1
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Ke Z, Azam M, Ali S, Zubair M, Cao Y, Khan AA, Hassan A, Xue W. Role of Functional Groups in Tuning Luminescence Signature of Solution-Processed Graphene Quantum Dots: Experimental and Theoretical Insights. Molecules 2024; 29:2790. [PMID: 38930855 PMCID: PMC11206256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Zero-dimensional graphene quantum dots (GQDs) present unique optoelectronic properties in the large-spectrum range from UV to visible. However, the origin of luminescence in GQDs is still a debatable question. Therefore, the present work investigates the features of trap-mediated and edge-state-functionalized group-associated luminescence enhancement of GQDs. The attached functional groups' involvement in the upsurge of photoluminescence has been discussed theoretically as well as experimentally. In addition, the role of the aromatic ring, the functional group attached, and their positions of attachment to the aromatic ring to tune the emission wavelength and Raman modes have been elucidated theoretically as well as experimentally. We found that in the case of the -OH group attached outside of the aromatic ring, the long-range π hybridization dominates, which suggests that the emission from this model can be dictated by long-range π hybridization. In particular, we found that oxygen-containing functional groups attached outside of the aromatic ring are the main source of the luminescence signature in GQDs. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) indicates that the -OH functional group attached outside of the aromatic ring perfectly matched with our experimental results, as the experimental bandgap (2.407 eV) is comparable with the theoretical simulated bandgap (2.399 eV) of the -OH group attached outside of the aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Ke
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Muhammad Azam
- National Key Laboratory of Electronic Films and Integrated Devices, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shujat Ali
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Yu Cao
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | | | - Ali Hassan
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Processing Robotics, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wei Xue
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Laser Processing Robotics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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2
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Ratre P, Nazeer N, Soni N, Kaur P, Tiwari R, Mishra PK. Smart carbon-based sensors for the detection of non-coding RNAs associated with exposure to micro(nano)plastics: an artificial intelligence perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8429-8452. [PMID: 38182954 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) are pervasive environmental pollutants that individuals eventually consume. Despite this, little is known about MNP's impact on public health. In this article, we assess the evidence for potentially harmful consequences of MNPs in the human body, concentrating on molecular toxicity and exposure routes. Since MNPs are present in various consumer products, foodstuffs, and the air we breathe, exposure can occur through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. MNPs exposure can cause mitochondrial oxidative stress, inflammatory lesions, and epigenetic modifications, releasing specific non-coding RNAs in circulation, which can be detected to diagnose non-communicable diseases. This article examines the most fascinating smart carbon-based nanobiosensors for detecting circulating non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs and microRNAs). Carbon-based smart nanomaterials offer many advantages over traditional methods, such as ease of use, sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency, for capturing non-coding RNAs. In particular, the synthetic methods, conjugation chemistries, doping, and in silico approach for the characterization of synthesized carbon nanodots and their adaptability to identify and measure non-coding RNAs associated with MNPs exposure is discussed. Furthermore, the article provides insights into the use of artificial intelligence tools for designing smart carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Ratre
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Nazim Nazeer
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Nikita Soni
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Prasan Kaur
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Genetics & Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
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3
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Zhang T, Hou S, Huo X, Li H, Shi H, Wang X, Liu C, Guo Y. Two-Pronged Approach: Synergistic Tuning of the Surface and Carbon Core to Achieve Yellow Emission in Lignin-Based Carbon Dots. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:42823-42835. [PMID: 37642200 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, yellow emissive lignin-based carbon dots (Y-CDs) were successfully prepared through a synergistic approach to adjust its surface and carbon core states. The lignin was initially effectively oxidized and carboxymethylated to impart abundant -COOH onto the precursor, which eventually adjusts the surface state of the CDs. Subsequently, α-naphthol was employed during the solvothermal treatment of lignin with the aim of elevating the sp2 domain content in the CDs and, thus, adjusting its carbon core state. The obtained Y-CDs possessed abundant carboxyl groups and nanoscale spherical shape with an average diameter of 5.21 nm. Meanwhile, the energy gap of Y-CDs was 2.46 eV and the optimal emission wavelength was 561 nm under the excitation wavelength of 410 nm. Synergistic adjusting carbon core and surface of the Y-CDs would alter the surface charge distribution and promote the delocalization of π electrons, and thus lead to a red shifting with the emission wavelength of 154 nm. Furthermore, a shape memory film with excellent recovery performance and fluorescent properties was designed by embedding the Y-CDs into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer. The incorporation of Y-CDs could impart the film with considerable high-value applications in the fields of intelligent sensing, biomedicine, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Shiyao Hou
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xiaomin Huo
- Dalian Product Quality Inspection and Testing Institute Co., Ltd, Dongying 257335, China
| | - Haiming Li
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Haiqiang Shi
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Changbin Liu
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yanzhu Guo
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Huatai Group Corp. Ltd, Dongying 257335, China
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4
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A theoretical study of the functionalized carbon dots surfaces binding with silver nanostructures. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2023.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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5
