1
|
Kim TH, Song Z, Jung J, Sung JS, Kang MJ, Shim WB, Lee M, Pyun JC. Functionalized Parylene Films for Enhancement of Antibody Production by Hybridoma Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3726-3738. [PMID: 37647153 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the influence of microenvironments on antibody production of hybridoma cells was analyzed using six types of functionalized parylene films, parylene-N and parylene-C (before and after UV radiation), parylene-AM, and parylene-H, and using polystyrene as a negative control. Hybridoma cells were cultured on modified parylene films that produced a monoclonal antibody against the well-known fungal toxin ochratoxin-A. Surface properties were analyzed for each parylene film, such as roughness, chemical functional groups, and hydrophilicity. The proliferation rate of the hybridoma cells was observed for each parylene film by counting the number of adherent cells, and the total amount of produced antibodies from different parylene films was estimated using indirect ELISA. In comparison with the polystyrene, the antibody-production by parylene-H and parylene-AM was estimated to be observed to be as high as 210-244% after the culture of 24 h. These results indicate that the chemical functional groups of the culture plate could influence antibody production. To analyze the influence of the microenvironments of the modified parylene films, we performed cell cycle analysis to estimate the ratio of the G0/G1, S, and G2/M phases of the hybridoma cells on each parylene film. From the normalized proportion of phases of the cell cycle, the difference in antibody production from different surfaces was considered to result from the difference in the proliferation rate of hybridoma cells, which occurred from the different physical and chemical properties of the parylene films. Finally, protein expression was analyzed using an mRNA array to determine the effect of parylene films on protein expression in hybridoma cells. The expression of three antibody production-related genes (CD40, Sox4, and RelB) was analyzed in hybridoma cells cultured on modified parylene films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Zhiquan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Sung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kang
- Center for Advanced Biomolecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Food Science and Technology & Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam 52828, South Korea
| | - Misu Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Science and Bioengineering and △Institute for New Drug Development, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Pyun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Froehlich CE, He J, Haynes CL. Investigation of Charged Small Molecule-Aptamer Interactions with Surface Plasmon Resonance. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2639-2644. [PMID: 36704862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the interactions between small, charged molecules and aptamers using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is limited by the inherent low response of small molecules and difficulties with nonspecific electrostatic interactions between the aptamer, analyte, and sensor surface. However, aptamers are increasingly being used in sensors for small molecule detection in critical areas like healthcare and environmental safety. The ability to probe these interactions through simple, direct SPR assays would be greatly beneficial and allow for the development of improved sensors without the need for complicated signal enhancement. However, these assays are nearly nonexistent in the current literature and are instead surpassed by sandwich or competitive binding techniques, which require additional sample preparation and reagents. In this work, we develop a method to characterize the interaction between the charged small molecule serotonin (176 Da) and an aptamer with SPR using streptavidin-biotin capture and a high-ionic-strength buffer. Additionally, other methods, such as serotonin immobilization and thiol-coupling of the aptamer, were investigated for comparison. These techniques give insight into working with small molecules and allow for quickly adapting a binding affinity assay into a direct SPR sensor.
