles and polymeric capsules, opening perspectives for their potential clinical uses as simultaneous heating sources and imaging probes in MH and MRI, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Grillo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, UNESP-São Paulo State University , Avenida Três de Março, n° 511, 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Renata Lima
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sorocaba , Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 92.5, 18023-000 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Fraceto
- Department of Environmental Engineering, UNESP-São Paulo State University , Avenida Três de Março, n° 511, 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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Zhao HX, Zou Q, Sun SK, Yu C, Zhang X, Li RJ, Fu YY. Theranostic metal-organic framework core-shell composites for magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5294-5301. [PMID: 30155180 PMCID: PMC6020541 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01359g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown great potential in designing theranostic probes for cancer diagnosis and therapy due to their unique properties, including versatile structures and composition, tunable particle and pore size, enormous porosity, high surface area, and intrinsic biodegradability. In this study, we demonstrate novel MOF-based theranostic Fe3O4@UiO-66 core-shell composites constructed by in situ growth of a UiO-66 MOF shell on a Fe3O4 core for simultaneous drug delivery and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In the composites, the UiO-66 shell is devoted for encapsulating the drug, whereas the Fe3O4 core serves as a MR contrast agent. The Fe3O4@UiO-66 core-shell composites show good biocompatibility, high drug loading capacity, sustained drug release, and outstanding MR imaging capability, as well as effective chemotherapeutic efficacy, demonstrating the feasibility of designing theranostic Fe3O4@UiO-66 core-shell composites for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Xin Zhao
- College of Chemistry , Research Center for Analytical Sciences , State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology (Nankai University) , Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Nankai University , 94 Weijin Road , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Quan Zou
- School of Medical Imaging , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300203 , China .
| | - Shao-Kai Sun
- School of Medical Imaging , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300203 , China .
| | - Chunshui Yu
- School of Medical Imaging , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300203 , China .
- Department of Radiology , Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin 300052 , China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300203 , China .
| | - Rui-Jun Li
- School of Medical Imaging , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300203 , China .
| | - Yan-Yan Fu
- School of Medical Imaging , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300203 , China .
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Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Recent trends in design and synthesis of magnetoresponsive nanosystems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:442-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ma J, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Huang J, Qin Y, Li X, Liu H, Yang K, Wu G. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters radiosensitise human nasopharyngeal and lung cancer cells after alternating magnetic field treatment. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:800-12. [PMID: 26382714 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1063168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Heat generated by magnetic nanoparticle clusters (MNCs) in an alternating magnetic field (AMF) can be used for hyperthermia cancer treatment. Here, we have synthesised polyacrylic acid-coated MNCs according to previous report, with the ability to increase particle stability in suspension. Radiosensitisation effects of the MNCs under an AMF were investigated in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT assay, flow cytometry, clone formation assay, Western blotting, and a γ-H2AX experiment were used to explore the biocompatibility and radiosensitisation effect of the MNCs and their putative radiosensitisation mechanism. An NCI-H460 mouse xenograft model was used to investigate the anti-tumour effect under an AMF in vivo. RESULTS The temperature of MNC fluids at different concentrations (200 μg/mL to 2 mg/mL) increased rapidly. The MNCs were endocytosed by the cells and were found to be biocompatible. Hsp70 and caspase-3 were found to be up-regulated upon MNCs under an AMF, radiation, and combination of both treatments. MNCs under an AMF efficiently radiosensitised both CNE-2 cells and NCI-H460 cells. Finally, the tumour inhibition rate after treatment with MNCs under an AMF and radiation was significantly higher than that after either treatment alone. The mechanism of radiosensitisation putatively involves inhibition of DNA repair and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The MNC fluids under an AMF enhanced the radiosensitivity of tumour cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ma
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- b Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Zhanjie Zhang
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Jing Huang
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - You Qin
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Xu Li
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Hongli Liu
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Kunyu Yang
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
| | - Gang Wu
- a Cancer Centre, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei , China and
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31