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Boukhvalov DW, Osipov VY, Hogan BT, Baldycheva A. A comprehensive model of nitrogen-free ordered carbon quantum dots. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:1. [PMID: 36719545 PMCID: PMC9889594 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a novel range of models to accurately determine the optical properties of nitrogen-free carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with ordered graphene layered structures. We confirm the results of our models against the full range of experimental results for CQDs available from an extensive review of the literature. The models can be equally applied to CQDs with varied sizes and with different oxygen contents in the basal planes of the constituent graphenic sheets. We demonstrate that the experimentally observed blue fluorescent emission of nitrogen-free CQDs can be associated with either small oxidised areas on the periphery of the graphenic sheets, or with sub-nanometre non-functionalised islands of sp2-hybridised carbon with high symmetry confined in the centres of oxidised graphene sheets. Larger and/or less symmetric non-functionalised regions in the centre of functionalised graphene sheet are found to be sources of green and even red fluorescent emission from nitrogen-free CQDs. We also demonstrate an approach to simplify the modelling of the discussed sp2-islands by substitution with equivalent strained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Additionally, we show that the bandgaps (and photoluminescence) of CQDs are not dependent on either out-of-plane corrugation of the graphene sheet or the spacing between sp2-islands. Advantageously, our proposed models show that there is no need to involve light-emitting polycyclic aromatic molecules (nanographenes) with arbitrary structures grafted to the particle periphery to explain the plethora of optical phenomena observed for CQDs across the full range of experimental works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danil W. Boukhvalov
- College of Science, Institute of Materials Physics and Chemistry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira 19 Str., Yekaterinburg, Russia 620002
| | | | - Benjamin Thomas Hogan
- STEMM Laboratory, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QF UK
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, 45 Union St., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Anna Baldycheva
- STEMM Laboratory, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter, EX4 4QF UK
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6
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Özönder Ş, Ünlü C, Güleryüz C, Trabzon L. Doped Graphene Quantum Dots UV-vis Absorption Spectrum: A High-Throughput TDDFT Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2112-2118. [PMID: 36687068 PMCID: PMC9850463 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on time-dependent density functional theory calculations of the excited states of 63 different graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in square shape with side lengths of 1, 1.5, and 2 nm. We investigate the systematics and trends in the UV-vis absorption spectra of these GQDs, which are doped with elements B, N, O, S, and P at dopant percentages of 1.5%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. The results show how the peaks in the UV and visible parts of the spectrum as well as the total absorption evolve in the chemical parameter space along the coordinates of size, dopant type, and dopant percentage. The absorption spectra calculated here can be used to obtain particular GQD mixture proportions that would yield a desired absorption profile such as flat absorption across the whole visible spectrum or one that is locally peaked around a chosen wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şener Özönder
- Institute
for Data Science & Artificial Intelligence, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Caner Ünlü
- Department
of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Cihat Güleryüz
- Department
of Physics, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
- Department
of Opticianry, Altınbaş University, Istanbul 34217, Turkey
| | - Levent Trabzon
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
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7
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Ullah N, Chen S, Zhang R. Excited‐state nonadiabatic dynamics simulations on the heptazine and adenine in a water environment: A mini review. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Ullah
- Department of Physics City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Physics Government Degree College Dara Adam Khel, Higher Education Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwah Pakistan
| | - Shunwei Chen
- Department of Physics City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Department of Physics City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
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8
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Rani P, Dalal R, Srivastava S, Tankeshwar K. Tuning the properties of graphene quantum dots by passivation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26232-26240. [PMID: 36278955 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03990g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The electronic and optical properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) of size less than 10 nm are different from those of graphene sheets due to quantum confinement effects. For analyzing their use in optoelectronic applications, it is very crucial to optimally tune the bandgap and engineer the controlling parameters. In the present work, a systematic investigation of the band gap of hexagonal GQDs has been carried out by examining their HOMO and LUMO energies. Passivation of dangling bonds of these GQDs has been carried out with the help of electron-withdrawing substituents in order to tune the band gap and engineer their optical properties such as absorption and emission spectra by carrying out the simulation with Density Functional Theory formalism using Gaussian 09 software. Carrying out passivation with electronegative element fluorine (F) effectively decreases the band gap of these QDs resulting in a redshift in the absorption spectra. The HOMO and LUMO topographical surfaces have been used to understand the absorption spectra. These surfaces show some σ-bond characteristics along with π-bond properties on passivating GQDs with the F-atom which further results in alteration of their energies and a corresponding decrease in their band gap. Here, the absorption is found to be dependent on the size of GQDs and the type of passivating atoms (H or F). The results thus obtained are found to be in good consonance with those reported in the literature engaging different methods. The present analysis may prove to be useful in improving the working of solar cells and other optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rani
- Department of Physics, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, India.
| | - Ranjeet Dalal
- Department of Physics, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, India.
