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Werny MJ, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Visualizing the Structure, Composition and Activity of Single Catalyst Particles for Olefin Polymerization and Polyolefin Decomposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202306033. [PMID: 37782261 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural and morphological characterization of individual catalyst particles for olefin polymerization, as well as for the reverse process of polyolefin decomposition, can provide an improved understanding for how these catalyst materials operate under relevant reaction conditions. In this review, we discuss an emerging analytical toolbox of 2D and 3D chemical imaging techniques that is suitable for investigating the chemistry and reactivity of related catalyst systems. While synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy still provides unparalleled spatial resolutions in 2D and 3D, a number of laboratory-based techniques, most notably focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, infrared photoinduced force microscopy and laboratory-based X-ray nano-computed tomography, have helped to significantly expand the arsenal of analytical tools available to scientists in heterogeneous catalysis and polymer science. In terms of future research, the review outlines the role and impact of in situ and operando (spectro-)microscopy experiments, involving sophisticated reactors as well as online reactant and product analysis, to obtain real-time information on the formation, decomposition, and mobility of polymer phases within single catalyst particles. Furthermore, the potential of fluorescence microscopy, X-ray microscopy and optical microscopy is highlighted for the high-throughput characterization of olefin polymerization and polyolefin decomposition catalysts. By combining these chemical imaging techniques with, for example, chemical staining methodologies, selective probe molecules as well as particle sorting approaches, representative structure-activity relationships can be derived at the level of single catalyst particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Werny
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600, AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Kimura Y, Huang S, Nakamura T, Ishiguro N, Sekizawa O, Nitta K, Uruga T, Takeuchi T, Okumura T, Tada M, Uchimoto Y, Amezawa K. 5D Analysis of Capacity Degradation in Battery Electrodes Enabled by Operando CT-XANES. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300310. [PMID: 37452269 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
For devices encountering long-term stability challenges, a precise evaluation of degradation is of paramount importance. However, methods for comprehensively elucidating the degradation mechanisms in devices, particularly those undergoing dynamic chemical and mechanical changes during operation, such as batteries, are limited. Here, a method is presented using operando computed tomography combined with X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (CT-XANES) that can directly track the evolution of the 3D distribution of the local capacity loss in battery electrodes during (dis)charge cycles, thereby enabling a five-dimensional (the 3D spatial coordinates, time, and chemical state) analysis of the degradation. This paper demonstrates that the method can quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of the local capacity degradation within an electrode during cycling, which has been truncated by existing bulk techniques, and correlate it with the overall electrode performance degradation. Furthermore, the method demonstrates its capability to uncover the correlation among observed local capacity degradation within electrodes, reaction history during past (dis)charge cycles, and electrode microstructure. The method thus provides critical insights into the identification of degradation factors that are not available through existing methods, and therefore, will contribute to the development of batteries with long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kimura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Su Huang
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nozomu Ishiguro
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Nitta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tomonari Takeuchi
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Toyoki Okumura
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Research Center for Materials Science/Graduate School of Science/Institute for Advanced Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Uchimoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Nihonmatsu-cho Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Amezawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
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3
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Mayorga-González R, Rivera-Torrente M, Nikolopoulos N, Bossers KW, Valadian R, Yus J, Seoane B, Weckhuysen BM, Meirer F. Visualizing defects and pore connectivity within metal-organic frameworks by X-ray transmission tomography. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8458-8467. [PMID: 34221328 PMCID: PMC8221180 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00607j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have the potential to change the landscape of molecular separations in chemical processes owing to their ability of selectively binding molecules. Their molecular sorting properties generally rely on the micro- and meso-pore structure, as well as on the presence of coordinatively unsaturated sites that interact with the different chemical species present in the feed. In this work, we show a first-of-its-kind tomographic imaging of the crystal morphology of a metal-organic framework by means of transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM), including a detailed data reconstruction and processing approach. Corroboration with Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) images shows the potential of this strategy for further (non-destructively) assessing the inner architecture of MOF crystals. By doing this, we have unraveled the presence of large voids in the internal structure of a MIL-47(V) crystal, which are typically thought of as rather homogeneous lattices. This challenges the established opinion that hydrothermal syntheses yield relatively defect-free material and sheds further light on the internal morphology of crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mayorga-González