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Shi D, Sadat ME, Dunn AW, Mast DB. Photo-fluorescent and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:8209-32. [PMID: 25899408 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr01538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide exhibits fascinating physical properties especially in the nanometer range, not only from the standpoint of basic science, but also for a variety of engineering, particularly biomedical applications. For instance, Fe3O4 behaves as superparamagnetic as the particle size is reduced to a few nanometers in the single-domain region depending on the type of the material. The superparamagnetism is an important property for biomedical applications such as magnetic hyperthermia therapy of cancer. In this review article, we report on some of the most recent experimental and theoretical studies on magnetic heating mechanisms under an alternating (AC) magnetic field. The heating mechanisms are interpreted based on Néel and Brownian relaxations, and hysteresis loss. We also report on the recently discovered photoluminescence of Fe3O4 and explain the emission mechanisms in terms of the electronic band structures. Both optical and magnetic properties are correlated to the materials parameters of particle size, distribution, and physical confinement. By adjusting these parameters, both optical and magnetic properties are optimized. An important motivation to study iron oxide is due to its high potential in biomedical applications. Iron oxide nanoparticles can be used for MRI/optical multimodal imaging as well as the therapeutic mediator in cancer treatment. Both magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal effect has been utilized to kill cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth. Once the iron oxide nanoparticles are up taken by the tumor with sufficient concentration, greater localization provides enhanced effects over disseminated delivery while simultaneously requiring less therapeutic mass to elicit an equal response. Multi-modality provides highly beneficial co-localization. For magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles the co-localization of diagnostics and therapeutics is achieved through magnetic based imaging and local hyperthermia generation through magnetic field or photon application. Here, Fe3O4 nanoparticles are shown to provide excellent conjugation bases for entrapment of therapeutic molecules, fluorescent agents, and targeting ligands; enhancement of solid tumor treatment is achieved through co-application of local hyperthermia with chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Shi
- The Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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32
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Materia ME, Guardia P, Sathya A, Leal MP, Marotta R, Di Corato R, Pellegrino T. Mesoscale assemblies of iron oxide nanocubes as heat mediators and image contrast agents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:808-16. [PMID: 25569814 DOI: 10.1021/la503930s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanocubes (IONCs) represent one of the most promising iron-based nanoparticles for both magnetic resonance image (MRI) and magnetically mediated hyperthermia (MMH). Here, we have set a protocol to control the aggregation of magnetically interacting IONCs within a polymeric matrix in a so-called magnetic nanobead (MNB) having mesoscale size (200 nm). By the comparison with individual coated nanocubes, we elucidate the effect of the aggregation on the specific adsorption rates (SAR) and on the T1 and T2 relaxation times. We found that while SAR values decrease as IONCs are aggregated into MNBs but still keeping significant SAR values (200 W/g at 300 kHz), relaxation times show very interesting properties with outstanding values of r2/r1 ratio for the MNBs with respect to single IONCs.
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33
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Dunn AW, Ehsan SM, Mast D, Pauletti GM, Xu H, Zhang J, Ewing RC, Shi D. Photothermal effects and toxicity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles via near infrared laser irradiation for cancer therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 46:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jin X, Li H, Wang S, Kong N, Xu H, Fu Q, Gu H, Ye J. Multifunctional superparamagnetic nanoshells: combining two-photon luminescence imaging, surface-enhanced Raman scattering and magnetic separation. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:14360-14370. [PMID: 25329447 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04111a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing need for multi-purpose analysis in the biomedical field, traditional single diagnosis methods cannot meet the requirements. Therefore new multifunctional technologies and materials for the integration of sample collection, sensing and imaging are in great demand. Core-shell nanoparticles offer a unique platform to combine multifunctions in a single particle. In this work, we have constructed a novel type of core-shell superparamagnetic nanoshell (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@Au), composed of a Fe₃O₄ cluster core, a thin Au shell and a SiO₂ layer in between. The obtained multifunctional nanoparticles combine the magnetic properties and plasmonic optical properties effectively, which were well investigated by a number of experimental characterization methods and theoretical simulations. We have demonstrated that Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@Au nanoparticles can be utilized for two-photon luminescence (TPL) imaging, near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman scattering (NIR SERS) and cell collection by magnetic separation. The TPL intensity could be further greatly enhanced through the plasmon coupling effect in the self-assembled nanoparticle chains, which were triggered by an external magnetic field. In addition, Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@Au nanoparticles may have great potential applications such as enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photo-thermotherapy. Successful combination of multifunctions including magnetic response, biosensing and bioimaging in single nanoparticles allows further manipulation, real-time tracking, and intracellular molecule analysis of live cells at a single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulong Jin
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Medical Device and Technology at Med-X, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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35
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Magneto-fluorescent core-shell supernanoparticles. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5093. [PMID: 25298155 PMCID: PMC4264679 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Magneto-fluorescent particles have been recognized as an emerging class of materials that exhibit great potential in advanced applications. However, synthesizing such magneto-fluorescent nanomaterials that simultaneously exhibit uniform and tunable sizes, high magnetic content loading, maximized fluorophore coverage at the surface, and a versatile surface functionality has proven challenging. Here we report a simple approach for co-assembling magnetic nanoparticles with fluorescent quantum dots to form colloidal magneto-fluorescent supernanoparticles. Importantly, these supernanoparticles exhibit a superstructure consisting of a close packed magnetic nanoparticle “core” which is fully surrounded by a “shell” of fluorescent quantum dots. A thin layer of silica-coating provides high colloidal stability and biocompatiblity and a versatile surface functionality. We demonstrate that after surface pegylation, these silica-coated magneto-fluorescent supernanoparticles can be magnetically manipulated inside living cells while being optically tracked. Moreover, our silica-coated magneto-fluorescent supernanoparticles can also serve as an in vivo multi-photon and magnetic resonance dual-modal imaging probe.