| | - Sunita Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India
| | - Kumar Tankeshwar
- Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
- Department of Physics & Astrophysics, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India
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9
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Mocci F, de Villiers Engelbrecht L, Olla C, Cappai A, Casula MF, Melis C, Stagi L, Laaksonen A, Carbonaro CM. Carbon Nanodots from an In Silico Perspective. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13709-13799. [PMID: 35948072 PMCID: PMC9413235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are the latest and most shining rising stars among photoluminescent (PL) nanomaterials. These carbon-based surface-passivated nanostructures compete with other related PL materials, including traditional semiconductor quantum dots and organic dyes, with a long list of benefits and emerging applications. Advantages of CNDs include tunable inherent optical properties and high photostability, rich possibilities for surface functionalization and doping, dispersibility, low toxicity, and viable synthesis (top-down and bottom-up) from organic materials. CNDs can be applied to biomedicine including imaging and sensing, drug-delivery, photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis but also to energy harvesting in solar cells and as LEDs. More applications are reported continuously, making this already a research field of its own. Understanding of the properties of CNDs requires one to go to the levels of electrons, atoms, molecules, and nanostructures at different scales using modern molecular modeling and to correlate it tightly with experiments. This review highlights different in silico techniques and studies, from quantum chemistry to the mesoscale, with particular reference to carbon nanodots, carbonaceous nanoparticles whose structural and photophysical properties are not fully elucidated. The role of experimental investigation is also presented. Hereby, we hope to encourage the reader to investigate CNDs and to apply virtual chemistry to obtain further insights needed to customize these amazing systems for novel prospective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,
| | | | - Chiara Olla
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Cappai
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Casula
- Department
of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, IT 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudio Melis
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luigi Stagi
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,State Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China,Centre
of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, PetruPoni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania,Division
of Energy Science, Energy Engineering, Luleå
University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden,
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10
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11
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Foerster A, Besley NA. Quantum Chemical Characterization and Design of Quantum Dots for Sensing Applications. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2899-2908. [PMID: 35502789 PMCID: PMC9125561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The ability to tune
the optoelectronic properties of quantum dots
(QDs) makes them ideally suited for the use as fluorescence sensing
probes. The vast structural diversity in terms of the composition
and size of QDs can make designing a QD for a specific sensing application
a challenging process. Quantum chemical calculations have the potential
to aid this process through the characterization of the properties
of QDs, leading to their in silico design. This is
explored in the context of QDs for the fluorescence sensing of dopamine
based upon density functional theory and time-dependent density functional
theory (TDDFT) calculations. The excited states of hydrogenated carbon,
silicon, and germanium QDs are characterized through TDDFT calculations.
Analysis of the molecular orbital diagrams for the isolated molecules
and calculations of the excited states of the dopamine-functionalized
quantum dots establish the possibility of a photoinduced electron-transfer
process by determining the relative energies of the electronic states
formed from a local excitation on the QD and the lowest QD →
dopamine electron-transfer state. The results suggest that the Si165H100 and Ge84H64 QDs have
the potential to act as fluorescent markers that could distinguish
between the oxidized and reduced forms of dopamine, where the fluorescence
would be quenched for the oxidized form. The work contributes to a
better understanding of the optical and electronic behavior of QD-based
sensors and illustrates how quantum chemical calculations can be used
to inform the design of QDs for specific fluorescent sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Foerster
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Nicholas A Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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12
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Wei H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fan W, Zhou L, Long M, Xiao S, He J. Giant two-photon absorption in MXene quantum dots. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:8482-8493. [PMID: 35299300 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Looking for materials with compelling nonlinear optical (NLO) response is of great importance for next-generation nonlinear nanophotonics. We demonstrate an escalated two-photon absorption (TPA) in ultrasmall niobium carbide quantum dots (Nb2C QDs) that is induced by a two-even-parity states transition. The TPA response of Nb2C QDs was observed in the near-infrared band of 1064-1550 nm. Surprisingly, at 1064 nm, Nb2C QDs shows an enhanced TPA response than other wavelengths with a nonlinear absorption coefficient up to a value of 0.52 ± 0.05 cm/GW. Additionally, the nonlinear optical response of Nb2C changes to saturable absorption when the incident wavelength is between 400-800 nm wavelength. Density functional theory (DFT) validates that TPA, induced by two even-parity states transition, breaks the forbidden single-photon transition, enabling a tremendous TPA response in Nb2C QDs at 1064 nm. It offers the possibility of manipulating the NLO response of Nb2C via morphology or surface termination.