Collapse
|
3
|
Caniglia G, Tezcan G, Meloni GN, Unwin PR, Kranz C. Probing and Visualizing Interfacial Charge at Surfaces in Aqueous Solution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:247-267. [PMID: 35259914 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-121521-122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface charge density and distribution play an important role in almost all interfacial processes, influencing, for example, adsorption, colloidal stability, functional material activity, electrochemical processes, corrosion, nanoparticle toxicity, and cellular processes such as signaling, absorption, and adhesion. Understanding the heterogeneity in, and distribution of, surface and interfacial charge is key to elucidating the mechanisms underlying reactivity, the stability of materials, and biophysical processes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) are highly suitable for probing the material/electrolyte interface at the nanoscale through recent advances in probe design, significant instrumental (hardware and software) developments, and the evolution of multifunctional imaging protocols. Here, we assess the capability of AFM and SICM for surface charge mapping, covering the basic underpinning principles alongside experimental considerations. We illustrate and compare the use of AFM and SICM for visualizing surface and interfacial charge with examples from materials science, geochemistry, and the life sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Caniglia
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany;
| | - Gözde Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molecular Recognition of Proteins through Quantitative Force Maps at Single Molecule Level. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040594. [PMID: 35454182 PMCID: PMC9024611 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent jumping force is an operational atomic-force microscopy mode that produces simultaneous topography and tip-sample maximum-adhesion images based on force spectroscopy. In this work, the operation conditions have been implemented scanning in a repulsive regime and applying very low forces, thus avoiding unspecific tip-sample forces. Remarkably, adhesion images give only specific rupture events, becoming qualitative and quantitative molecular recognition maps obtained at reasonably fast rates, which is a great advantage compared to the force–volume modes. This procedure has been used to go further in discriminating between two similar protein molecules, avidin and streptavidin, in hybrid samples. The adhesion maps generated scanning with biotinylated probes showed features identified as avidin molecules, in the range of 40–80 pN; meanwhile, streptavidin molecules rendered 120–170 pN at the selected working conditions. The gathered results evidence that repulsive jumping force mode applying very small forces allows the identification of biomolecules through the specific rupture forces of the complexes and could serve to identify receptors on membranes or samples or be applied to design ultrasensitive detection technologies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamamoto Y, Kominami H, Kobayashi K, Yamada H. Surface charge density measurement of a single protein molecule with a controlled orientation by AFM. Biophys J 2021; 120:2490-2497. [PMID: 33901471 PMCID: PMC8390862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution of functional groups causes a charge distribution that often has a close relationship with its biofunctions. To understand them of the protein molecules, measurements of the charge distribution under physiological conditions are desired. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been utilized to measure the surface charge density by measuring the electric double layer (EDL) force caused by the overlap of the EDLs on the surfaces of the AFM tip and the biomolecule. Here, we demonstrated the surface charge density measurement of a single streptavidin (SA) protein molecule by the three-dimensional force mapping method based on frequency modulation AFM (FM-AFM). The SA has a strong affinity to biotin because of the electrostatic interactions between the molecules. Therefore, the surface charge density measurements of the biotin-binding sites and other surface areas of the molecule have been anticipated. However, the surface charge density of the surfaces other than the biotin-binding side has never been measured. We demonstrate the surface charge density measurement of the top surface of the single SA molecule, which is perpendicular to the biotin-binding sides, with a controlled orientation using DNA origami as a template by FM-AFM in an electrolyte solution. The surface charge density of the top surface of the SA molecule was estimated by fitting the experimental force curves to the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeck theory. We found that the surface charge density of the top surface of the SA molecule is comparable to those reported earlier for the biotin-binding sides of the molecule. We expect that, by using the DNA origami technology, one can control the orientation of a biomolecule attached to the substrate and measure the surface charge density of the specific surface areas of the biomolecule to obtain information that will help us to understand the relationship between their structures and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kominami
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Kobayashi
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamada