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Rivera-Torrente
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Nikolopoulos
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Koen W Bossers
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Roozbeh Valadian
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Joaquín Yus
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Kelsen 5 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Beatriz Seoane
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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4
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Sample Environment for Operando Hard X-ray Tomography—An Enabling Technology for Multimodal Characterization in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Structure–activity relations in heterogeneous catalysis can be revealed through in situ and operando measurements of catalysts in their active state. While hard X-ray tomography is an ideal method for non-invasive, multimodal 3D structural characterization on the micron to nm scale, performing tomography under controlled gas and temperature conditions is challenging. Here, we present a flexible sample environment for operando hard X-ray tomography at synchrotron radiation sources. The setup features are discussed, with demonstrations of operando powder X-ray diffraction tomography (XRD-CT) and energy-dispersive tomographic X-ray absorption spectroscopy (ED-XAS-CT). Catalysts for CO2 methanation and partial oxidation of methane are shown as case studies. The setup can be adapted for different hard X-ray microscopy, spectroscopy, or scattering synchrotron radiation beamlines, is compatible with absorption, diffraction, fluorescence, and phase-contrast imaging, and can operate with scanning focused beam or full-field acquisition mode. We present an accessible methodology for operando hard X-ray tomography studies, which offer a unique source of 3D spatially resolved characterization data unavailable to contemporary methods.
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Becher J, Sanchez DF, Doronkin DE, Zengel D, Meira DM, Pascarelli S, Grunwaldt JD, Sheppard TL. Chemical gradients in automotive Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts for NOx removal revealed by operando X-ray spectrotomography. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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6
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Lin TC, Dawson A, King SC, Yan Y, Ashby DS, Mazzetti JA, Dunn BS, Weker JN, Tolbert SH. Understanding Stabilization in Nanoporous Intermetallic Alloy Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries Using Operando Transmission X-ray Microscopy. ACS NANO 2020; 14:14820-14830. [PMID: 33137258 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tin-based alloying anodes are exciting due to their high energy density. Unfortunately, these materials pulverize after repetitive cycling due to the large volume expansion during lithiation and delithiation; both nanostructuring and intermetallic formation can help alleviate this structural damage. Here, these ideas are combined in nanoporous antimony-tin (NP-SbSn) powders, synthesized by a simple and scalable selective-etching method. The NP-SbSn exhibits bimodal porosity that facilitates electrolyte diffusion; those void spaces, combined with the presence of two metals that alloy with lithium at different potentials, further provide a buffer against volume change. This stabilizes the structure to give NP-SbSn good cycle life (595 mAh/g after 100 cycles with 93% capacity retention). Operando transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) showed that during cycling NP-SbSn expands by only 60% in area and then contracts back nearly to its original size with no physical disintegration. The pores shrink during lithiation as the pore walls expand into the pore space and then relax back to their initial size during delithiation with almost no degradation. Importantly, the pores remained open even in the fully lithiated state, and structures are in good physical condition after the 36th cycle. The results of this work should thus be useful for designing nanoscale structures in alloying anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri C Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andrew Dawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sophia C King
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David S Ashby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Joseph A Mazzetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Bruce S Dunn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- The California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Johanna Nelson Weker
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sarah H Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- The California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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7
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Kimura Y, Tomura A, Fakkao M, Nakamura T, Ishiguro N, Sekizawa O, Nitta K, Uruga T, Okumura T, Tada M, Uchimoto Y, Amezawa K. 3D Operando Imaging and Quantification of Inhomogeneous Electrochemical Reactions in Composite Battery Electrodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3629-3636. [PMID: 32315194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performances of electrochemical systems such as solid-state batteries (SSBs) can be severely hindered by the three-dimensional (3D) and mesoscopically inhomogeneous electrochemical reactions that take place in the electrodes. However, the majority of existing methods for analyzing such inhomogeneous reactions are restricted to one- or two-dimensional observations. Herein, we performed 3D operando imaging of the mesoscopically inhomogeneous electrochemical reaction in a composite SSB electrode using hard X-ray computed-tomography with X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (CT-XANES). The 3D inhomogeneous reaction evolution during (dis)charge was successfully visualized for the first time. Furthermore, our 3D quantitative analysis unambiguously revealed the origin of the inhomogeneous reaction in the investigated electrode. Our results suggested that slow ion transport through active material particles can considerably restrict SSB performances. Our technique therefore provides new insights into the electrochemical reactions taking place in electrodes and enables us to maximize the performance of electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kimura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Aina Tomura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mahunnop Fakkao
