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Application of Tungsten-Oxide-Based Electrochromic Devices for Supercapacitors. APPLIED SYSTEM INNOVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/asi5040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For making full use of the discoloration function of electrochromic (EC) devices and better show the charge and discharge states of supercapacitors (SCs), electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSCs) have attracted much attention and expectations in recent years. The research progress of tungsten-oxide-based electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSCs) in recent years is reviewed in this paper. Nanostructured tungsten oxide is widely used to facilitate ion implantation/extraction and increase the porosity of the electrode. The low-dimensional nanostructured tungsten oxide was compared in four respects: material scale, electrode life, coloring efficiency, and specific capacitance. Due to the mechanics and ductility of nano-tungsten oxide electrodes, they are very suitable for the preparation of flexible ECSCs. With the application of an organic protective layer and metal nanowire conductive electrode, the device has higher coloring efficiency and a lower activation voltage. Finally, this paper indicates that in the future, WO3-based ECSCs will develop in the direction of self-supporting power supply to meet the needs of use.
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Kim SY, Yun TY, Yu KS, Moon HC. Reliable, High-Performance Electrochromic Supercapacitors Based on Metal-Doped Nickel Oxide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:51978-51986. [PMID: 33166118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, high-performance, reliable electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSs) are proposed based on tungsten trioxide (WO3) and nickel oxide (NiO) films. To maximize device performance and stability, the stoichiometric balance between anode and cathode materials is controlled by carefully adjusting the thickness of the anodic NiO film while fixing the thickness of WO3 to ∼660 nm. Then, a small amount (≤10 mol %) of metal (e.g., copper) is doped into the NiO film, improving the electrical conductivity and electrochemical activity. At a Cu doping level of 7 mol %, the resulting ECS exhibited the highest performance, including a high areal capacitance (∼14.9 mF/cm2), excellent coulombic efficiency (∼99%), wide operating temperature range (0-80 °C), reliable operation with high charging/discharging cyclic stability (>10,000 cycles), and good self-discharging durability. Simultaneously, the change in transmittance of the device is well synchronized with the galvanostatic charging/discharging curve by which the real-time energy storage status is visually indicated. Furthermore, the practical feasibility of the device is successfully demonstrated. These results imply that the ECS fabricated in this work is a promising potential energy storage platform and an attractive component for future electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yong Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Su Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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Flexible Conductive Cellulose Network-Based Composite Hydrogel for Multifunctional Supercapacitors. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061369. [PMID: 32570694 PMCID: PMC7362201 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With the continuous development of energy storage devices towards sustainability and versatility, the development of biomass-based multi-functional energy storage devices has become one of the important directions. In this study, a symmetric dual-function supercapacitor was constructed based on a cellulose network/polyacrylamide/polyaniline (CPP) composite hydrogel. The presented supercapacitor, with excellent electrochemical performance and an areal capacitance of 1.73 mF/cm2 at 5 mV/s, an energy density of 0.62 µW h/cm2 at a power density of 7.03 µW/cm2, a wide electrochemical window of 1.6 V and a promising cycling stability, can be achieved. The transmittance of the supercapacitor at 500 nm decreased by 9.6% after the electrification at 3 V, and the device can exhibit periodic transmittance change under the square potential input between 0.0 V and 3.0 V at regular intervals of 10 s. The present construction strategy provides a basis for the preparation of multifunctional devices with natural renewable materials and structures.