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13
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Cui P, Xue Y. Edge-oxidation induced non-radiative recombination dynamics in graphene quantum dots: a theoretical insight from Fermi’s golden rule. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2025465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- Nanotechnology research laboratory, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Nanotechnology research laboratory, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Ghaffarkhah A, Hosseini E, Kamkar M, Sehat AA, Dordanihaghighi S, Allahbakhsh A, van der Kuur C, Arjmand M. Synthesis, Applications, and Prospects of Graphene Quantum Dots: A Comprehensive Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102683. [PMID: 34549513 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dot (GQD) is one of the youngest superstars of the carbon family. Since its emergence in 2008, GQD has attracted a great deal of attention due to its unique optoelectrical properties. Non-zero bandgap, the ability to accommodate functional groups and dopants, excellent dispersibility, highly tunable properties, and biocompatibility are among the most important characteristics of GQDs. To date, GQDs have displayed significant momentum in numerous fields such as energy devices, catalysis, sensing, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, drug delivery, and bioimaging. As this field is rapidly evolving, there is a strong need to identify the emerging challenges of GQDs in recent advances, mainly because some novel applications and numerous innovations on the ease of synthesis of GQDs are not systematically reviewed in earlier studies. This feature article provides a comparative and balanced discussion of recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications of GQDs. Besides, current challenges and future prospects of these emerging carbon-based nanomaterials are also highlighted. The outlook provided in this review points out that the future of GQD research is boundless, particularly if upcoming studies focus on the ease of purification and eco-friendly synthesis along with improving the photoluminescence quantum yield and production yield of GQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Ghaffarkhah
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ehsan Hosseini
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Milad Kamkar
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ali Akbari Sehat
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Sara Dordanihaghighi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ahmad Allahbakhsh
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Colin van der Kuur
- ZEN Graphene Solutions, 210-1205 Amber Dr., Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 6M4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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15
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Kothalawala NL, Kim SW, Kim N, Henderson CJ, Seol M, Yang F, Kwak SY, Hwang KY, Son WJ, Shin HJ, Choi H, Kim BS, Kim DY. Identifying molecular fluorophore impurities in the synthesis of low-oxygen-content, carbon nanodots derived from pyrene. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00430e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the formation of bright molecular fluorphores during the synthesis of pyrene-derived CNDs, through extensive separation and systematic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang Won Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Collan J. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - Minsu Seol
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuqian Yang
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Seung-Yeon Kwak
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Young Hwang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joon Son
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Shin
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonho Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
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16
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Cui P, Xue Y. Role of edge nitrogen doping in nonradiative decay dynamics of graphene quantum dots: a Fermi’s golden rule analysis. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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18
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Yang M, Lian Z, Si C, Li B. Revealing the role of nitrogen dopants in tuning the electronic and optical properties of graphene quantum dots via a TD-DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:28230-28237. [PMID: 33295343 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04707d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been suggested to have a wide range of applications due to their unique electronic and optical properties. Moreover, heteroatom doping has become a viable way to fine-tune the properties of GQDs. However, the working principle of the doping strategy is still not conclusive. In this study, the effects of size, configuration of the nitrogen dopant, and N/C ratio on the electronic and optical properties of GQDs have been carefully examined. First, the variation of the adsorption wavelength of pristine GQDs was evaluated for which a linear relation is established against different diameters. Moreover, it is found that both the configuration and content of nitrogen dopants have a significant impact on the adsorption wavelength and band gap of GQDs. In particular, different nitrogen species could have exactly opposite effects on the adsorption behavior. The origin of the nitrogen doping effect is calibrated from orbital localization, charge analysis, natural transition orbitals, and atomic contribution towards excitation. It is noted that nitrogen doping can simultaneously reduce both light adsorption energy and emission energy compared with the pristine one. This study provides an insightful explanation for the electronic and optical properties of GQDs and consolidates the theory base of the doping strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Properties of Bilayer Graphene Quantum Dots for Integrated Optics: An Ab Initio Study. PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics7030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to their bandgap engineering capabilities for optoelectronics applications, the study of nano-graphene has been a topic of interest to researchers in recent years. Using a first-principles study based on density functional theory (DFT) and thermal DFT, we investigated the electronic structures and optical properties of bilayer graphene quantum dots (GQDs). The dielectric tensors, absorption spectra, and the refractive indexes of the bilayer GQDs were obtained for both in-plane and out-of-plane polarization. In addition, we calculated the absorption spectra via time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) in the linear response regime. The TDDFT results show that a blue shift occurs in the absorption spectrum, which is consistent with the experimental results. In this investigation, we consider triangular and hexagonal GQDs of various sizes with zigzag and armchair edges. Our simulations show that unlike monolayer GQDs, for which light absorption for out-of-plane polarization occurs in the ultraviolet wavelength range of 85–250 nm, the out-of-plane polarization light absorption peaks in the bilayer GQDs appear in the near-infrared range of 500–1600 nm, similar to those in bilayer graphene sheets. The out-of-plane polarization light absorption peaks in the near-infrared range make bilayer GQDs suitable for integrated optics and optical communication applications.
