1
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Moroz IB, Feldman Y, Carmieli R, Liu X, Leskes M. Endogenous metal-ion dynamic nuclear polarization for NMR signal enhancement in metal organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2023; 15:336-348. [PMID: 38131097 PMCID: PMC10731914 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational design of metal-organic framework (MOF)-based materials for catalysis, gas capture and storage, requires deep understanding of the host-guest interactions between the MOF and the adsorbed molecules. Solid-State NMR spectroscopy is an established tool for obtaining such structural information, however its low sensitivity limits its application. This limitation can be overcome with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) which is based on polarization transfer from unpaired electrons to the nuclei of interest and, as a result, enhancement of the NMR signal. Typically, DNP is achieved by impregnating or wetting the MOF material with a solution of nitroxide biradicals, which prevents or interferes with the study of host-guest interactions. Here we demonstrate how Gd(iii) ions doped into the MOF structure, LaBTB (BTB = 4,4',4''-benzene-1,3,5-triyl-trisbenzoate), can be employed as an efficient polarization agent, yielding up to 30-fold 13C signal enhancement for the MOF linkers, while leaving the pores empty for potential guests. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ethylene glycol, loaded into the MOF as a guest, can also be polarized using our approach. We identify specific challenges in DNP studies of MOFs, associated with residual oxygen trapped within the MOF pores and the dynamics of the framework and its guests, even at cryogenic temperatures. To address these, we describe optimal conditions for carrying out and maximizing the enhancement achieved in DNP-NMR experiments. The approach presented here can be expanded to other porous materials which are currently the state-of-the-art in energy and sustainability research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia B Moroz
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Yishay Feldman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Michal Leskes
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
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2
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Hope MA, Zhang Y, Venkatesh A, Emsley L. Dynamic nuclear polarisation of 1H in Gd-doped In(OH) 3. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 353:107509. [PMID: 37331306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP) of solids doped with high-spin metal ions, such as Gd3+, is a useful strategy to enhance the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensitivity for these samples. Spin diffusion can relay polarisation throughout a sample, which is most effective for dense 1H networks, while the efficiency of DNP using Gd3+ depends on the symmetry of the metal site. Here, we investigate cubic In(OH)3 as a high-symmetry, proton-containing material for endogenous Gd DNP. A 1H enhancement of up to 9 is demonstrated and harnessed to measure the 17O spectrum at natural abundance. The enhancement is interpreted in terms of clustering of the Gd3+ dopants and the local reduction in symmetry of the metal site induced by proton disorder, as demonstrated by quadrupolar 115In NMR. This is the first example of 1H DNP using Gd3+ dopants in an inorganic solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hope
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amrit Venkatesh
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Menzildjian G, Schlagnitweit J, Casano G, Ouari O, Gajan D, Lesage A. Polarizing agents for efficient high field DNP solid-state NMR spectroscopy under magic-angle spinning: from design principles to formulation strategies. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6120-6148. [PMID: 37325158 PMCID: PMC10266460 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has recently emerged as a cornerstone approach to enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy under Magic Angle Spinning (MAS), opening unprecedented analytical opportunities in chemistry and biology. DNP relies on a polarization transfer from unpaired electrons (present in endogenous or exogenous polarizing agents) to nearby nuclei. Developing and designing new polarizing sources for DNP solid-state NMR spectroscopy is currently an extremely active research field per se, that has recently led to significant breakthroughs and key achievements, in particular at high magnetic fields. This review describes recent developments in this area, highlighting key design principles that have been established over time and led to the introduction of increasingly more efficient polarizing sources. After a short introduction, Section 2 presents a brief history of solid-state DNP, highlighting the main polarization transfer schemes. The third section is devoted to the development of dinitroxide radicals, discussing the guidelines that were progressively established to design the fine-tuned molecular structures in use today. In Section 4, we describe recent efforts in developing hybrid radicals composed of a narrow EPR line radical covalently linked to a nitroxide, highlighting the parameters that modulate the DNP efficiency of these mixed structures. Section 5 reviews recent advances in the design of metal complexes suitable for DNP MAS NMR as exogenous electron sources. In parallel, current strategies that exploit metal ions as endogenous polarization sources are discussed. Section 6 briefly describes the recent introduction of mixed-valence radicals. In the last part, experimental aspects regarding sample formulation are reviewed to make best use of these polarizing agents in a broad panel of application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Judith Schlagnitweit