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Chen J, Wang Z, Chen Z, Cong S, Zhao Z. Fabry-Perot Cavity-Type Electrochromic Supercapacitors with Exceptionally Versatile Color Tunability. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1915-1922. [PMID: 32091911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochromic supercapacitors that can change their appearances according to their charged states are presently attracting significant interest from both academia and industry. Tungsten oxide is often used in electrochromic supercapacitors because it can serve as an active material for both benchmarking electrochromic devices and high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Despite this, acceptable visual aesthetics in electrochromic supercapacitors have almost never been achieved using tungsten oxide, because, in its pure form, this compound only displays a 1-fold color modulation from transparent to blue. Herein, we defy this trend by reporting the first ever Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity-type electrochromic supercapacitors based only on a tungsten oxide material. The devices were sensitively changeable according to their charge/discharge states and displayed a wide variety of fantastic patterns consisting of different, vivid colors, with both simple and complex designs being achieved. Our findings suggested a novel direction for the aesthetic design of intelligent, multifunctional electrochemical energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shan Cong
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, China
- Key Lab of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
- Division of Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
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Li Z, Wang B, Zhao X, Guo Q, Nie G. Intelligent electrochromic-supercapacitor based on effective energy level matching poly(indole-6-carboxylicacid)/WO3 nanocomposites. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04956e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A high-quality electrochromic-supercapacitor based on poly(indole-6-carboxylicacid)/WO3 nanocomposites can intelligently monitor the energy storage state by changing the color of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
| | - Baoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
| | - Xiaoqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
| | - Qingfu Guo
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
| | - Guangming Nie
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology
- Qingdao 266042
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Li J, Guo Q, Lu Y, Nie G. Polyindole vertical nanowire array based electrochromic-supercapacitor difunctional device for energy storage and utilization. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Guo Q, Li J, Zhang B, Nie G, Wang D. High-Performance Asymmetric Electrochromic-Supercapacitor Device Based on Poly(indole-6-carboxylicacid)/TiO 2 Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:6491-6501. [PMID: 30665294 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A difunctional porous network of poly(indole-6-carboxylicacid) (PICA)/TiO2 nanocomposites is first prepared using TiO2 nanorod arrays as the scaffold. Because of the synergistic effect of PICA and TiO2, the nanocomposites show good electrochemical performance, a high specific capacitance value (23.34 mF cm-2), and excellent galvanostatic charge-discharge stability. Meanwhile, this nanocomposite can be reversibly switched (yellow, green, brown) with a high coloration efficiency (124 cm2 C-1). An asymmetric electrochromic-supercapacitor device (ESD) is also constructed using the PICA/TiO2 nanocomposites as the anode material and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as the cathode material. This ESD has robust cycle stability and a high specific capacitance value (9.65 mF cm-2), which can be switched from light green to dark blue. After charging, the device can light up a single LED for 108 s, and the energy storage level can also be monitored by the corresponding color changes. This constructed ESD will have great potential applications in intelligent energy storage and other smart electronic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (MOE), Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , PR China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (MOE), Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (MOE), Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , PR China
| | - Guangming Nie
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (MOE), Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , PR China
| | - Debao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (MOE), Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , PR China
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Das A, Deshagani S, Kumar R, Deepa M. Bifunctional Photo-Supercapacitor with a New Architecture Converts and Stores Solar Energy as Charge. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:35932-35945. [PMID: 30251828 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photo-supercapacitors (PSCs) combine functions of energy harvesting and storage in a single device, and in this study, a new architecture for a PSC is designed and implemented. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots/hibiscus (hb) dye co-sensitized TiO2 is used as the solar cell. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole) (PEDOP)@manganese dioxide (MnO2) is employed as the counter electrode (CE) for the solar cell and also as the electrodes for the symmetric supercapacitor. The two ends of a long flat current collector support two spatially separated PEDOP@MnO2 coatings, which serve as the CEs for the TiO2/hb/CdS photoanode and yet another PEDOP@MnO2 electrode in sandwich configurations. In this cell, under 1 sun (100 mW cm-2) illumination, the TiO2/hb/CdS photoanode undergoes charge separation and by channeling the photocurrent to the PEDOP@MnO2 electrodes, the symmetric cell part is charged to a voltage of 0.72 V. The PSC delivers a specific capacitance of 183 F g-1, an energy density of 13.2 Wh kg-1, and a power density of 360 W kg-1 at a discharge current density of 1 A g-1. During the self-discharge process, PEDOP@MnO2-based PSC retains a voltage of 0.72 V up to 500 s and maintains a stable voltage of 0.5 V thereafter. The TiO2/hb/CdS photoanode with the PEDOP@MnO2 CE in an aqueous polysulfide-silica gel electrolyte delivers a power conversion efficiency of 6.11%. This demonstration of a novel PSC opens up opportunities to develop new architectures for efficiently combining energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Das
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad , Kandi, 502285 Sangareddy , Telangana , India
| | - Sathish Deshagani
