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Matsuhashi C, Oyama H, Uekusa H, Sato-Tomita A, Ichiyanagi K, Maki SA, Hirano T. Crystalline-state chemiluminescence reactions of two-fluorophore-linked adamantylideneadamantane 1,2-dioxetane isomers accompanied by solid-to-solid phase transitions. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00266c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structural isomers (cis-syn, cis-anti and trans isomers) of an adamantylideneadamantane 1,2-dioxetane having two fluorophore side chains were prepared and investigated their chemiluminescence (CL) properties in the crystalline state. Real-time monitoring...
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2
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He S, Stratigaki M, Centeno SP, Dreuw A, Göstl R. Tailoring the Properties of Optical Force Probes for Polymer Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:15889-15897. [PMID: 34582082 PMCID: PMC9292383 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The correlation of mechanical properties of polymer materials with those of their molecular constituents is the foundation for their holistic comprehension and eventually for improved material designs and syntheses. Over the last decade, optical force probes (OFPs) were developed, shedding light on various unique mechanical behaviors of materials. The properties of polymers are diverse, ranging from soft hydrogels to ultra‐tough composites, from purely elastic rubbers to viscous colloidal solutions, and from transparent glasses to super black dyed coatings. Only very recently, researchers started to develop tailored OFP solutions that account for such material requirements in energy (both light and force), in time, and in their spatially detectable resolution. We here highlight notable recent examples and identify future challenges in this emergent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang He
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Stratigaki
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Silvia P Centeno
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Wu M, Guo Z, He W, Yuan W, Chen Y. Empowering self-reporting polymer blends with orthogonal optical properties responsive in a broader force range. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1245-1250. [PMID: 34163886 PMCID: PMC8179123 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-reporting polymers, which can indicate damage with perceptible optical signals in a tailored force range, are useful as stress-sensitive sensors. We demonstrate a simple approach to realize this function by embedding two distinct mechanophores - rhodamine (Rh) and bis(adamantyl)-1,2-dioxetane (Ad), in polyurethane/polylactic acid blends. The deformed blends generate red coloration and red chemiluminescence. Such a unique dual-responsive behavior was evaluated by solid-state UV-vis spectroscopy, macroscopic tensile tests with in situ RGB and light intensity analyses, which supported a stress-correlated occurrence of the ring-opening of Rh, the scission of Ad and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer process between the respective mechanochemical species. Complementarity stemming from the difference in properties and manifestations of the two mechanophores is essential. That is, the more labile Rh allows shifting the appreciable optical changes to a much lower force threshold; the transient nature and high dynamic range of mechanochemiluminescence from Ad map in real time where and when many of the covalently incorporated dioxetane bonds break; besides, the disrupted yet non-scissile structure of Rh acts as a fluorescent acceptor to effectively harvest chemiluminescence from ruptured Ad. The current strategy is thus empowering multi-functional mechano-responsive polymers with greatly improved sensitivity and resolution for multimodal stress reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of State Ministry of Education, Tianjin University Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of State Ministry of Education, Tianjin University Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Weiye He
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of State Ministry of Education, Tianjin University Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of State Ministry of Education, Tianjin University Tianjin 300354 China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of State Ministry of Education, Tianjin University Tianjin 300354 China
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4
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Rupp H, Binder WH. Multicomponent Stress‐Sensing Composites Fabricated by 3D‐Printing Methodologies. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000450. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Rupp
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 Halle D‐06120 Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry Division of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics) Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg von‐Danckelmann‐Platz 4 Halle D‐06120 Germany
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Deneke N, Rencheck ML, Davis CS. An engineer's introduction to mechanophores. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6230-6252. [PMID: 32567642 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanophores (MPs) are a class of stimuli-responsive materials that are of increasing interest to engineers due to their potential applications as stress sensors. These mechanically responsive molecules change color or become fluorescent upon application of a mechanical stimulus as they undergo a chemical reaction when a load is applied. By incorporating MPs such as spirolactam, spiropyran, or dianthracene into a material system, the real-time stress distribution of the matrix can be directly observed through a visual response, ideal for damage and failure sensing applications. A wide array of applications that require continuous structural health monitoring could benefit from MPs including flexible electronics, protective coatings, and polymer matrix composites. However, there are significant technical challenges preventing MP implementation in industry. Effective strategies to quantitatively calibrate the photo response of the MP with applied stress magnitudes must be developed. Additionally, environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and ultraviolet light exposure can potentially impact the performance of MPs. By addressing these limitations, engineers can work to move MPs from the synthetic chemistry bench to the field. This review aims to highlight recent progress in MP research, discuss barriers to implementation, and provide an outlook on the future of MPs, specifically focused on polymeric material systems. Although the focus is on engineering MPs for bulk materials, a brief overview of mechanochemistry will be discussed followed by methods for activation and quantification of MP photo response (concentrating specifically on fluorescently active species). Finally, current challenges and future directions in MP research will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Deneke