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20
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Li L. Graphene Oxide: Graphene Quantum Dot Nanocomposite for Better Memristic Switching Behaviors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1448. [PMID: 32722171 PMCID: PMC7466482 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tristable memristic switching provides the capability for multi-bit data storage. In this study, all-inorganic multi-bit memory devices were successfully manufactured by the attachment of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) onto graphene oxide (GO) through a solution-processable method. By means of doping GQDs as charge-trapping centers, the device indium-tin oxide (ITO)/GO:0.5 wt%GQDs/Ni revealed controllable memristic switching behaviors that were tunable from binary to ternary, and remarkably enhanced in contrast with ITO/GO/Ni. It was found that the device has an excellent performance in memristic switching parameters, with a SET1, SET2 and RESET voltage of -0.9 V, -1.7 V and 5.15 V, as well as a high ON2/ON1/OFF current ratio (103:102:1), and a long retention time (104 s) together with 100 successive cycles. The conduction mechanism of the binary and ternary GO-based memory cells was discussed in terms of experimental data employing a charge trapping-detrapping mechanism. The reinforcement effect of GQDs on the memristic switching of GO through cycle-to-cycle operation has been extensively investigated, offering great potential application for multi-bit data storage in ultrahigh-density, nonvolatile memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- HLJ Province Key Laboratories of Senior-Education for Electronic Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
- Research Center for Fiber Optic Sensing Technology National Local Joint Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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21
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Xu A, He P, Ye C, Liu Z, Gu B, Gao B, Li Y, Dong H, Chen D, Wang G, Yang S, Ding G. Polarizing Graphene Quantum Dots toward Long-Acting Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Evaluation and Tumor Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10781-10790. [PMID: 32048821 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) would greatly deepen the understanding of cell metabolism/proliferation and tumor detection. However, current long-acting level tracking techniques for intracellular ROS remain unsuited to practical applications. To solve this problem, we synthesized cyclotriphosphazene-doped graphene quantum dots (C-GQDs) whose quantum yield is highly sensitive to ROS (increased by 400% from 0.12 to 0.63). Electron cloud polarization of oxidized cyclotriphosphazene rings in C-GQDs is confirmed to account for this novel optical property by density functional theory calculations and experimental results. In combination with excellent biological stability, C-GQDs achieve a long-acting evaluation of intracellular ROS level (more than 72 h) with an accuracy of 98.3%. In addition, recognition rates exceeding 90% are demonstrated to be feasible for eight kinds of tumor cell lines cultured with C-GQDs, which can also be expanded to in vivo detection. C-GQDs also show a high recognition rate (82.33%) and sensitivity (79.65%) for tumor cells in blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Caichao Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bingli Gu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Da Chen
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Siwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guqiao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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22
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Drissi LB, Ouarrad H, Ramadan FZ, Fritzsche W. Graphene and silicene quantum dots for nanomedical diagnostics. RSC Adv 2020; 10:801-811. [PMID: 35494439 PMCID: PMC9047344 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08399e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the prominent effects of edge functionalization, size variation and base material on the structural, electronic and optical properties of diamond shaped graphene and silicene quantum dots are investigated. Three functional groups, namely (–CH3, –OH and –COOH) are investigated using the first principles calculations based on the density functional, time-dependent density functional and many-body perturbation theories. Both the HOMO–LUMO energy gap, the optical absorption and the photoluminescence are clearly modulated upon functionalization compared to the H-passivated counterparts. Besides the functional group, the geometric distortion induced in some QDs also influences their optical features ranging from near ultra-violet to near infra-red. All these results indicate that edge-functionalizations provide a favorable key factor for adjusting the optoelectronic properties of quantum dots for a wide variety of nanomedical applications, including in vitro and in vivo bioimaging in medical diagnostics and therapy. In the present work, the prominent effects of edge functionalization, size variation and base material on the structural, electronic and optical properties of diamond shaped graphene and silicene quantum dots are investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- L. B. Drissi
- LPHE, Modeling and Simulations
- Faculty of Science
- Mohammed V University in Rabat
- Rabat
- Morocco
| | - H. Ouarrad
- LPHE, Modeling and Simulations
- Faculty of Science
- Mohammed V University in Rabat
- Rabat
- Morocco
| | - F. Z. Ramadan
- LPHE, Modeling and Simulations
- Faculty of Science
- Mohammed V University in Rabat
- Rabat
- Morocco
| | - W. Fritzsche
- IPHT, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- Jena
- Germany
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23
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Chen S, Ullah N, Zhao Y, Zhang R. Nonradiative Excited-State Decay via Conical Intersection in Graphene Nanostructures. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2754-2758. [PMID: 31489973 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemical groups are known to tune the luminescent efficiencies of graphene-related nanomaterials, but some species, including the epoxide group (-COC-), are suspected to act as emission-quenching sites. Herein, by performing nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics simulations, we reveal a fast (within 300 fs) nonradiative excited-state decay of a graphene epoxide nanostructure from the lowest excited singlet (S1 ) state to the ground (S0 ) state via a conical intersection (CI), at which the energy difference between the S1 and S0 states is approximately zero. This CI is induced after breaking one C-O bond at the -COC- moiety during excited-state structural relaxation. This study ascertains the role of epoxide groups in inducing the nonradiative recombination of the excited electron-hole, providing important insights into the CI-promoted nonradiative de-excitations and the luminescence tuning of relevant materials. In addition, it shows the feasibility of utilizing nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics simulations to investigate the photophysical processes of the excited states of graphene nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunwei Chen
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Naeem Ullah
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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24