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xia N, Sun Z, Ding F, Wang Y, Sun W, Liu L. Protease Biosensor by Conversion of a Homogeneous Assay into a Surface-Tethered Electrochemical Analysis Based on Streptavidin-Biotin Interactions. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1166-1173. [PMID: 33480678 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work proposed a new sensing strategy for protease detection by converting a homogeneous assay into a surface-tethered electrochemical analysis. Streptavidin (SA), a tetramer protein, was used as the sensing unit based on the SA-biotin coupling chemistry. Caspase-3 was used as the model analyte, and a biotinylated peptide with a sequence of biotin-GDEVDGK-biotin was designed as the substrate. Specifically, the peptide substrate could induce an assembly of SA to form (SA-biotin-GDEVDGK-biotin)n aggregates through SA-biotin interactions, which was confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The peptide substrate-induced assembly of SA was facilely initiated on an electrode-liquid surface by modification of the electrode with SA. The in situ formation of (SA-biotin-GDEVDGK-biotin)n aggregates created an insulating layer, thus limiting the electron transfer of ferricyanide. Once the peptide substrate was cleaved into two shorter fragments (biotin-GDEVD and GK-biotin) by caspase-3, the resulting products would compete with biotin-GDEVDGK-biotin to bind SA proteins immobilized on the electrode surface and distributed in a solution, thus preventing the in situ formation of (SA-biotin-GDEVDGK-biotin)n assemblies. With the simple principle of the substrate-induced assembly of SA, a dual-signal amplification was achieved with improved sensitivity. Taking advantage of high sensitivity, simple principle, and easy operation, this method can be augmented to design various surface-tethered biosensors for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Sun
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangyuan Ding
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenna Sun
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, Henan 455000, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu L, Deng D, Wu D, Hou W, Wang L, Li N, Sun Z. Duplex-specific nuclease-based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of microRNAs by conversion of homogeneous assay into surface-tethered electrochemical analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1149:338199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
8
|
Eissa S, Zourob M. Ultrasensitive peptide-based multiplexed electrochemical biosensor for the simultaneous detection of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:486. [PMID: 32761391 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical biosensor is reported for simultaneous detection of two of the most common food-borne pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The biosensor is composed of an array of gold nanoparticles-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes on which magnetic nanoparticles coupled to specific peptides were immobilized via streptavidin-biotin interaction. Taking advantage of the proteolytic activities of the protease enzymes produced from the two bacteria on the specific peptides, the detection was achieved in 1 min. The detection was realized by measuring the percentage increase of the square wave voltammetric peak current at 0.1 V versus a Ag/AgCl reference electrode in ferro/ferricyanide redox couple after incubation with the bacteria protease. The integration of the specificity of the bacterial enzymes towards their peptide substrates with the sensitivity of the electrochemical detection on the sensor array allows the rapid, sensitive and selective quantification of the two bacteria. Outstanding sensitivities were achieved using this biosensor array platform with limit of detection of 9 CFU mL-1 for Listeria monocytogenes and 3 CFU mL-1 for Staphylococcus aureus. The multiplexing capability and selectivity of the array voltammetric biosensor were demonstrated by analysing samples of Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes or E. coli and also containing a mixture of two or three bacteria. Using this biosensor, the two bacteria were successfully quantified simultaneously in one step without the need for DNA extraction or amplification techniques. This platform offers promise for rapid, simple and cost-effective simultaneous detection of various bacteria. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Eissa
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia. .,King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Riyadh, 12713, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li L, Eppell SJ, Zypman FR. Method to Quantify Nanoscale Surface Charge in Liquid with Atomic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4123-4134. [PMID: 32208713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A theory is presented to obtain surface charge density on nanoscale objects from data in the snap-to-contact portion of an atomic force microscope force-separation curve. The mathematical model takes into account the tip's dielectric constant using the Self-Consistent Sum of Dipoles theory which includes the charge-charge interaction and the charge-dipole interaction with electrolyte-induced exponentially decaying screening, Debye and London dipolar force, and fluid viscosity including confined fluid layers to account for energy dissipation. Using previously published experimental data, the mathematical model is applied to measure the surface charge density on an individual nanoscale amine-modified polystyrene bead immobilized on the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite in buffered aqueous solution. Within the experimental uncertainty, the magnitude of the charge density on a single bead obtained using the new method falls within the distribution of values determined by the manufacturer using titration and electron microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Steven J Eppell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Fredy R Zypman
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, 2495 Amsterdam Avenue, Manhattan, New York 10033, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Direct Conjugation of Streptavidin to Encoded Hydrogel Microparticles for Multiplex Biomolecule Detection with Rapid Probe-Set Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030546. [PMID: 32138163 PMCID: PMC7182943 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Encoded hydrogel microparticles synthesized via flow lithography have drawn attention for multiplex biomarker detection due to their high multiplex capability and solution-like hybridization kinetics. However, the current methods for preparing particles cannot achieve a flexible, rapid probe-set modification, which is necessary for the production of various combinations of target panels in clinical diagnosis. In order to accomplish the unmet needs, streptavidin was incorporated into the encoded hydrogel microparticles to take advantage of the rapid streptavidin–biotin