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Han F, Abbas Abedi SA, He S, Zhang H, Long S, Zhou X, Chanmungkalakul S, Ma H, Sun W, Liu X, Du J, Fan J, Peng X. Aryl-Modified Pentamethyl Cyanine Dyes at the C2' Position: A Tunable Platform for Activatable Photosensitizers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305761. [PMID: 38063803 PMCID: PMC10870032 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Pentamethyl cyanine dyes are promising fluorophores for fluorescence sensing and imaging. However, advanced biomedical applications require enhanced control of their excited-state properties. Herein, a synthetic approach for attaching aryl substituents at the C2' position of the thio-pentamethine cyanine (TCy5) dye structure is reported for the first time. C2'-aryl substitution enables the regulation of both the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanisms to be regulated in the excited state. Modulation of these mechanisms allows the design of a nitroreductase-activatable TCy5 fluorophore for hypoxic tumor photodynamic therapy and fluorescence imaging. These C2'-aryl TCy5 dyes provide a tunable platform for engineering cyanine dyes tailored to sophisticated biological applications, such as photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart MaterialsDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Syed Ali Abbas Abedi
- Fluorescence Research GroupSingapore University of Technology and DesignSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Shan He
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced StudyThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart MaterialsDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Saran Long
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart MaterialsDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart MaterialsDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | | | - He Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart MaterialsDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart MaterialsDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of TechnologyDalian University of Technology26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei DistrictNingbo315016China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research GroupSingapore University of Technology and DesignSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart MaterialsDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of TechnologyDalian University of Technology26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei DistrictNingbo315016China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart MaterialsDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of TechnologyDalian University of Technology26 Yucai Road, Jiangbei DistrictNingbo315016China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart MaterialsDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
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2
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Gidi Y, Robert A, Tordo A, Lovell TC, Ramos-Sanchez J, Sakaya A, Götte M, Cosa G. Binding and Sliding Dynamics of the Hepatitis C Virus Polymerase: Hunting the 3' Terminus. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1488-1498. [PMID: 37436367 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) polymerase catalyzes the replication of the (+) single-stranded RNA genome of HCV. In vitro studies have shown that replication can be performed in the absence of a primer. However, the dynamics and mechanism by which NS5B locates the 3'-terminus of the RNA template to initiate de novo synthesis remain elusive. Here, we performed single-molecule fluorescence studies based on protein-induced fluorescence enhancement reporting on NS5B dynamics on a short model RNA substrate. Our results suggest that NS5B exists in a fully open conformation in solution wherefrom it accesses its binding site along RNA and then closes. Our results revealed two NS5B binding modes: an unstable one resulting in rapid dissociation, and a stable one characterized by a larger residence time on the substrate. We associate these bindings to an unproductive and productive orientation, respectively. Addition of extra mono (Na+)- and divalent (Mg2+) ions increases the mobility of NS5B along its RNA substrate. However, only Mg2+ ions induce a decrease in NS5B residence time. Dwell times of residence increase with the length of the single-stranded template, suggesting that NS5B unbinds its substrate by unthreading the template rather than by spontaneous opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Gidi
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Anaïs Robert
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Alix Tordo
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Terri C Lovell
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jorge Ramos-Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Aya Sakaya
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Matthias Götte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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3
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Zhu J, He G, Chen PH, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Lei S, Zhang Y, Li M, Huang P, Lin J. Terpyridine-Grafted Nitrogen-Terminal Endowing Cyanine with Metal-Ion-Regulated Photophysical Properties for Cancer Theranostics. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0061. [PMID: 36930757 PMCID: PMC10013959 DOI: 10.34133/research.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heptamethine cyanines (Cy7) are one of the most important dyes in bioimaging and phototherapy, but they often suffer from poor photostability or limited photothermal conversion efficiency. Here, a facile molecular engineering approach to regulating the photophysical properties of Cy7 by metal ions is demonstrated. By innovatively modifying the nitrogen with functional groups, a novel terpyridine-grafted nitrogen-terminated Cy7 scaffold (denoted as CydtPy) was synthesized and exhibited tunable photophysical properties when chelating with various metal ions (Mn2+, Fe2+, etc.). In comparison with metal-ion-free PEGylated CydtPy (LET-11), Mn2+-chelated LET-11 (namely, LET-11-Mn) exhibited the increased fluorescence emission intensity, and Fe2+-chelated LET-11 (namely, LET-11-Fe) showed the enhanced photostability with ~2-fold increase in photothermal conversion efficiency. By simply switching the chelated metal ion species, LET-11-Mn or LET-11-Fe could be used for near-infrared fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, or photoacoustic imaging. Furthermore, LET-11-Fe displayed superior synergistic efficacy of photothermal therapy and chemodynamic therapy both in vitro and in vivo. This work not only provides a new strategy for regulating the photophysical properties of cyanine dyes but also establishes a versatile nanoplatform for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Zhu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Gang He
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peng-Hang Chen
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shan Lei
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Meng Li
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