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Yang L, Zhou Z, Song J, Chen X. Anisotropic nanomaterials for shape-dependent physicochemical and biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5140-5176. [PMID: 31464313 PMCID: PMC6768714 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review contributes towards a systematic understanding of the mechanism of shape-dependent effects on nanoparticles (NPs) for elaborating and predicting their properties and applications based on the past two decades of research. Recently, the significance of shape-dependent physical chemistry and biomedicine has drawn ever increasing attention. While there has been a great deal of effort to utilize NPs with different morphologies in these fields, so far research studies are largely localized in particular materials, synthetic methods, or biomedical applications, and have ignored the interactional and interdependent relationships of these areas. This review is a comprehensive description of the NP shapes from theory, synthesis, property to application. We figure out the roles that shape plays in the properties of different kinds of nanomaterials together with physicochemical and biomedical applications. Through systematic elaboration of these shape-dependent impacts, better utilization of nanomaterials with diverse morphologies would be realized and definite strategies would be expected for breakthroughs in these fields. In addition, we have proposed some critical challenges and open problems that need to be addressed in nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China. and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Zijian Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jibin Song
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Zhou Z, Niu X, Ma L, Wang J. Revealing the pH‐Dependent Photoluminescence Mechanism of Graphitic C
3
N
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Quantum Dots. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobo Zhou
- School of PhysicsSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Xianghong Niu
- New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory of Jiangsu Province & School of ScienceNanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing 210046 China
| | - Liang Ma
- School of PhysicsSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Jinlan Wang
- School of PhysicsSoutheast University Nanjing 211189 China
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26
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Petrushenko IK, Petrushenko KB. Optical properties of bilayer quantum dot models based on coronene and its BN analogues with a BODIPY dye: Theoretical TD-CAM-B3LYP-D3 investigation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 206:498-505. [PMID: 30176425 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QD) belong to a class of materials considered technologically important for their tunable absorption and emission properties and a huge application potential in optoelectronic technologies. To date, only simplified monolayer models of QDs and their dimers have been considered when modeling their absorption and/or emission spectra and effects of edge functionalization. Here, we analyze the optical properties of new type electron donor-acceptor bilayer quantum dot models based on coronene and its boron-nitride analogues (electron donors) with a 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene dye (Bdp, an electron acceptor) dye by using time-dependent density functional theory. To understand the nature of transition shifts in electronic spectra, we use BN models with strong modification of the HOMO and LUMO: m-BNC (middle hexagonal ring CC bonds are substituted by BN), p-BNC (all peripheral CC bonds are substituted by BN), and f-BNC (all C atoms are replaced by B and N in an alternate manner). Adiabatic ionization potentials of all coronenes were also calculated. The obtained results show that significant interlayer charge transfer (CT) on excitation of bilayer QDs in S1, S2, and S3 states from strong electron donors, coronene (6.93 eV) and m-BNC (6.52 eV), to Bdp will occur. As a result, one can observe only very weak absorption of CT-character in the low-energy spectrum region as well as strong fluorescence quenching of Bdp. On the contrary, for the weak electron donors, p-BNC (7.22 eV) and f-BNC (8.22 eV), strong Bdp-like absorption and fluorescence bands of local excitation character in the low-energy region are expected. Correlation of optical properties of bilayer QDs with ionization potentials of coronene monolayers has been founded. The obtained results can be useful for future graphene-based optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Petrushenko
- Irkutsk National Research State Technical University, 83 Lermontov st., Irkutsk 664074, Russia.
| | - K B Petrushenko
- AE Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky st., Irkutsk 664033, Russia
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27
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Thongsai N, Tanawannapong N, Praneerad J, Kladsomboon S, Jaiyong P, Paoprasert P. Real-time detection of alcohol vapors and volatile organic compounds via optical electronic nose using carbon dots prepared from rice husk and density functional theory calculation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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28
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Ramadan FZ, Ouarrad H, Drissi LB. Tuning Optoelectronic Properties of the Graphene-Based Quantum Dots C 16- xSi xH 10 Family. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5016-5025. [PMID: 29730928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic and optical properties of graphene-based quantum dots (QDs) are investigated using DFT and many-body perturbation theory. Formation energy, hardeness and electrophilicity show that all structures, from pyrene to silicene QD passing through 15 CSi QD configurations, are energetically and chemically stable. It is also found that they are reactive which implies their favorable character for the possible electronic transport and conductivity. The electronic and optical properties are very sensitive to the number and position of the substituted silicon atoms as well as the directions of the light polarization. Moreover, quantum confinement effects make the exciton binding energy of CSi quantum dots larger than those of their higher dimensional allotropes such as silicene, graphene, and SiC sheet and nanotube. It is also higher those of other shapes of quantum dots like hexagonal graphene QDs and can be tailored from the ultraviolet region to the visible one. The values of the singlet-triplet splitting determined for the X- and Y-light polarized indicate that all configurations have a high fluorescence quantum yield compared to the yield of typical semiconductors, which makes them very promising for various applications such as the light-emitting diode material and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L B Drissi
- CPM, Centre of Physics and Mathematics, Faculty of Science , Mohammed V University , 10090 Rabat , Morocco
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29
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Calabro RL, Yang DS, Kim DY. Liquid-phase laser ablation synthesis of graphene quantum dots from carbon nano-onions: Comparison with chemical oxidation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 527:132-140. [PMID: 29787949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been synthesized reproducibly by chemical oxidation (CO) of carbon nano-onions (nCNOs) and a one-step pulsed laser ablation (LA) of nCNOs in deionized water. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra show that the LA-GQDs have blue shifted emission relative to the CO-GQDs which is attributed to the effects of both particle sizes and surface functional groups. The CO-GQDs have an average diameter of 4.1(8) nm and a thickness corresponding to two or three graphene layers, while the LA-GQDs have an average diameter of 1.8(6) nm and a thickness comparable to a single layer of graphene. The CO-GQDs favor the presence of carboxylic groups and have a higher fraction of sp2 carbons, while the LA-GQDs prefer the presence of hydroxyl groups and have a higher fraction of sp3 carbons. PL lifetime data suggests that surface functional groups are the main source of radiative deactivation and the sp2 carbon domains are mainly responsible for non-radiative decay. PL lifetimes are measured to be 7.9(6) ns for the emission from the carboxylic groups and 3.18(10) ns from the hydroxyl groups. Compared to CO, liquid-phase LA is a faster and cleaner one-step method for producing GQDs with fewer starting chemicals and byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary L Calabro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.