interactions that can be used in probe-set modification. However, the existing methods suffer from low efficiency of streptavidin conjugation, cause undesirable deformation of particles, and impair the assay capability. Here, we present a simple and powerful method to conjugate streptavidin to the encoded hydrogel microparticles for better assay performance and rapid probe-set modification. Streptavidin was directly conjugated to the encoded hydrogel microparticles using the aza-Michael addition click reaction, which can proceed in mild, aqueous condition without catalysts. A highly flexible and sensitive assay was developed to quantify DNA and proteins using streptavidin-conjugated encoded hydrogel microparticles. We also validated the potential applications of our particles conducting multiplex detection of cancer-related miRNAs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu SK, Lo FY, Hsieh CC, Chao L. Sensing Ability and Formation Criterion of Fluid Supported Lipid Bilayer Coated Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. ACS Sens 2019; 4:892-899. [PMID: 30817891 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) have been widely used to provide native environments for membrane protein studies. In this study, we utilized graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) coated with a fluid SLB to perform label-free detection of membrane-associated ligand-receptor interactions in their native lipid bilayer environment. It is known that the analyte-binding event needs to occur within the Debye length for it to be significantly sensed by an FET sensor. However, the thickness of a lipid bilayer is around 4-5-nm-thick, which is larger than the Debye length of a solution with physiologically relevant ionic strength. There is thus a question of whether an FET sensor can detect the binding event above the bilayer. In this study, we show how the existence of an SLB can influence the effective detection distance and the formation criterion of a fluid and continuous SLB on a graphene surface. We discovered that the water intercalation between the graphene and the underlying silica substrate hinders the SLB formation but is required for the stable electrical recording by a GFET. To verify the existence of a fluid SLB on graphene, which was previously complicated by the graphene fluorescence quenching effect, we developed a modified fluorescence recovery after photobleaching method. In addition, our results showed that SLB coated GFETs can quantitatively detect ligand binding onto the receptors embedded in the SLBs. The comparison of our experimental data with a theoretical model shows that the contribution of the SLB acyl chain hydrophobic region to the screening effect can be negligible and, therefore, that the effective detection region can extend beyond the SLB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Kai Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yen Lo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ortega-Esteban Á, Martín-González N, Moreno-Madrid F, Llauró A, Hernando-Pérez M, MartÚn CS, de Pablo PJ. Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Viruses with AFM. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1886:259-278. [PMID: 30374873 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8894-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microscopes are used to characterize small objects with the help of probes that interact with the specimen, such as photons and electrons in optical and electron microscopies, respectively. In atomic force microscopy (AFM) the probe is a nanometric tip located at the end of a micro cantilever which palpates the specimen under study as a blind person manages a walking stick. In this way AFM allows obtaining nanometric resolution images of individual protein shells, such as viruses, in liquid milieu. Beyond imaging, AFM also enables not only the manipulation of single protein cages, but also the characterization of every physicochemical property able of inducing any measurable mechanical perturbation to the microcantilever that holds the tip. In this chapter we start revising some recipes for adsorbing protein shells on surfaces. Then we describe several AFM approaches to study individual protein cages, ranging from imaging to spectroscopic methodologies devoted for extracting physical information, such as mechanical and electrostatic properties. We also explain how a convenient combination of AFM and fluorescence methodologies entails monitoring genome release from individual viral shells during mechanical unpacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Ortega-Esteban
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natália Martín-González
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Moreno-Madrid
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Llauró
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mercedes Hernando-Pérez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cármen San MartÚn
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Solid Condensed Matter Institute IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dorwling-Carter L, Aramesh M, Han H, Zambelli T, Momotenko D. Combined Ion Conductance and Atomic Force Microscope for Fast Simultaneous Topographical and Surface Charge Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11453-11460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Livie Dorwling-Carter
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Morteza Aramesh
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Hana Han
