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Kurochkin IY, Pogonin AE, Otlyotov AA, Kiselev AN, Krasnov AV, Shlykov SA, Girichev GV. Molecular structure of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4′-fluorophenyl)porphyrin by combined gas-phase electron diffraction/mass spectrometry experiment and DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Seibers ZD, Collier GS, Hopkins BW, Boone ES, Le TP, Gomez ED, Kilbey SM. Tuning fullerene miscibility with porphyrin-terminated P3HTs in bulk heterojunction blends. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9769-9779. [PMID: 33000857 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and manipulating the miscibility of donor and acceptor components in the active layer morphology is important to optimize the longevity of organic photovoltaic devices and control power conversion efficiency. In pursuit of this goal, a "porphyrin-capped" poly(3-hexylthiophene) was synthesized to take advantage of strong porphyrin:fullerene intermolecular interactions that modify fullerene miscibility in the active layer. End-functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) was synthesized via catalyst transfer polymerization and subsequently functionalized with a porphyrin moiety via post-polymerization modification. UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements show that the porphyrin-functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) exhibits increased intermolecular interactions with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in the solid state compared to unfunctionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) without sacrificing microstructure ordering that facilitates optimal charge transport properties. Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry revealed porphyrin-functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) crystallization decreased only slightly (1-6%) compared to unfunctionalized poly(3-hexylthiophenes) while increasing fullerene miscibility by 55%. Preliminary organic photovoltaic device results indicate device power conversion efficiency is sensitive to additive loading levels, as evident by a slight increase in power conversion efficiency at low additive loading levels but a continuous decrease with increased loading levels. While the increased fullerene miscibility is not balanced with significant increases in power conversion efficiency, this approach suggests that integrating non-bonded interaction potentials is a useful pathway for manipulating the morphology of the bulk heterojunction thin film, and porphyrin-functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophenes) may be useful additives in that regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach D Seibers
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, University of Tennessee - Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Seibers ZD, Le TP, Lee Y, Gomez ED, Kilbey SM. Impact of Low Molecular Weight Poly(3-hexylthiophene)s as Additives in Organic Photovoltaic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:2752-2761. [PMID: 29309125 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress in using additives to enhance the power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaic devices, significant challenges remain in controlling the microstructure of the active layer, such as at internal donor-acceptor interfaces. Here, we demonstrate that the addition of low molecular weight poly(3-hexylthiophene)s (low-MW P3HT) to the P3HT/fullerene active layer increases device performance up to 36% over an unmodified control device. Low MW P3HT chains ranging in size from 1.6 to 8.0 kg/mol are blended with 77.5 kg/mol P3HT chains and [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) fullerenes while keeping P3HT/PCBM ratio constant. Optimal photovoltaic device performance increases are obtained for each additive when incorporated into the bulk heterojunction blend at loading levels that are dependent upon additive MW. Small-angle X-ray scattering and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy imaging reveal that domain sizes are approximately invariant at low loading levels of the low-MW P3HT additive, and wide-angle X-ray scattering suggests that P3HT crystallinity is unaffected by these additives. These results suggest that oligomeric P3HTs compatibilize donor-acceptor interfaces at low loading levels but coarsen domain structures at higher loading levels and they are consistent with recent simulations results. Although results are specific to the P3HT/PCBM system, the notion that low molecular weight additives can enhance photovoltaic device performance generally provides a new opportunity for improving device performance and operating lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach D Seibers
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering and ‡Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee at Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ∥Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Thinh P Le
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering and ‡Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee at Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ∥Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Youngmin Lee
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering and ‡Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee at Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ∥Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering and ‡Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee at Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ∥Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - S Michael Kilbey
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering and ‡Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Tennessee at Knoxville , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ∥Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Andernach RE, Rossbauer S, Ashraf RS, Faber H, Anthopoulos TD, McCulloch I, Heeney M, Bronstein HA. Conjugated Polymer-Porphyrin Complexes for Organic Electronics. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1223-30. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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