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4
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Israels B, Albrecht CS, Dang A, Barney M, von Hippel PH, Marcus AH. Submillisecond Conformational Transitions of Short Single-Stranded DNA Lattices by Photon Correlation Single-Molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9426-9440. [PMID: 34379430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thermally driven conformational fluctuations (or "breathing") of DNA play important roles in the function and regulation of the "macromolecular machinery of genome expression." Fluctuations in double-stranded (ds) DNA are involved in the transient exposure of pathways to protein binding sites within the DNA framework, leading to the binding of regulatory proteins to single-stranded (ss) DNA templates. These interactions often require that the ssDNA sequences, as well as the proteins involved, assume transient conformations critical for successful binding. Here, we use microsecond-resolved single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) experiments to investigate the backbone fluctuations of short [oligo(dT)n] templates within DNA constructs that also serve as models for ss-dsDNA junctions. Such junctions, together with the attached ssDNA sequences, are involved in interactions with the ssDNA binding (ssb) proteins that control and integrate the functions of DNA replication complexes. We analyze these data using a chemical network model based on multiorder time-correlation functions and probability distribution functions that characterize the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of the system. We find that the oligo(dT)n tails of ss-dsDNA constructs interconvert, on submillisecond time scales, between three macrostates with distinctly different end-to-end distances. These are (i) a "compact" macrostate that represents the dominant species at equilibrium; (ii) a "partially extended" macrostate that exists as minority species; and (iii) a "highly extended" macrostate that is present in trace amounts. We propose a model for ssDNA secondary structure that advances our understanding of how spontaneously formed nucleic acid conformations may facilitate the activities of ssDNA-associating proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Israels
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Claire S Albrecht
- Department of Physics, Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Anson Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Megan Barney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Peter H von Hippel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Andrew H Marcus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States.,Department of Physics, Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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5
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Lisovskaya A, Carmichael I, Harriman A. Pulse Radiolysis Investigation of Radicals Derived from Water-Soluble Cyanine Dyes: Implications for Super-resolution Microscopy. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5779-5793. [PMID: 34165985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced blinking, an inherent feature of many forms of super-resolution microscopy, has been linked to transient reduction of the fluorescent cyanine dye used as an imaging agent. There is, however, only scant literature information related to one-electron reduced cyanine dyes, especially in an aqueous environment. Here, we examine a small series of cyanine dyes, possessing disparate π-conjugation lengths, under selective reducing or oxidizing conditions. The experiment allows recording of both differential absorption spectra and decay kinetics of the resultant one-electron reduced or oxidized transient species in water. Relative to the ground state, absorption transitions for the various radicals are weak and somewhat broadened but do allow correlation with the π-conjugation length. In all cases, absorption maxima lie to the blue of the main ground-state transition. Under anaerobic conditions, the transient species decay on the microsecond to millisecond time scale, with the mean lifetime depending on molecular structure, radiation dose, and dye concentration. The experimental absorption spectra recorded for the one-electron reduced radicals and the presumed dimer cation radical compare well to spectra obtained from time-dependent density functional theory calculations. The results allow conclusions to be drawn regarding the plausibility of the reduced species being responsible for light-induced blinking in direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lisovskaya
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ian Carmichael
- Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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6
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Kumari N, Ciuba MA, Levitus M. Photophysical properties of the hemicyanine Dy-630 and its potential as a single-molecule fluorescent probe for biophysical applications. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2019; 8:015004. [PMID: 31585443 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ab4b0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein-induced fluorescence enhancement (PIFE) is an increasingly used approach to investigate DNA-protein interactions at the single molecule level. The optimal probe for this type of application is highly photostable, has a high absorption extinction coefficient, and has a moderate fluorescence quantum yield that increases significantly when the dye is in close proximity to a large macromolecule such as a protein. So far, the green-absorbing symmetric cyanine known as Cy3 has been the probe of choice in this field because the magnitude of the increase observed upon protein binding (usually 2-4 -fold) is large enough to allow for the analysis of protein dynamics on the inherently noisy single-molecule signals. Here, we report the characterization of the photophysical properties of the red-absorbing hemicyanine dye Dy-630 in the context of its potential application as a single-molecule PIFE probe. The behavior of Dy-630 in solution is similar to that of Cy3; the fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime of Dy-630 increase with increasing viscosity, and decrease with increasing temperature indicating the existence of an activated nonradiative process that depopulates the singlet state of the dye. As in the case of Cy3, the results of transient spectroscopy experiments are consistent with the formation of a photoisomer that reverts to the ground state thermally in the microsecond timescale. Unfortunately, experiments with DNA samples paint a more complex scenario. As in the case of Cy3, the fluorescence quantum yield of Dy-630 increases significantly when the dye interacts with the DNA bases, but in the case of Dy-630 attachment to DNA results in an already long fluorescence lifetime that does not provide a significant window for the protein-induced enhancement observed with Cy3. Although we show that Dy-630 may not be well-suited for PIFE, our results shed light on the optimal design principles for probes for PIFE applications.