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Mitchell L Rencheck
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Chelsea S Davis
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
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7
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Matsuhashi C, Ueno T, Uekusa H, Sato-Tomita A, Ichiyanagi K, Maki S, Hirano T. Isomeric difference in the crystalline-state chemiluminescence property of an adamantylideneadamantane 1,2-dioxetane with a phthalimide chromophore. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3369-3372. [PMID: 32129336 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc10012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Syn- and anti-isomers of an adamantylideneadamantane 1,2-dioxetane having a phthalimide side chain were prepared and investigated their crystalline-state chemiluminescence (CL) properties. The isomers showed contrastive CL properties depending on their crystal-structural characteristics, indicating that CL provides an attractive target for real-time monitoring of a chemical reaction in the crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Matsuhashi
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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8
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Yang F, Yuan Y, Sijbesma RP, Chen Y. Sensitized Mechanoluminescence Design toward Mechanically Induced Intense Red Emission from Transparent Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600 MB, Netherlands
| | - Yulan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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Izak-Nau E, Campagna D, Baumann C, Göstl R. Polymer mechanochemistry-enabled pericyclic reactions. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01937e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemical pericyclic reactions are reviewed with regard to their structural features and substitution prerequisites to the polymer framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Izak-Nau
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Davide Campagna
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52056 Aachen
- Germany
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10
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Wang T, Zhang N, Dai J, Li Z, Bai W, Bai R. Novel Reversible Mechanochromic Elastomer with High Sensitivity: Bond Scission and Bending-Induced Multicolor Switching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11874-11881. [PMID: 28290662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the rational designed mechanochromic polymer (MCP) materials have evoked major interest and experienced significant progress recently, it is still a great challenge to develop a facile and effective strategy for preparation of reversible broad-spectrum MCPs with a combination of wide-range color switch ability and high sensitivity, which thus make it possible to mimic gorgeous color change as in nature. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel rhodamine-based mechanochromic elastomer. Our results demonstrated that the elastomer exhibited very promising and unique properties. Three primary fluorescence colors were presented during continuous uniaxial extension and relaxing process, and reversible broad-spectrum fluorescence color change could be achieved consequently. The fluorescence quantum yield of the opened zwitterion of this new mechanophore was as high as 0.67. In addition, the elastomer showed very high sensitivity to stress with a detectable activation strain of ∼0.24, which was much smaller than those reported in the previous literature reports. Meantime, the easy-to-obtain material, facile preparation, and good mechanical property also made it suitable for potential practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zili Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ruke Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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11
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Akbulatov S, Boulatov R. Experimental Polymer Mechanochemistry and its Interpretational Frameworks. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1422-1450. [PMID: 28256793 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is an emerging field at the interface of chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. It aims at understanding and exploiting unique reactivities of polymer chains confined to highly non-equilibrium stretched geometries by interactions with their surroundings. Macromolecular chains or their segments become stretched in bulk polymers under mechanical loads or when polymer solutions are sonicated or flow rapidly through abrupt contractions. An increasing amount of empirical data suggests that mechanochemical phenomena are widespread wherever polymers are used. In the past decade, empirical mechanochemistry has progressed enormously, from studying fragmentations of commodity polymers by simple backbone homolysis to demonstrations of self-strengthening and stress-reporting materials and mechanochemical cascades using purposefully designed monomers. This progress has not yet been matched by the development of conceptual frameworks within which to rationalize, systematize and generalize empirical mechanochemical observations. As a result, mechanistic and/or quantitative understanding