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36
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Sadat ME, Patel R, Sookoor J, Bud'ko SL, Ewing RC, Zhang J, Xu H, Wang Y, Pauletti GM, Mast DB, Shi D. Effect of spatial confinement on magnetic hyperthermia via dipolar interactions in Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles for biomedical applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 42:52-63. [PMID: 25063092 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of nanoparticle confinement on the magnetic relaxation of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NP) was investigated by measuring the hyperthermia heating behavior in high frequency alternating magnetic field. Three different Fe3O4 nanoparticle systems having distinct nanoparticle configurations were studied in terms of magnetic hyperthermia heating rate and DC magnetization. All magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) systems were constructed using equivalent ~10nm diameter NP that were structured differently in terms of configuration, physical confinement, and interparticle spacing. The spatial confinement was achieved by embedding the Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the matrices of the polystyrene spheres of 100 nm, while the unconfined was the free Fe3O4 nanoparticles well-dispersed in the liquid via PAA surface coating. Assuming the identical core MNPs in each system, the heating behavior was analyzed in terms of particle freedom (or confinement), interparticle spacing, and magnetic coupling (or dipole-dipole interaction). DC magnetization data were correlated to the heating behavior with different material properties. Analysis of DC magnetization measurements showed deviation from classical Langevin behavior near saturation due to dipole interaction modification of the MNPs resulting in a high magnetic anisotropy. It was found that the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of the unconfined nanoparticle systems were significantly higher than those of confined (the MNPs embedded in the polystyrene matrix). This increase of SAR was found to be attributable to high Néel relaxation rate and hysteresis loss of the unconfined MNPs. It was also found that the dipole-dipole interactions can significantly reduce the global magnetic response of the MNPs and thereby decrease the SAR of the nanoparticle systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sadat
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Ronak Patel
- The Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Jason Sookoor
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Sergey L Bud'ko
- Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Rodney C Ewing
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Department of Geological & Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2115, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- Med-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Yilong Wang
- Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Giovanni M Pauletti
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - David B Mast
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Donglu Shi
- The Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; Med-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China; Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
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Zhang ZJ, Ma J, Xu SB, Ren JH, Qin Y, Huang J, Yang KY, Zhang ZP, Wu G. Synthesis and characterization of surface-modified Fe3O4 super-paramagnetic nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:270-275. [PMID: 24710944 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous dispersion and stability of Fe3O4 nanoparticles remain an issue unresolved since aggregation of naked iron nanoparticles in water. In this study, we successfully synthesized different Fe3O4 super-paramagnetic nanoparticles which were modified by three kinds of materials [DSPE-MPEG2000, TiO2 and poly acrylic acid (PAA)] and further detected their characteristics. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) clearly showed sizes and morphology of the four kinds of nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) proved successfully coating of the three kinds of nanoparticles and their structures were maintained. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) verified that their magnetic properties fitted for the super-paramagnetic function. More importantly, the particle size analysis indicated that Fe3O4@PAA had a better size distribution, biocompatibility, stability and dispersion than the other two kinds of nanoparticles. In addition, using CNE2 cells as a model, we found that all nanoparticles were nontoxic. Taken together, our data suggest that Fe3O4@PAA nanoaparticles are superior in the application of biomedical field among the four kinds of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Jie Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jia Ma
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shuang-Bing Xu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing-Hua Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - You Qin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kun-Yu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Zhi-Ping Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Kostopoulou A, Brintakis K, Vasilakaki M, Trohidou KN, Douvalis AP, Lascialfari A, Manna L, Lappas A. Assembly-mediated interplay of dipolar interactions and surface spin disorder in colloidal maghemite nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3764-76. [PMID: 24573414 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Controlled assembly of single-crystal, colloidal maghemite nanoparticles is facilitated via a high-temperature polyol-based pathway. Structural characterization shows that size-tunable nanoclusters of 50 and 86 nm diameters (D), with high dispersibility in aqueous media, are composed of ∼13 nm (d) crystallographically oriented nanoparticles. The interaction effects are examined against the increasing volume fraction, φ, of the inorganic magnetic phase that goes from individual colloidal nanoparticles (φ = 0.47) to clusters (φ = 0.72). The frozen-liquid dispersions of the latter exhibit weak ferrimagnetic behaviour at 300 K. Comparative Mössbauer spectroscopic studies imply that intra-cluster interactions come into play. New insight emerges from the clusters' temperature-dependent ac susceptibility that displays two maxima in χ''(T), with strong frequency dispersion. Scaling-law analysis together with the observed memory effects suggests that a superspin-glass state settles-in at TB ∼ 160-200 K, while at lower-temperatures, surface spin-glass freezing is established at Tf ∼ 40-70 K. In such nanoparticle-assembled systems, with increased φ, Monte Carlo simulations corroborate the role of the inter-particle dipolar interactions and that of the constituent nanoparticles' surface spin disorder in the emerging spin-glass dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kostopoulou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 71110, Greece.