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7
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Karlsson JKG, Laude A, Hall MJ, Harriman A. Photo-isomerization of the Cyanine Dye Alexa-Fluor 647 (AF-647) in the Context of dSTORM Super-Resolution Microscopy. Chemistry 2019; 25:14983-14998. [PMID: 31515919 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanine dyes, as used in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, undergo light-induced "blinking", enabling localization of fluorophores with spatial resolution beyond the optical diffraction limit. Despite a plethora of studies, the molecular origins of this blinking are not well understood. Here, we examine the photophysical properties of a bio-conjugate cyanine dye (AF-647), used extensively in dSTORM imaging. In the absence of a potent sacrificial reductant, light-induced electron transfer and intermediates formed via the metastable, triplet excited state are considered unlikely to play a significant role in the blinking events. Instead, it is found that, under conditions appropriate to dSTORM microscopy, AF-647 undergoes reversible photo-induced isomerization to at least two long-lived dark species. These photo-isomers are characterized spectroscopically and their interconversion probed by computational means. The first-formed isomer is light sensitive and transforms to a longer-lived species in modest yield that could be involved in dSTORM related blinking. Permanent photobleaching of AF-647 occurs with very low quantum yield and is partially suppressed by the anaerobic redox buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K G Karlsson
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, SNES, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Alex Laude
- Bio-Imaging Unit, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Michael J Hall
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, SNES, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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8
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Sirbu D, Karlsson JKG, Harriman A. Nonradiative Decay Channels for a Structurally-Distorted, Monostrapped BODIPY Derivative. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9160-9170. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Sirbu
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua K. G. Karlsson
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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9
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Glembockyte V, Cosa G. Redox-Based Photostabilizing Agents in Fluorescence Imaging: The Hidden Role of Intersystem Crossing in Geminate Radical Ion Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13227-13233. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Glembockyte
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801
Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801
Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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10
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Tang S, Donaphon B, Levitus M, Raymo FM. Structural Implications on the Properties of Self-Assembling Supramolecular Hosts for Fluorescent Guests. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:8676-8687. [PMID: 27490893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nine amphiphilic macromolecules with decyl and oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains, randomly distributed along a common poly(methacrylate) backbone, were synthesized from the radical copolymerization of appropriate methacrylate monomers. The resulting amphiphilic constructs differ in (1) the ratio between their hydrophobic and hydrophilic components, (2) the length of their oligo(ethylene glycol) chains, and/or (3) the molecular weight. When the ratio between hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments is comprised between 6:1 and 1:2, the macromolecules assemble spontaneously into particles with nanoscaled dimensions in neutral buffer and capture hydrophobic borondipyrromethene chromophores in their interior. However, the critical concentration required for the assembly of these supramolecular hosts as well as their hydrodynamic diameter, supramolecular weight, and number of constituent macromolecular building blocks all vary monotonically with the ratio between hydrophobic and hydrophilic components. Specifically, the critical concentration decreases and the other three parameters increase as the relative hydrophobic content raises. Furthermore, an increase in the relative hydrophobic content also discourages interchromophoric interactions between entrapped guests in both ground and excited states as well as delays access of potential quenchers. In fact, these observations demonstrate that the hydrophobic components must be in excess over their hydrophilic counterparts for optimal supramolecular hosts to assemble. Indeed, a ratio of 6:1 between the numbers of decyl and oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains appears to be ideal for this particular structural design. Under these conditions, supramolecular hosts assemble spontaneously even at relatively low polymer concentrations and their fluorescent guests do not escape into the bulk aqueous solution, despite the reversibility of the noncovalent interactions holding the supramolecular container together. Thus, these systematic investigations provide invaluable structural guidelines to design self-assembling supramolecular hosts with optimal composition for the effective encapsulation of fluorescent guests and can lead to ideal delivery vehicles for the transport of imaging probes to target locations in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Tang
- Laboratory for Molecular Photonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, United States
| | - Bryan Donaphon
- School of Molecular Sciences and The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287-5601, United States
| | - Marcia Levitus