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lowe BM, Sun K, Zeimpekis I, Skylaris CK, Green NG. Field-effect sensors - from pH sensing to biosensing: sensitivity enhancement using streptavidin-biotin as a model system. Analyst 2018; 142:4173-4200. [PMID: 29072718 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Field-Effect Transistor sensors (FET-sensors) have been receiving increasing attention for biomolecular sensing over the last two decades due to their potential for ultra-high sensitivity sensing, label-free operation, cost reduction and miniaturisation. Whilst the commercial application of FET-sensors in pH sensing has been realised, their commercial application in biomolecular sensing (termed BioFETs) is hindered by poor understanding of how to optimise device design for highly reproducible operation and high sensitivity. In part, these problems stem from the highly interdisciplinary nature of the problems encountered in this field, in which knowledge of biomolecular-binding kinetics, surface chemistry, electrical double layer physics and electrical engineering is required. In this work, a quantitative analysis and critical review has been performed comparing literature FET-sensor data for pH-sensing with data for sensing of biomolecular streptavidin binding to surface-bound biotin systems. The aim is to provide the first systematic, quantitative comparison of BioFET results for a single biomolecular analyte, specifically streptavidin, which is the most commonly used model protein in biosensing experiments, and often used as an initial proof-of-concept for new biosensor designs. This novel quantitative and comparative analysis of the surface potential behaviour of a range of devices demonstrated a strong contrast between the trends observed in pH-sensing and those in biomolecule-sensing. Potential explanations are discussed in detail and surface-chemistry optimisation is shown to be a vital component in sensitivity-enhancement. Factors which can influence the response, yet which have not always been fully appreciated, are explored and practical suggestions are provided on how to improve experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Lowe
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Ioannis Zeimpekis
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
| | | | - Nicolas G Green
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nano Research Group, University of Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gan C, Wang K, Tang Q, Chen Y. Comparative investigation on the sizes and scavenger receptor binding of human native and modified lipoprotein particles with atomic force microscopy. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:25. [PMID: 29592798 PMCID: PMC5872389 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The size and receptor-binding abilities of plasma lipoproteins are closely related with their structure/functions. Presently, the sizes of native lipoproteins have been measured by various methods including atomic force microscopy (AFM) whereas the sizes of modified lipoproteins are poorly determined and the receptor-binding ability of lipoproteins is less detected and compared at the nanoscale. METHODS Here, AFM was utilized to detect/compare the size and scavenger receptor-binding properties of three native human lipoproteins including high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein, and two modified human lipoproteins including oxidized and acetylated LDL, as well as bovine serum albumin and their antibodies as negative and positive controls, respectively. RESULTS AFM detected that the sizes of these lipoproteins are close to the commonly known values and the previously-reported AFM-detected sizes and that native and modified LDL have different height/size. AFM also revealed that the CD36-binding abilities of the five lipoproteins are different from one another and from their SR-B1-binding abilities and that the anti-CD36/SR-B1 antibodies as positive controls have strong CD36/SR-B1-binding abilities. CONCLUSIONS The data provide important information on lipoproteins for better understanding their structures/functions. Moreover, the data certify that besides size measurement AFM also can visualize receptor-lipoprotein binding at the nanoscale, as well as antigen-antibody (scavenger receptors and their antibodies) binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoye Gan
- Nanoscale Science and Technology Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Ave., Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Nanoscale Science and Technology Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Ave., Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qisheng Tang
- Nanoscale Science and Technology Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Ave., Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Nanoscale Science and Technology Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Ave., Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
de Pablo PJ. Atomic force microscopy of virus shells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 73:199-208. [PMID: 28851598 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microscopes are used to characterize small specimens with the help of probes, such as photons and electrons in optical and electron microscopies, respectively. In atomic force microscopy (AFM) the probe is a nanometric tip located at the end of a microcantilever which palpates the specimen under study as a blind person manages a white cane to explore the surrounding. In this way, AFM allows obtaining nanometric resolution images of individual protein shells, such as viruses, in liquid milieu. Beyond imaging, AFM also enables the manipulation of single protein cages, and the characterization of every physico-chemical property able of inducing any measurable mechanical perturbation to the microcantilever that holds the tip. Here we describe several AFM approaches to study individual protein cages, including imaging and spectroscopic methodologies for extracting mechanical and electrostatic properties. In addition, AFM allows discovering and testing the self-healing capabilities of protein cages because occasionally they may recover fractures induced by the AFM tip. Beyond the protein shells, AFM also is able of exploring the genome inside, obtaining, for instance, the condensation state of dsDNA and measuring its diffusion when the protein cage breaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J de Pablo