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nozomu Ishiguro
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Nitta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Toyoki Okumura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Graduate School of Science/Institute for Advanced Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Uchimoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-nihonmatsu, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Amezawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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8
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Ge M, Lee WK. PyXAS - an open-source package for 2D X-ray near-edge spectroscopy analysis. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:567-575. [PMID: 32153299 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the synchrotron X-ray community, X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) is a widely used technique to probe the local coordination environment and the oxidation states of specific elements within a sample. Although this technique is usually applied to bulk samples, the advent of new synchrotron sources has enabled spatially resolved versions of this technique (2D XANES). This development has been extremely powerful for the study of heterogeneous systems, which is the case for nearly all real applications. However, associated with the development of 2D XANES comes the challenge of analyzing very large volumes of data. As an example, a single 2D XANES measurement at a synchrotron can easily produce ∼106 spatially resolved XANES spectra. Conventional manual analysis of an individual XANES spectrum is no longer feasible. Here, a software package is described that has been developed for high-throughput 2D XANES analysis. A detailed description of the software as well as example applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Ge
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Wah Keat Lee
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Upton, NY 11973, USA
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9
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Tang K, Zheng L, Zhao YD, Liu SH, Ma CY, Dong YH. A micro-focusing and high-flux-throughput beamline design using a bending magnet for microscopic XAFS at the High Energy Photon Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:1835-1842. [PMID: 31490178 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751900715x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An optical design study of a bending-magnet beamline, based on multi-bend achromat storage ring lattices, at the High Energy Photon Source, to be built in Beijing, China, is described. The main purpose of the beamline design is to produce a micro-scale beam from a bending-magnet source with little flux loss through apertures. To maximize the flux of the focal spot, the synchrotron source will be 1:1 imaged to a virtual source by a toroidal mirror; a mirror pair will be used to collimate the virtual source into quasi-parallel light which will be refocused by a Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror pair. In the case presented here, a beamline for tender X-rays ranging from 2.1 keV to 7.8 keV, with a spot size of approximately 7 µm (H) × 6 µm (V) and flux up to 2 × 1012 photons s-1, can be achieved for the purpose of X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS)-related experiments, such as scanning micro-XAFS and full-field nano-XAFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Tang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Institute of High Energy Physics, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Dong Zhao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Hu Liu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yan Ma
- Institute of High Energy Physics, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Hui Dong
- Institute of High Energy Physics, 19B Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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10
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Murray KT, Pedersen AF, Mohacsi I, Detlefs C, Morgan AJ, Prasciolu M, Yildirim C, Simons H, Jakobsen AC, Chapman HN, Poulsen HF, Bajt S. Multilayer Laue lenses at high X-ray energies: performance and applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:7120-7138. [PMID: 30876283 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.007120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
X-ray microscopy at photon energies above 15 keV is very attractive for the investigation of atomic and nanoscale properties of technologically relevant structural and bio materials. This method is limited by the quality of X-ray optics. Multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs) have the potential to make a major impact in this field because, as compared to other X-ray optics, they become more efficient and effective with increasing photon energy. In this work, MLLs were utilized with hard X-rays at photon energies up to 34.5 keV. The design, fabrication, and performance of these lenses are presented, and their application in several imaging configurations is described. In particular, two "full field" modes of imaging were explored, which provide various contrast modalities that are useful for materials characterisation. These include point projection imaging (or Gabor holography) for phase contrast imaging and direct imaging with both bright-field and dark-field illumination. With high-efficiency MLLs, such modes offer rapid data collection as compared with scanning methods as well as a large field of views.