- School of Molecular Sciences and The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287-5601, United States
| | - Françisco M Raymo
- Laboratory for Molecular Photonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami , 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146-0431, United States
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11
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Gong WL, Yan J, Zhao LX, Li C, Huang ZL, Tang BZ, Zhu MQ. Single-wavelength-controlled in situ dynamic super-resolution fluorescence imaging for block copolymer nanostructures via blue-light-switchable FRAP. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:1433-1441. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00293e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A blue-light-switchable fluorophore enables single-wavelength controlledin situdynamic super-resolution imaging of block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Liang Gong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
- College of Optical and Electronic Information
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Jie Yan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
- College of Optical and Electronic Information
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Ling-Xi Zhao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
- College of Optical and Electronic Information
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Chong Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
- College of Optical and Electronic Information
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Zhen-Li Huang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
- College of Optical and Electronic Information
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics
- College of Optical and Electronic Information
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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12
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Glembockyte V, Lincoln R, Cosa G. Cy3 photoprotection mediated by Ni2+ for extended single-molecule imaging: old tricks for new techniques. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1116-22. [PMID: 25594101 DOI: 10.1021/ja509923e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photostability of reporter fluorophores in single-molecule fluorescence imaging is of paramount importance, as it dictates the amount of relevant information that may be acquired before photobleaching occurs. Quenchers of triplet excited states are thus required to minimize blinking and sensitization of singlet oxygen. Through a combination of single-molecule studies and ensemble mechanistic studies including laser flash photolysis and time-resolved fluorescence, we demonstrate herein that Ni(2+) provides a much desired physical route (chemically inert) to quench the triplet excited state of Cy3, the most ubiquitous green emissive dye utilized in single-molecule studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Glembockyte
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA), McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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13
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Wu X, Liu F, Wells KL, Tan SLJ, Webster RD, Tan H, Zhang D, Xing B, Yeow EKL. Interplay of Hole Transfer and Host–Guest Interaction in a Molecular Dyad and Triad: Ensemble and Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy and Sensing Applications. Chemistry 2014; 21:3387-98. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Fax: (+65) 6791‐1961
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Fax: (+65) 6791‐1961
| | - Kym L. Wells
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Fax: (+65) 6791‐1961
| | - Serena L. J. Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Fax: (+65) 6791‐1961
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Fax: (+65) 6791‐1961
| | - Howe‐Siang Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Fax: (+65) 6791‐1961
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Fax: (+65) 6791‐1961
| | - Bengang Xing
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Fax: (+65) 6791‐1961
| | - Edwin K. L. Yeow
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Fax: (+65) 6791‐1961
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Stennett EMS, Ciuba MA, Levitus M. Photophysical processes in single molecule organic fluorescent probes. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:1057-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60211g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Stennett EMS, Ma N, van der Vaart A, Levitus M. Photophysical and dynamical properties of doubly linked Cy3-DNA constructs. J Phys Chem B 2013; 118:152-63. [PMID: 24328104 DOI: 10.1021/jp410976p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photophysical measurements are reported for Cy3-DNA constructs in which both Cy3 nitrogen atoms are attached to the DNA backbone by short linkers. While this linking was thought to rigidify the orientation of the dye and hinder cis-isomerization, the relatively low fluorescence quantum yield and the presence of a short component in the time-resolved fluorescence decay of the dye indicated that cis-isomerization remained possible. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and transient absorption experiments showed that photoisomerization occurred with high efficiency. Molecular dynamics simulations of the trans dye system indicated the presence of stacked and unstacked states, and free energy simulations showed that the barriers for stacking/unstacking were low. In addition, simulations showed that the ground cis state was feasible without DNA distortions. Based on these observations, a model is put forward in which the doubly linked dye can photoisomerize in the unstacked state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana M S Stennett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , PO Box 875601, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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