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada and Solid Condensed Matter Institute IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Atomic force microscopy of virus shells. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:499-511. [PMID: 28408490 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microscopes are used to characterize small objects with the help of probes that interact with the specimen, such as photons and electrons in optical and electron microscopies, respectively. In atomic force microscopy (AFM), the probe is a nanometric tip located at the end of a microcantilever which palpates the specimen under study just as a blind person manages a walking stick. In this way, AFM allows obtaining nanometric resolution images of individual protein shells, such as viruses, in a liquid milieu. Beyond imaging, AFM also enables not only the manipulation of single protein cages, but also the characterization of every physicochemical property capable of inducing any measurable mechanical perturbation to the microcantilever that holds the tip. In the present revision, we start revising some recipes for adsorbing protein shells on surfaces. Then, we describe several AFM approaches to study individual protein cages, ranging from imaging to spectroscopic methodologies devoted to extracting physical information, such as mechanical and electrostatic properties. We also explain how a convenient combination of AFM and fluorescence methodologies entails monitoring genome release from individual viral shells during mechanical unpacking.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lassenberger A, Scheberl A, Stadlbauer A, Stiglbauer A, Helbich T, Reimhult E. Individually Stabilized, Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles with Controlled Shell and Size Leading to Exceptional Stealth Properties and High Relaxivities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:3343-3353. [PMID: 28071883 PMCID: PMC5290491 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) have received immense interest for biomedical applications, with the first clinical application as negative contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the first generation MRI contrast agents with dextran-enwrapped, polydisperse iron oxide nanoparticle clusters are limited to imaging of the liver and spleen; this is related to their poor colloidal stability in biological media and inability to evade clearance by the reticuloendothelial system. We investigate the qualitatively different performance of a new generation of individually PEG-grafted core-shell SPION in terms of relaxivity and cell uptake and compare them to benchmark iron oxide contrast agents. These PEG-grafted SPION uniquely enable relaxivity measurements in aqueous suspension without aggregation even at 9.4 T magnetic fields due to their extraordinary colloidal stability. This allows for determination of the size-dependent scaling of relaxivity, which is shown to follow a d2 dependence for identical core-shell structures. The here introduced core-shell SPION with ∼15 nm core diameter yield a higher R2 relaxivity than previous clinically used contrast agents as well as previous generations of individually stabilized SPION. The colloidal stability extends to control over evasion of macrophage clearance and stimulated uptake by SPION functionalized with protein ligands, which is a key requirement for targeted MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lassenberger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology,
Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Scheberl
- Department of Nanobiotechnology,
Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Stadlbauer
- Department of Biomedical
Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Gender
Imaging, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, University
of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Stiglbauer
- Department of Biomedical
Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Gender
Imaging, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Helbich
- Department of Biomedical
Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Gender
Imaging, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Reimhult
- Department of Nanobiotechnology,
Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Perry D, Paulose Nadappuram B, Momotenko D, Voyias PD, Page A, Tripathi G, Frenguelli BG, Unwin PR. Surface Charge Visualization at Viable Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3152-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Binoy Paulose Nadappuram
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D. Voyias
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno G. Frenguelli
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, §Division of Metabolic and Vascular
Health, Warwick Medical School, and ∥School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hernando-Pérez M, Cartagena-Rivera AX, Lošdorfer Božič A, Carrillo PJP, San Martín C, Mateu MG, Raman A, Podgornik R, de Pablo PJ. Quantitative nanoscale electrostatics of viruses. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:17289-98. [PMID: 26228582 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04274g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatics is one of the fundamental driving forces of the interaction between biomolecules in solution. In particular, the recognition events between viruses and host cells are dominated by both specific and non-specific interactions and the electric charge of viral particles determines the electrostatic force component of the latter. Here we probe the charge of individual viruses in liquid milieu by measuring the electrostatic force between a viral particle and the Atomic Force Microscope tip. The force spectroscopy data of co-adsorbed ϕ29 bacteriophage proheads and mature virions, adenovirus and minute virus of mice capsids is utilized for obtaining the corresponding density of charge for each virus. The systematic differences of the density of charge between the viral particles are consistent with the theoretical predictions obtained from X-ray structural data. Our results show that the density of charge is a distinguishing characteristic of each virus, depending crucially on the nature of the viral capsid and the presence/absence of the genetic material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hernando-Pérez
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center - IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fang Y, Chen S, Wang W, Shan X, Tao N. Real-Time Monitoring of Phosphorylation Kinetics with Self-Assembled Nano-oscillators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2538-42. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
22
|
Fang Y, Chen S, Wang W, Shan X, Tao N. Real-Time Monitoring of Phosphorylation Kinetics with Self-Assembled Nano-oscillators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|