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11
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Falkenhagen JP, Maisonneuve L, Paalanen PP, Coste N, Malicki N, Weckhuysen BM. Cobalt-Iron-Manganese Catalysts for the Conversion of End-of-Life-Tire-Derived Syngas into Light Terminal Olefins. Chemistry 2018; 24:4597-4606. [PMID: 29493817 PMCID: PMC6563706 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Co‐Fe‐Mn/γ‐Al2O3 Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalysts were synthesized, characterized and tested for CO hydrogenation, mimicking end‐of‐life‐tire (ELT)‐derived syngas. It was found that an increase of C2‐C4 olefin selectivities to 49 % could be reached for 5 wt % Co, 5 wt % Fe, 2.5 wt % Mn/γ‐Al2O3 with Na at ambient pressure. Furthermore, by using a 5 wt % Co, 5 wt % Fe, 2.5 wt % Mn, 1.2 wt % Na, 0.03 wt % S/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst the selectivity towards the fractions of C5+ and CH4 could be reduced, whereas the selectivity towards the fraction of C4 olefins could be improved to 12.6 % at 10 bar. Moreover, the Na/S ratio influences the ratio of terminal to internal olefins observed as products, that is, a high Na loading prevents the isomerization of primary olefins, which is unwanted if 1,3‐butadiene is the target product. Thus, by fine‐tuning the addition of promoter elements the volume of waste streams that need to be recycled, treated or upgraded during ELT syngas processing could be reduced. The most promising catalyst (5 wt % Co, 5 wt % Fe, 2.5 wt % Mn, 1.2 wt % Na, 0.03 wt % S/γ‐Al2O3) has been investigated using operando transmission X‐ray microscopy (TXM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that a cobalt‐iron alloy was formed, whereas manganese remained in its oxidic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Falkenhagen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lise Maisonneuve
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Centre de Technologie de Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes-Déchaux, 63040, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pasi P Paalanen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Coste
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Centre de Technologie de Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes-Déchaux, 63040, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Malicki
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Centre de Technologie de Ladoux, 23 place des Carmes-Déchaux, 63040, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Yao S, Fan J, Chen Z, Zong Y, Zhang J, Sun Z, Zhang L, Tai R, Liu Z, Chen C, Jiang H. Three-dimensional ultrastructural imaging reveals the nanoscale architecture of mammalian cells. IUCRJ 2018; 5:141-149. [PMID: 29765603 PMCID: PMC5947718 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252517017912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the interactions between nanomaterials and large-size mammalian cells, including cellular uptake, intracellular localization and translocation, has greatly advanced nanomedicine and nanotoxicology. Imaging techniques that can locate nanomaterials within the structures of intact large-size cells at nanoscale resolution play crucial roles in acquiring this knowledge. Here, the quantitative imaging of intracellular nanomaterials in three dimensions was performed by combining dual-energy contrast X-ray microscopy and an iterative tomographic algorithm termed equally sloped tomography (EST). Macrophages with a size of ∼20 µm that had been exposed to the potential antitumour agent [Gd@C82(OH)22] n were investigated. Large numbers of nanoparticles (NPs) aggregated within the cell and were mainly located in phagosomes. No NPs were observed in the nucleus. Imaging of the nanomedicine within whole cells advanced the understanding of the high-efficiency antitumour activity and the low toxicity of this agent. This imaging technique can be used to probe nanomaterials within intact large-size cells at nanometre resolution uniformly in three dimensions and may greatly benefit the fields of nanomedicine and nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiadong Fan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunbing Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 239 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renzhong Tai
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 239 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaidong Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Kimura M, Obayashi I, Takeichi Y, Murao R, Hiraoka Y. Non-empirical identification of trigger sites in heterogeneous processes using persistent homology. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3553. [PMID: 29476108 PMCID: PMC5824834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroscopic phenomena, such as fracture, corrosion, and degradation of materials, are associated with various reactions which progress heterogeneously. Thus, material properties are generally determined not by their averaged characteristics but by specific features in heterogeneity (or 'trigger sites') of phases, chemical states, etc., where the key reactions that dictate macroscopic properties initiate and propagate. Therefore, the identification of trigger sites is crucial for controlling macroscopic properties. However, this is a challenging task. Previous studies have attempted to identify trigger sites based on the knowledge of materials science derived from experimental data ('empirical approach'). However, this approach becomes impractical when little is known about the reaction or when large multi-dimensional datasets, such as those with multiscale heterogeneities in time and/or space, are considered. Here, we introduce a new persistent homology approach for identifying trigger sites and apply it to the heterogeneous reduction of iron ore sinters. Four types of trigger sites, 'hourglass'-shaped calcium ferrites and 'island'- shaped iron oxides, were determined to initiate crack formation using only mapping data depicting the heterogeneities of phases and cracks without prior mechanistic information. The identification of these trigger sites can provide a design rule for reducing mechanical degradation during reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Kimura
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan. .,Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.