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad , Kandi, 502285 Sangareddy , Telangana , India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad , Kandi, 502285 Sangareddy , Telangana , India
| | - Melepurath Deepa
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad , Kandi, 502285 Sangareddy , Telangana , India
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Yang F, Jia J, Mi R, Liu X, Fu Z, Wang C, Liu X, Tang Y. Fabrication of WO 3·2H 2O/BC Hybrids by the Radiation Method for Enhanced Performance Supercapacitors. Front Chem 2018; 6:290. [PMID: 30151360 PMCID: PMC6099569 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we described a facile process for the fabrication of tungsten oxide dihydrate/bamboo charcoal hybrids (WO3·2H2O/BC) by the γ-irradiation method. The structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of WO3·2H2O/BC hybrids were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The combination of BC (electrical double layer charge) and WO3·2H2O (pseudocapacitance) created a combined effect, which enhanced the specific capacitance and superior cyclic stability of the WO3·2H2O/BC hybrid electrode. The WO3·2H2O/BC hybrids showed the higher specific capacitance (391 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 over the voltage range from −1 to 0 V), compared with BC (108 F g−1) in 6 M KOH solution. Furthermore, the hybrid electrode showed superior long-term performance with 82% capacitance retention even after 10,000 cycles. The experimental results demonstrated that the high performance of WO3·2H2O/BC hybrids could be a potential electrode material for supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Centre of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Jinzhi Jia
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Centre of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Rui Mi
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Centre of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Xichuan Liu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Centre of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Zhibing Fu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Centre of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Centre of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Centre of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjian Tang
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Centre of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, China
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Lee DW, Lee JH, Min NK, Jin JH. Buckling Structured Stretchable Pseudocapacitor Yarn. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12005. [PMID: 28931933 PMCID: PMC5607238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cable-type stretchable electrochemical pseudocapacitors based on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) sheets and two different metal oxide nanopowders (NP), i.e., MnO2 and RuO2 are developed using a newly-devised dry painting method to mechanically fix the NP to the elastic rubber-based MWCNT electrode substrate, resulting in a porous buckling structured pseudocapacitor yarn. Highly stretchable stylene-ethylene/butylene-stylene (SEBS) is used as the supporting elastomeric core for wrapping with the MWCNT sheets and the electroactive NP. The dry painting can successfully deposit NP on the soft SEBS surface, which is normally an unfavorable substrate for coating alien materials. The resulting yarn-type pseudocapacitor, composed of eight-layered MWCNT sheets, three-layered RuO2, and two-layered MnO2, showing a diameter of approximately 400 μm with a porous buckling structure, records a specific capacitance of 25 F g−1. After being stretched by 200% in strain with no sacrifice of the porous buckling structure, the cable-type stretchable electrochemical pseudocapacitor yarn retains its electrical capacity, and is potentially applicable to energy storage devices for wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck Weon Lee
- Department of Ray H. Baughman Lab, Jiangnan graphene research institute, No.6 XiangYun Road, Wujin Economical Development Zone, Jiangsu, 213149, China
| | - Jung Han Lee
- Nanomedicinal research laboratory, Inha university school of medicine, Jeongserk Bldg.A, Seohae-daero 366, Jung-gu, Incheon, 22332, Korea
| | - Nam Ki Min
- Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Korea University, Sejong-ro 2511, Sejong, 30019, Korea.
| | - Joon-Hyung Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Korea.
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Recent advances in multifunctional electrochromic energy storage devices and photoelectrochromic devices. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Huang Y, Zhu M, Huang Y, Pei Z, Li H, Wang Z, Xue Q, Zhi C. Multifunctional Energy Storage and Conversion Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8344-8364. [PMID: 27434499 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional energy storage and conversion devices that incorporate novel features and functions in intelligent and interactive modes, represent a radical advance in consumer products, such as wearable electronics, healthcare devices, artificial intelligence, electric vehicles, smart household, and space satellites, etc. Here, smart energy devices are defined to be energy devices that are responsive to changes in configurational integrity, voltage, mechanical deformation, light, and temperature, called self-healability, electrochromism, shape memory, photodetection, and thermal responsivity. Advisable materials, device designs, and performances are crucial for the development of energy electronics endowed with these smart functions. Integrating these smart functions in energy storage and conversion devices gives rise to great challenges from the viewpoint of both understanding the fundamental mechanisms and practical implementation. Current state-of-art examples of these smart multifunctional energy devices, pertinent to materials, fabrication strategies, and performances, are highlighted. In addition, current challenges and potential solutions from materials synthesis to device performances are discussed. Finally, some important directions in this fast developing field are considered to further expand their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China
| | - Zengxia Pei
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China
| | - Hongfei Li
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China
| | - Zifeng Wang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China
| | - Qi Xue
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China
| | - Chunyi Zhi
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, S.A.R., China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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