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
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4
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Thomas B, Jardón-Álvarez D, Carmieli R, van Tol J, Leskes M. The Effect of Disorder on Endogenous MAS-DNP: Study of Silicate Glasses and Crystals. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:4759-4772. [PMID: 36925559 PMCID: PMC10009812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c08849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In dynamic nuclear polarization nuclear magnetic resonance (DNP-NMR) experiments, the large Boltzmann polarization of unpaired electrons is transferred to surrounding nuclei, leading to a significant increase in the sensitivity of the NMR signal. In order to obtain large polarization gains in the bulk of inorganic samples, paramagnetic metal ions are introduced as minor dopants acting as polarizing agents. While this approach has been shown to be very efficient in crystalline inorganic oxides, significantly lower enhancements have been reported when applying this approach to oxide glasses. In order to rationalize the origin of the difference in the efficiency of DNP in amorphous and crystalline inorganic matrices, we performed a detailed comparison in terms of their magnetic resonance properties. To diminish differences in the DNP performance arising from distinct nuclear interactions, glass and crystal systems of similar compositions were chosen, Li2OCaO·2SiO2 and Li2CaSiO4, respectively. Using Gd(III) as polarizing agent, DNP provided signal enhancements in the range of 100 for the crystalline sample, while only up to around factor 5 in the glass, for both 6Li and 29Si nuclei. We find that the drop in enhancement in glasses can be attributed to three main factors: shorter nuclear and electron relaxation times as well as the dielectric properties of glass and crystal. The amorphous nature of the glass sample is responsible for a high dielectric loss, leading to efficient microwave absorption and consequently lower effective microwave power and an increase in sample temperature which leads to further reduction of the electron relaxation time. These results help rationalize the observed sensitivity enhancements and provide guidance in identifying materials that could benefit from the DNP approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijith Thomas
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Daniel Jardón-Álvarez
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Johan van Tol
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Michal Leskes
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry & Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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5
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Pham P, Mandal R, Qi C, Hilty C. Interfacing Liquid State Hyperpolarization Methods with NMR Instrumentation. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE OPEN 2022; 10-11:100052. [PMID: 35530721 PMCID: PMC9070690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmro.2022.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in liquid state hyperpolarization methods have enabled new applications of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Utilizing strong signal enhancements from hyperpolarization allows performing NMR spectroscopy at low concentration, or with high time resolution. Making use of the high, but rapidly decaying hyperpolarization in the liquid state requires new techniques to interface hyperpolarization equipment with liquid state NMR spectrometers. This article highlights rapid injection, high resolution NMR spectroscopy with hyperpolarization produced by the techniques of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) and para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP). These are popular, albeit not the only methods to produce high polarization levels for liquid samples. Gas and liquid driven sample injection techniques are compatible with both of these hyperpolarization methods. The rapid sample injection techniques are combined with adapted NMR experiments working in a single, or small number of scans. They expand the application of liquid state hyperpolarization to spins with comparably short relaxation times, provide enhanced control over sample conditions, and allow for mixing experiments to study reactions in real time.