| | - Ippei Obayashi
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeichi
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.,Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Reiko Murao
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Co., Futtsu, Chiba, 293-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Hiraoka
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.,Center for Materials research by Information Integration (CMI2), Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.,Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
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14
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Baier S, Damsgaard CD, Klumpp M, Reinhardt J, Sheppard T, Balogh Z, Kasama T, Benzi F, Wagner JB, Schwieger W, Schroer CG, Grunwaldt JD. Stability of a Bifunctional Cu-Based Core@Zeolite Shell Catalyst for Dimethyl Ether Synthesis Under Redox Conditions Studied by Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy and In Situ X-Ray Ptychography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:501-512. [PMID: 28376946 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
When using bifunctional core@shell catalysts, the stability of both the shell and core-shell interface is crucial for catalytic applications. In the present study, we elucidate the stability of a CuO/ZnO/Al2O3@ZSM-5 core@shell material, used for one-stage synthesis of dimethyl ether from synthesis gas. The catalyst stability was studied in a hierarchical manner by complementary environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in situ hard X-ray ptychography with a specially designed in situ cell. Both reductive activation and reoxidation were applied. The core-shell interface was found to be stable during reducing and oxidizing treatment at 250°C as observed by ETEM and in situ X-ray ptychography, although strong changes occurred in the core on a 10 nm scale due to the reduction of copper oxide to metallic copper particles. At 350°C, in situ X-ray ptychography indicated the occurrence of structural changes also on the µm scale, i.e. the core material and parts of the shell undergo restructuring. Nevertheless, the crucial core-shell interface required for full bifunctionality appeared to remain stable. This study demonstrates the potential of these correlative in situ microscopy techniques for hierarchically designed catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Baier
- 1Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
| | - Christian D Damsgaard
- 2Center for Electron Nanoscopy,Technical University of Denmark,2800 Kgs. Lyngby,Denmark
| | - Michael Klumpp
- 4Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering,Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU),91058 Erlangen,Germany
| | - Juliane Reinhardt
- 5Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY,Notkestr. 85,22607 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Thomas Sheppard
- 1Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
| | - Zoltan Balogh
- 2Center for Electron Nanoscopy,Technical University of Denmark,2800 Kgs. Lyngby,Denmark
| | - Takeshi Kasama
- 2Center for Electron Nanoscopy,Technical University of Denmark,2800 Kgs. Lyngby,Denmark
| | - Federico Benzi
- 1Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
| | - Jakob B Wagner
- 2Center for Electron Nanoscopy,Technical University of Denmark,2800 Kgs. Lyngby,Denmark
| | - Wilhelm Schwieger
- 4Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering,Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU),91058 Erlangen,Germany
| | | | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- 1Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
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15
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Sheppard TL, Price SWT, Benzi F, Baier S, Klumpp M, Dittmeyer R, Schwieger W, Grunwaldt JD. In Situ Multimodal 3D Chemical Imaging of a Hierarchically Structured Core@Shell Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7855-7863. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephen W. T. Price
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Benzi
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sina Baier
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Klumpp
- Institute
of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Wilhelm Schwieger
- Institute