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Balasubramaniam S, Kayandan S, Lin YN, Kelly DF, House MJ, Woodward RC, St Pierre TG, Riffle JS, Davis RM. Toward design of magnetic nanoparticle clusters stabilized by biocompatible diblock copolymers for T₂-weighted MRI contrast. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:1580-1587. [PMID: 24479874 DOI: 10.1021/la403591z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of magnetic particles comprised of clusters of iron oxide nanoparticles, 7.4 nm mean diameter, stabilized by a biocompatible, amphiphilic diblock copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide-b-D,L-lactide). Particles with quantitative incorporation of up to 40 wt % iron oxide and hydrodynamic sizes in the range of 80-170 nm were prepared. The particles consist of hydrophobically modified iron oxide nanoparticles within the core-forming polylactide block with the poly(ethylene oxide) forming a corona to afford aqueous dispersibility. The transverse relaxivities (r2) increased with average particle size and exceeded 200 s(-1) mM Fe(-1) at 1.4 T and 37 °C for iron oxide loadings above 30 wt %. These experimental relaxivities typically agreed to within 15% with the values predicted using analytical models of transverse relaxivity and cluster (particle core) size distributions derived from cryo-TEM measurements. Our results show that the theoretical models can be used for the rational design of biocompatible MRI contrast agents with tailored compositions and size distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharavanan Balasubramaniam
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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40
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Kostopoulou A, Velu SKP, Thangavel K, Orsini F, Brintakis K, Psycharakis S, Ranella A, Bordonali L, Lappas A, Lascialfari A. Colloidal assemblies of oriented maghemite nanocrystals and their NMR relaxometric properties. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:8395-404. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1H-NMR relaxometric experiments over an extended frequency range show that ferrimagnetic colloidal nanoclusters exhibit enhanced transverse relaxivity, r2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Kostopoulou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser
- Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas
- 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sabareesh K. P. Velu
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli studi di Milano and INSTM
- I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Kalaivani Thangavel
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli studi di Milano and INSTM
- I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Orsini
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli studi di Milano and INSTM
- I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Brintakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser
- Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas
- 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
| | - Stylianos Psycharakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser
- Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas
- 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Medicine
- University of Crete
| | - Anthi Ranella
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser
- Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas
- 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Lorenzo Bordonali
- Dipartimento di Fisica
- Università degli studi di Pavia and INSTM
- Pavia, Italy
| | - Alexandros Lappas
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser
- Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas
- 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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41
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Gulin-Sarfraz T, Zhang J, Desai D, Teuho J, Sarfraz J, Jiang H, Zhang C, Sahlgren C, Lindén M, Gu H, Rosenholm JM. Combination of magnetic field and surface functionalization for reaching synergistic effects in cellular labeling by magnetic core–shell nanospheres. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1750-1760. [DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00221k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The joint effect of surface functionalization and an external magnetic field on cellular labeling was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Gulin-Sarfraz
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
- Åbo Akademi University
- 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jixi Zhang
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
- Åbo Akademi University
- 20500 Turku, Finland
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Diti Desai
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
- Åbo Akademi University
- 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Teuho
- Turku PET Centre
- Turku University Hospital
- Turku, Finland
| | - Jawad Sarfraz
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
- Åbo Akademi University
- 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics
- Aalto University
- Espoo, Finland
| | - Chunfu Zhang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Turku Centre of Biotechnology
- Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku
- Turku, Finland
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Lindén
- Inorganic Chemistry II
- University of Ulm
- Ulm, Germany
| | - Hongchen Gu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai, P.R. China
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42
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Jadhav SV, Nikam DS, Khot VM, Thorat ND, Phadatare MR, Ningthoujam RS, Salunkhe AB, Pawar SH. Studies on colloidal stability of PVP-coated LSMO nanoparticles for magnetic fluid hyperthermia. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00554b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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