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6
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Carnahan SL, Chen Y, Wishart JF, Lubach JW, Rossini AJ. Magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization solid-state NMR spectroscopy of γ-irradiated molecular organic solids. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2022; 119:101785. [PMID: 35405629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past 15 years, magic angle spinning (MAS) dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has emerged as a method to increase the sensitivity of high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy experiments. Recently, γ-irradiation has been used to generate significant concentrations of homogeneously distributed free radicals in a variety of solids, including quartz, glucose, and cellulose. Both γ-irradiated quartz and glucose previously showed significant MAS DNP enhancements. Here, γ-irradiation is applied to twelve small organic molecules to test the applicability of γ-irradiation as a general method of creating stable free radicals for MAS DNP experiments on organic solids and pharmaceuticals. Radical concentrations in the range of 0.25 mM-10 mM were observed in irradiated glucose, histidine, malic acid, and malonic acid, and significant 1H DNP enhancements of 32, 130, 19, and 11 were obtained, respectively, as measured by 1H→13C CPMAS experiments. However, concentrations of free radicals below 0.05 mM were generally observed in organic molecules containing aromatic rings, preventing sizeable DNP enhancements. DNP sensitivity gains for several of the irradiated compounds exceed that which can be obtained with the relayed DNP approach that uses exogeneous polarizing agent solutions and impregnation procedures. In several cases, significant 1H DNP enhancements were realized at room temperature. This study demonstrates that in many cases γ-irradiation is a viable alternative to addition of stable exogenous radicals for DNP experiments on organic solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Carnahan
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Yunhua Chen
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - James F Wishart
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Upton, NY, 11973, United States
| | - Joseph W Lubach
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, 50011, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Chemistry, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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7
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Jardón-Álvarez D, Malka T, van Tol J, Feldman Y, Carmieli R, Leskes M. Monitoring electron spin fluctuations with paramagnetic relaxation enhancement. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 336:107143. [PMID: 35085928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic interactions between the spin of an unpaired electron and the surrounding nuclear spins can be exploited to gain structural information, to reduce nuclear relaxation times as well as to create nuclear hyperpolarization via dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). A central aspect that determines how these interactions manifest from the point of view of NMR is the timescale of the fluctuations of the magnetic moment of the electron spins. These fluctuations, however, are elusive, particularly when electron relaxation times are short or interactions among electronic spins are strong. Here we map the fluctuations by analyzing the ratio between longitudinal and transverse nuclear relaxation times T1/T2, a quantity which depends uniquely on the rate of the electron fluctuations and the Larmor frequency of the involved nuclei. This analysis enables rationalizing the evolution of NMR lineshapes, signal quenching as well as DNP enhancements as a function of the concentration of the paramagnetic species and the temperature, demonstrated here for LiMg1-xMnxPO4 and Fe(III) doped Li4Ti5O12, respectively. For the latter, we observe a linear dependence of the DNP enhancement and the electron relaxation time within a temperature range between 100 and 300 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jardón-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tahel Malka
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Johan van Tol
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Dr, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States
| | - Yishay Feldman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Leskes
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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8
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Haber S, Leskes M. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization in battery materials. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2022; 117:101763. [PMID: 34890977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2021.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing need for portable and large-scale energy storage systems requires development of new, long lasting and highly efficient battery systems. Solid state NMR spectroscopy has emerged as an excellent method for characterizing battery materials. Yet, it is limited when it comes to probing thin interfacial layers which play a central role in the performance and lifetime of battery cells. Here we review how Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) can lift the sensitivity limitation and enable detection of the electrode-electrolyte interface, as well as the bulk of some electrode and electrolyte systems. We describe the current challenges from the point of view of materials development; considering how the unique electronic, magnetic and chemical properties differentiate battery materials from other applications of DNP in materials science. We review the current applications of exogenous and endogenous DNP from radicals, conduction electrons and paramagnetic metal ions. Finally, we provide our perspective on the opportunities and directions where battery materials can benefit from current DNP methodologies as well as project on future developments that will enable NMR investigation of battery materials with sensitivity and selectivity under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Haber
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Leskes
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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9