of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Price SWT, Martin DJ, Parsons AD, Sławiński WA, Vamvakeros A, Keylock SJ, Beale AM, Mosselmans JFW. Chemical imaging of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts under operating conditions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602838. [PMID: 28345057 PMCID: PMC5357128 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although we often understand empirically what constitutes an active catalyst, there is still much to be understood fundamentally about how catalytic performance is influenced by formulation. Catalysts are often designed to have a microstructure and nanostructure that can influence performance but that is rarely considered when correlating structure with function. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is a well-known and potentially sustainable technology for converting synthetic natural gas ("syngas": CO + H2) into functional hydrocarbons, such as sulfur- and aromatic-free fuel and high-value wax products. FTS catalysts typically contain Co or Fe nanoparticles, which are often optimized in terms of size/composition for a particular catalytic performance. We use a novel, "multimodal" tomographic approach to studying active Co-based catalysts under operando conditions, revealing how a simple parameter, such as the order of addition of metal precursors and promoters, affects the spatial distribution of the elements as well as their physicochemical properties, that is, crystalline phase and crystallite size during catalyst activation and operation. We show in particular how the order of addition affects the crystallinity of the TiO2 anatase phase, which in turn leads to the formation of highly intergrown cubic close-packed/hexagonal close-packed Co nanoparticles that are very reactive, exhibiting high CO conversion. This work highlights the importance of operando microtomography to understand the evolution of chemical species and their spatial distribution before any concrete understanding of impact on catalytic performance can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W. T. Price
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
- Corresponding author. (S.W.T.P.); (A.M.B.)
| | - David J. Martin
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Aaron D. Parsons
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Wojciech A. Sławiński
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Antonios Vamvakeros
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Keylock
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Andrew M. Beale
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
- Finden Limited, The Workstation Merchant House, 5 East St. Helen Street, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 5EG, U.K
- Corresponding author. (S.W.T.P.); (A.M.B.)
| | - J. Frederick W. Mosselmans
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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17
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Cats KH, Andrews JC, Stéphan O, March K, Karunakaran C, Meirer F, de Groot FMF, Weckhuysen BM. Active phase distribution changes within a catalyst particle during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis as revealed by multi-scale microscopy. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01524c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new combination of three chemical imaging methods has been developed and applied to fresh and spent co-based Fischer–Tropsch catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. H. Cats
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - J. C. Andrews
- Stanford Synchrotron Light Source
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park
- USA
| | - O. Stéphan
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides
- Université Paris Sud
- 91405 Orsay
- France
| | - K. March
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides
- Université Paris Sud
- 91405 Orsay
- France
| | | | - F. Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - F. M. F. de Groot
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - B. M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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18
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Price SWT, Ignatyev K, Geraki K, Basham M, Filik J, Vo NT, Witte PT, Beale AM, Mosselmans JFW. Chemical imaging of single catalyst particles with scanning μ-XANES-CT and μ-XRF-CT. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:521-9. [PMID: 25407850 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04488f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical state of a catalyst is a key factor in determining both activity and selectivity; however these materials are often not structurally or compositionally homogeneous. Here we report on the 3-dimensional imaging of an industrial catalyst, Mo-promoted colloidal Pt supported on carbon. The distribution of both the active Pt species and Mo promoter have been mapped over a single particle of catalyst using microfocus X-ray fluorescence computed tomography. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure revealed a mixed local coordination environment, including the presence of both metallic Pt clusters and Pt chloride species, but also no direct interaction between the catalyst and Mo promoter. We also report on the benefits of scanning μ-XANES computed tomography for chemical imaging, allowing for 2- and 3-dimensional mapping of the local electronic and geometric environment, in this instance for both the Pt catalyst and Mo promoter throughout the catalyst particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W T Price
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, UK.