| | - Doo Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.
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30
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Khan S, Sharma A, Ghoshal S, Jain S, Hazra MK, Nandi CK. Small molecular organic nanocrystals resemble carbon nanodots in terms of their properties. Chem Sci 2017; 9:175-180. [PMID: 29629085 PMCID: PMC5869300 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly observed phenomena in carbon nanodots (CNDs) are the strong excitation wavelength dependent multicolor fluorescence emission and the particle size distribution between 3-5 nm observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). However, it is not evident yet whether the emission originates from the particles observed using a TEM. In this article, we show that hydrothermal treatment of citric acid produces methylenesuccinic acid, which gives rise to hydrogen-bonded nano-assemblies with CND-like properties. While single crystal X-ray crystallography confirms the structure of methylenesuccinic acid, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) confirms the presence of a molecular fluorophore with an average hydrodynamic diameter of ∼0.9 nm. This size is much smaller than the size of the particles observed using a TEM. We conclude that the particles observed using a TEM are the drying mediated nanocrystals of methylenesuccinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamantak Khan
- School of Basic Science , Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , Mandi-175001 , HP , India .
| | - Akshita Sharma
- School of Basic Science , Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , Mandi-175001 , HP , India .
| | - Sourav Ghoshal
- Chemical Sciences Division , Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , Homi Bhabha National Institute , Kolkata-700064 , WB , India .
| | - Sanjhal Jain
- School of Basic Science , Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , Mandi-175001 , HP , India .
| | - Montu K Hazra
- Chemical Sciences Division , Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , Homi Bhabha National Institute , Kolkata-700064 , WB , India .
| | - Chayan K Nandi
- School of Basic Science , Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , Mandi-175001 , HP , India .
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31
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Olejniczak A, Cichy B, Radosinski L, Strek W. Light-induced confinement of electrons in stacked distorted graphene layers - a (TD-)DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:10395-10400. [PMID: 28379246 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07632g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently observed white-light emission from graphene ceramics cannot be explained by black body radiation theory because of a relatively low temperature of the sample. Furthermore the intensity of the emission stays at the same level even at temperatures as low as 10 K, indicating the purely electronic nature of the observed emission. In this work a model of light emission from locally interacting stacked graphene layers after intense continuous wave laser excitation is proposed. After a light-induced sp2 to sp3 change of the hybridization sp2-nanodomains surrounded by sp3 carbon atoms could be created and the electrons can be confined. Using DFT and TD-DFT methods followed by a molecular-like approach we examine the electronic structure and the optical properties of graphene (sp2,sp3)-clusters. We show the quantized and well separated energy levels of electrons from the domain's interior and the possibility of emission in the NIR/VIS/UV range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olejniczak
- Department of Spectroscopy of Excited States, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, Wrocław, 50-422, Poland.