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Liu X, Liang Z, Xiang Y, Lin M, Li Q, Liu Z, Zhong G, Fu R, Yang Y. Solid-State NMR and MRI Spectroscopy for Li/Na Batteries: Materials, Interface, and In Situ Characterization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005878. [PMID: 33788341 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the electrochemical performance of batteries, including the lifespan, energy, and power densities, is an everlasting quest for the rechargeable battery community. However, the dynamic and coupled (electro)chemical processes that occur in the electrode materials as well as at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces complicate the investigation of their working and decay mechanisms. Herein, the recent developments and applications of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in Li/Na batteries are reviewed. Several typical cases including the applications of NMR spectroscopy for the investigation of the pristine structure and the dynamic structural evolution of materials are first emphasized. The NMR applications in analyzing the solid electrolyte interfaces (SEI) on the electrode are further concluded, involving the identification of SEI components and investigation of ionic motion through the interfaces. Beyond, the new development of in situ NMR and MRI techniques are highlighted, including their advantages, challenges, applications and the design principle of in situ cell. In the end, a prospect about how to use ssNMR in battery research from the perspectives of materials, interface, and in situ NMR, aiming at obtaining deeper insight of batteries with the assistance of ssNMR is represented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Ziteng Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Min Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zigeng Liu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, IEK-9, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Guiming Zhong
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
| | - Riqiang Fu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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10
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Mentink-Vigier F. Numerical recipes for faster MAS-DNP simulations. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 333:107106. [PMID: 34837803 PMCID: PMC8639796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerical simulations of Magic Angle Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (MAS-DNP) have transformed the way the DNP process is understood in rotating samples. In 2012, two methods were concomitantly developed to simulate small spin systems (< 4 spin-1/2). The development of new polarizing agents, including those containing metal centers with S > 1/2, makes it necessary to further expand the numerical tools with minimal approximations that will help rationalize the experimental observations and build approximate models. In this paper, three strategies developed in the past five years are presented: an adaptive integration scheme, a hybrid Hilbert/Liouville formalism, and a method to truncate the Liouville space basis for periodic Hamiltonian. Each of these methods enable time savings ranging from a factor of 3 to > 100. We illustrate the code performance by reporting for the first time the MAS-DNP field profiles for "AMUPol", in which the couplings to the nitrogen nuclei are explicitly considered, as well as Cross-Effect MAS-DNP field profiles with two electrons spin 5/2 interacting with a nuclear spin 1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Dr, FL 32310, USA.
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11
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Haber S, Rosy, Saha A, Brontvein O, Carmieli R, Zohar A, Noked M, Leskes M. Structure and Functionality of an Alkylated Li xSi yO z Interphase for High-Energy Cathodes from DNP-ssNMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4694-4704. [PMID: 33751895 PMCID: PMC8017524 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Degradation processes
at the cathode–electrolyte interface
are a major limitation in the development of high-energy lithium-ion
rechargeable batteries. Deposition of protective thin coating layers
on the surface of high-energy cathodes is a promising approach to
control interfacial reactions. However, rational design of effective
protection layers is limited by the scarcity of analytical tools that
can probe thin, disordered, and heterogeneous phases. Here we propose
a new structural approach based on solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy coupled with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) for characterizing
thin coating layers. We demonstrate the approach on an efficient alkylated
LixSiyOz coating layer. By utilizing different sources
for DNP, exogenous from nitroxide biradicals and endogenous from paramagnetic
metal ion dopants, we reveal the outer and inner surface layers of
the deposited artificial interphase and construct a structural model
for the coating. In addition, lithium isotope exchange experiments
provide direct evidence for the function of the surface layer, shedding
light on its role in the enhanced rate performance of coated cathodes.
The presented methodology and results advance us in identifying the
key properties of effective coatings and may enable rational design
of protective and ion-conducting surface layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Haber
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 7610001
| | - Rosy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, India 221005
| | - Arka Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Olga Brontvein
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 7610001
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 7610001
| | - Arava Zohar
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 7610001
| | - Malachi Noked
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Leskes
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 7610001
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12
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Hope MA, Björgvinsdóttir S, Grey CP, Emsley L. A Magic Angle Spinning Activated 17O DNP Raser. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:345-349. [PMID: 33355469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the raser effect, a sample spontaneously emits continuous radiofrequency radiation, allowing exceptionally narrow NMR line widths to be recorded without applying pulses. To achieve this phenomenon, a large negative magnetization must be induced, which we show here can be achieved for the 17O magnetization of isotopically labeled Gd-doped CeO2 using solid effect dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), at high field and 110 K. This allows a 2 mHz line width to be measured, which is limited only by the magnetic field stability. The raser effect can be reversibly activated and deactivated by magic angle spinning (MAS), which modulates the nuclear spin coherence lifetime. The use of MAS DNP to enable the raser effect should be further applicable to other systems and nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hope
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Snædís Björgvinsdóttir