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19
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Visualization of electrochemically driven solid-state phase transformations using operando hard X-ray spectro-imaging. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6883. [PMID: 25892338 PMCID: PMC4411298 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ techniques with high temporal, spatial and chemical resolution are key to understand ubiquitous solid-state phase transformations, which are crucial to many technological applications. Hard X-ray spectro-imaging can visualize electrochemically driven phase transformations but demands considerably large samples with strong absorption signal so far. Here we show a conceptually new data analysis method to enable operando visualization of mechanistically relevant weakly absorbing samples at the nanoscale and study electrochemical reaction dynamics of iron fluoride, a promising high-capacity conversion cathode material. In two specially designed samples with distinctive microstructure and porosity, we observe homogeneous phase transformations during both discharge and charge, faster and more complete Li-storage occurring in porous polycrystalline iron fluoride, and further, incomplete charge reaction following a pathway different from conventional belief. These mechanistic insights provide guidelines for designing better conversion cathode materials to realize the promise of high-capacity lithium-ion batteries. Hard X-ray spectro-imaging using synchrotron radiation can be used to monitor electrochemical reactions. Here, the authors present X-ray absorption data and resolve phase evolution for the conversion of iron fluoride, a high-capacity Li-ion battery conversion cathode, with nanoscale resolution.
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20
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Meirer F, Kalirai S, Nelson Weker J, Liu Y, Andrews JC, Weckhuysen BM. Agglutination of single catalyst particles during fluid catalytic cracking as observed by X-ray nanotomography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8097-100. [PMID: 25869120 PMCID: PMC4424819 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-ray nanotomography of a complete FCC particle cluster reveals increased metal concentrations at the interface of agglutinated E-cat particles, which might play a crucial role E-cat particle clustering.
Metal accumulation at the catalyst particle surface plays a role in particle agglutination during fluid catalytic cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Meirer F, Kalirai S, Morris D, Soparawalla S, Liu Y, Mesu G, Andrews JC, Weckhuysen BM. Life and death of a single catalytic cracking particle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1400199. [PMID: 26601160 PMCID: PMC4640619 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles account for 40 to 45% of worldwide gasoline production. The hierarchical complex particle pore structure allows access of long-chain feedstock molecules into active catalyst domains where they are cracked into smaller, more valuable hydrocarbon products (for example, gasoline). In this process, metal deposition and intrusion is a major cause for irreversible catalyst deactivation and shifts in product distribution. We used x-ray nanotomography of industrial FCC particles at differing degrees of deactivation to quantify changes in single-particle macroporosity and pore connectivity, correlated to iron and nickel deposition. Our study reveals that these metals are incorporated almost exclusively in near-surface regions, severely limiting macropore accessibility as metal concentrations increase. Because macropore channels are "highways" of the pore network, blocking them prevents feedstock molecules from reaching the catalytically active domains. Consequently, metal deposition reduces conversion with time on stream because the internal pore volume, although itself unobstructed, becomes largely inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meirer
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sam Kalirai
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Darius Morris
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Research Centre for Catalysts, Albemarle Corporation, 13000 Baypark Road, Pasadena, TX 77507, USA
| | - Santosh Soparawalla
- Research Centre for Catalysts, Albemarle Corporation, 13000 Baypark Road, Pasadena, TX 77507, USA
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Gerbrand Mesu
- Research Centre for Catalysts, Albemarle Corporation, 13000 Baypark Road, Pasadena, TX 77507, USA
| | - Joy C. Andrews
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, Netherlands
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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22
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Bare SR, Charochak ME, Kelly SD, Lai B, Wang J, Chen-Wiegart YCK. Characterization of a Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Catalyst on Ensemble and Individual Particle Level by X-ray Micro- and Nanotomography, Micro-X-ray Fluorescence, and Micro-X-ray Diffraction. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Ishiguro N, Uruga T, Sekizawa O, Tsuji T, Suzuki M, Kawamura N, Mizumaki M, Nitta K, Yokoyama T, Tada M. Visualization of the Heterogeneity of Cerium Oxidation States in Single Pt/Ce2Zr2OxCatalyst Particles by Nano-XAFS. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1563-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201400090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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