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Shtepliuk I, Khranovskyy V, Yakimova R. Insights into the origin of the excited transitions in graphene quantum dots interacting with heavy metals in different media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30445-30463. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04711h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exploring graphene quantum dots (GQDs) is an attractive way to design novel optical and electrochemical sensors for fast and reliable detection of toxic heavy metals (HMs), such as Cd, Hg and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Shtepliuk
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology
- Linköping University
- Linköping
- Sweden
| | | | - Rositsa Yakimova
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology
- Linköping University
- Linköping
- Sweden
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33
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Niu X, Li Y, Shu H, Wang J. Revealing the underlying absorption and emission mechanism of nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19376-19382. [PMID: 27845798 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06447g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) hold promising application in electronics and optoelectronics because of their excellent photo-stability, tunable photoluminescence and high quantum yield. However, the absorption and emission mechanisms have been debated for years. Here, by employing time-dependent density functional theory, we demonstrate that the different N-doping types and positions give rise to different absorption and emission behaviors, which successfully addresses the inconsistency observed in different experiments. Specifically, center doping creates mid-states, rendering non-fluorescence, while edge N-doping modulates the energy levels of excited states and increases the radiation transition probability, thus enhancing fluorescence strength. More importantly, the even hybridization of frontier orbitals between edge N atoms and GQDs leads to a blue-shift of both absorption and emission spectra, while the uneven hybridization of frontier orbitals induces a red-shift. Solvent effects on N-GQDs are further explored by the conductor-like screening model and it is found that strong polarity of the solvent can cause a red-shift and enhance the intensity of both absorption and emission spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Niu
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yunhai Li
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Huabing Shu
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Jinlan Wang
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China. and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications (SICQEA), Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Zhang F, Liu F, Wang C, Xin X, Liu J, Guo S, Zhang J. Effect of Lateral Size of Graphene Quantum Dots on Their Properties and Application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:2104-10. [PMID: 26725374 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are crucial for their biological applications and the construction of nanoscaled optoelectronic and electronic devices. However, as-synthesized GQDs reported in many works assume a very wide lateral size distribution; thus, their apparent properties cannot truthfully reflect intrinsic properties of the well-defined GQDs, and more importantly, the applications of GQDs will be affected and limited as well. In this work, we demonstrated that different sized GQDs with a narrow size distribution could be obtained via gel electrophoresis of the crude GQDs prepared through a photo-Fenton reaction of graphene oxide (GO). It is illustrated that the photoluminesce (PL) emissions of the well-defined GQDs originated mainly from the peripheral carboxylic groups and conjugated carbon backbone planes through fluorescence and UV-vis spectroscopies. More importantly, our findings challenge the notion that the excitation wavelength dependent PL property of the as-synthesized GQDs is the intrinsic property of the size-defined GQDs. Preliminary data at the cellular level indicated that the small sized GQDs exhibit weaker quenching DNA dye ability but higher toxicity to the cells compared to that of the as-synthesized GQDs. This discovery is essential to explore applications of the GQDs in pharmaceutics and to understand the origin of the optoelectronic properties of GQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhen Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shouwu Guo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Saha B, Bhattacharyya PK. Understanding reactivity, aromaticity and absorption spectra of carbon cluster mimic to graphene: a DFT study. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of doping B and/or N on the reactivity, aromaticity and absorption spectra of graphene and functionalized (–OH and –COOH) carbon cluster mimicking graphene is studied using DFT, DFRT and TD-DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapan Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Arya Vidyapeeth College
- Guwahati-781016
- India
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Geometric description and electronic properties of the principal photosynthetic pigments of higher plants: a DFT study. J Mol Model 2015; 21:256. [PMID: 26369916 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The geometric parameters, local and global chemical reactivity parameters (such as the ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity, hardness, softness, chemical potential, and electrophilicity index), as well as the energy levels (HOMO/LUMO) and HOMO-LUMO energy gaps have been determined for the principal carotenoids in higher plants. DFT calculations performed using the B3LYP functional in combination with the 6-31G(d,p) (for geometric parameters) and 6-31 + G(d,p) (for energy parameters) basis sets were carried out to study these structures. The HOMO-LUMO energy gaps obtained with the TPSSh functional were compared with the corresponding energy gaps obtained with B3LYP (when both functionals were used with the 6-31 + G(d,p) basis set). Upon analyzing all of the calculated parameters of the studied molecules, both carotenes were found to be the most reactive, followed by β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, violaxanthin, and finally neoxanthin, the least reactive molecule. The results reveal that all of the carotenoids show very high coplanarity in the photochemically active region, resulting in small HOMO-LUMO energy gaps. The calculated local and global chemical reactivity parameters indicate that all of the studied molecules may be classified as soft, as they are good electron donors/acceptors, making these molecules good candidates for use in artificial photosynthetic systems.
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Chopra S. Study of Electronic, Optical Absorption and Emission in Pure and Metal-Decorated Graphene Nanoribbons (C29H14-X; X=Ni, Fe, Ti, Co+, Al+, Cu+): First Principles Calculations. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1948-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Margraf JT, Strauss V, Guldi DM, Clark T. The Electronic Structure of Amorphous Carbon Nanodots. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7258-65. [PMID: 25731776 DOI: 10.1021/jp510620j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have studied hydrogen-passivated amorphous carbon nanostructures with semiempirical molecular orbital theory in order to provide an understanding of the factors that affect their electronic properties. Amorphous structures were first constructed using periodic calculations in a melt/quench protocol. Pure periodic amorphous carbon structures and their counterparts doped with nitrogen and/or oxygen feature large electronic band gaps. Surprisingly, descriptors such as the elemental composition and the number of sp(3)-atoms only influence the electronic structure weakly. Instead, the exact topology of the sp(2)-network in terms of effective conjugation defines the band gap. Amorphous carbon nanodots of different structures and sizes were cut out of the periodic structures. Our calculations predict the occurrence of localized electronic surface states, which give rise to interesting effects such as amphoteric reactivity and predicted optical band gaps in the near-UV/visible range. Optical and electronic gaps display a dependence on particle size similar to that of inorganic colloidal quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes T Margraf
- †Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- †Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.,§Centre for Molecular Design, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
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