of mechanochemical phenomena remains, with few exceptions, tentative. In this review we aim at systematizing reported macroscopic manifestations of polymer mechanochemistry, and critically assessing the interpretational framework that underlies their molecular rationalizations from a physical chemist's perspective. We propose a hierarchy of mechanochemical phenomena which may guide the development of multiscale models of mechanochemical reactivity to match the breadth and utility of the Eyring equation of chemical kinetics. We discuss the limitations of the approaches to quantifying and validating mechanochemical reactivity, with particular focus on sonicated polymer solutions, in order to identify outstanding questions that need to be solved for polymer mechanochemistry to become a rigorous, quantitative field. We conclude by proposing 7 problems whose solution may have a disproportionate impact on the development of polymer mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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12
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Clough JM, van der Gucht J, Sijbesma RP. Mechanoluminescent Imaging of Osmotic Stress-Induced Damage in a Glassy Polymer Network. Macromolecules 2017; 50:2043-2053. [PMID: 28316344 PMCID: PMC5352978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A chemiluminescent mechanophore, bis(adamantyl-1,2-dioxetane), is used to investigate the covalent bond scission resulting from the sorption of chloroform by glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) networks. Bis(adamantyl)-1,2-dioxetane units incorporated as cross-linkers underwent mechanoluminescent scission, demonstrating that solvent ingress caused covalent bond scission. At higher cross-linking densities, the light emission took the form of hundreds of discrete bursts, widely varying in intensity, with each burst composed of 107-109 photons. Camera imaging indicated a relatively slow propagation of bursts through the material and permitted analysis of the spatial correlation between the discrete bond-breaking events. The implications of these observations for the mechanism of sorption and fracture are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess M. Clough
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Agrotechnology and Food Sciences
Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 8038, 6700 EK Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory
of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex
Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Göstl R, Sijbesma RP. π-extended anthracenes as sensitive probes for mechanical stress. Chem Sci 2016; 7:370-375. [PMID: 28791098 PMCID: PMC5518546 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03297k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart molecular systems having the ability to report on mechanical strain or failure in polymers via alteration of their optical properties are of great interest in materials science. However, only limited attention has been devoted to targeted chromophore engineering to fine-tune their physicochemical properties. Here, we describe the synthesis of π-extended anthracenes that can be released from their respective maleimide Diels-Alder adducts through the application of mechanical stress in solution and in the solid state. We demonstrate the improvement of fluorescence quantum yield as well as the tuning of excitation and emission wavelengths while retaining their excellent mechanochemical properties laying the foundation for a new series of mechanophores whose spectral characteristics can be modularly adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Göstl
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ;
| | - R P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands . ;
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14
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Clough JM, Balan A, van Daal TLJ, Sijbesma RP. Probing Force with Mechanobase-Induced Chemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jess M. Clough
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Abidin Balan
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Tom L. J. van Daal
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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15
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Clough JM, Balan A, van Daal TLJ, Sijbesma RP. Probing Force with Mechanobase-Induced Chemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:1445-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jess M. Clough
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Abidin Balan
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Tom L. J. van Daal
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and the Institute for Complex Molecular Systems; Eindhoven University of Technology; P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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16
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Clough JM, Balan A, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical Reactions Reporting and Repairing Bond Scission in Polymers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 369:209-38. [PMID: 26104999 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The past 10 years have seen a resurgence of interest in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. Whilst the destructive effects of mechanical force on polymer chains have been known for decades, it was only recently that researchers tapped into these forces to realize more useful chemical transformations. The current review discusses the strategic incorporation of weak covalent bonds in polymers to create materials with stress-sensing and damage-repairing properties. Firstly, the development of mechanochromism and mechanoluminescence as stress reporters is considered. The second half focuses on the net formation of covalent bonds as a response to mechanical force, via mechanocatalysis and mechanically unmasked chemical reactivity, and concludes with perspectives for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess M Clough
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Abidin Balan
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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