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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13
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Heiliger J, Matzel T, Çetiner EC, Schwalbe H, Kuenze G, Corzilius B. Site-specific dynamic nuclear polarization in a Gd(III)-labeled protein. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25455-25466. [PMID: 33103678 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05021k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of a biomolecule tagged with a polarizing agent has the potential to not only increase NMR sensitivity but also to provide specificity towards the tagging site. Although the general concept has been often discussed, the observation of true site-specific DNP and its dependence on the electron-nuclear distance has been elusive. Here, we demonstrate site-specific DNP in a uniformly isotope-labeled ubiquitin. By recombinant expression of three different ubiquitin point mutants (F4C, A28C, and G75C) post-translationally modified with a Gd3+-chelator tag, localized metal-ion DNP of 13C and 15N is investigated. Effects counteracting the site-specificity of DNP such as nuclear spin-lattice relaxation and proton-driven spin diffusion have been attenuated by perdeuteration of the protein. Particularly for 15N, large DNP enhancement factors on the order of 100 and above as well as localized effects within side-chain resonances differently distributed over the protein are observed. By analyzing the experimental DNP built-up dynamics combined with structural modeling of Gd3+-tags in ubiquitin supported by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) in solution, we provide, for the first time, quantitative information on the distance dependence of the initial DNP transfer. We show that the direct 15N DNP transfer rate indeed linearly depends on the square of the hyperfine interaction between the electron and the nucleus following Fermi's golden rule, however, below a certain distance cutoff paramagnetic signal bleaching may dramatically skew the correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Heiliger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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14
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Jardón-Álvarez D, Reuveni G, Harchol A, Leskes M. Enabling Natural Abundance 17O Solid-State NMR by Direct Polarization from Paramagnetic Metal Ions. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5439-5445. [PMID: 32551646 PMCID: PMC7370305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) significantly enhances the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), increasing its applications and the quality of NMR spectroscopy as a characterization tool for materials. Efficient spin diffusion among the nuclear spins is considered to be essential for spreading the hyperpolarization throughout the sample, enabling large DNP enhancements. This scenario mostly limits the polarization enhancement of low-sensitivity nuclei in inorganic materials to the surface sites when the polarization source is an exogenous radical. In metal-ion-based DNP, the polarization agents are distributed in the bulk sample and act as a source of both relaxation and polarization enhancement. We have found that as long as the polarization agent is the main source of relaxation, the enhancement does not depend on the distance between the nucleus and dopant. As a consequence, the requirement of efficient spin diffusion is lifted, and the entire sample can be directly polarized. We exploit this finding to measure high-quality NMR spectra of 17O in the electrode material Li4Ti5O12 doped with Fe(III) despite its low abundance and long relaxation time.
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15
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Casabianca LB. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of nanoparticles. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2020; 107:101664. [PMID: 32361159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2020.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this trends article, we review seminal and recent studies using static and magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR to study the structure of nanoparticles and ligands attached to nanoparticles. Solid-state NMR techniques including one-dimensional multinuclear NMR, cross-polarization, techniques for measuring dipolar coupling and internuclear distances, and multidimensional NMR have provided insight into the core-shell structure of nanoparticles as well as the structure of ligands on the nanoparticle surface. Hyperpolarization techniques, in particular solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), have enabled detailed studies of nanoparticle core-shell structure and surface chemistry, by allowing unprecedented levels of sensitivity to be achieved. The high signal-to-noise afforded by DNP has allowed homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation experiments involving nuclei with low natural abundance to be performed in reasonable experimental times, which previously would not have been possible. The use of DNP to study nanoparticles and their applications will be a fruitful area of study in the coming years as well.
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16
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Harchol A, Reuveni G, Ri V, Thomas B, Carmieli R, Herber RH, Kim C, Leskes M. Endogenous Dynamic Nuclear Polarization for Sensitivity Enhancement in Solid-State NMR of Electrode Materials. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:7082-7090. [PMID: 32273937 PMCID: PMC7133110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of materials for energy storage systems relies on our ability to probe these materials at various length scales. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a powerful approach for gaining chemical and structural insights at the atomic/molecular level, but its low detection sensitivity often limits applicability. This limitation can be overcome by transferring the high polarization of electron spins to the sample of interest in a process called dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). Here, we employ for the first time metal ion-based DNP to probe pristine and cycled composite battery electrodes. A new and efficient DNP agent, Fe(III), is introduced, yielding lithium signal enhancement up to 180 when substituted in the anode material Li4Ti5O12. In addition for being DNP active, Fe(III) improves the anode performance. Reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) upon cycling can be monitored in the loss of DNP activity. We show that the dopant can be reactivated (return to Fe(III)) for DNP by increasing the cycling potential window. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the deleterious effect of carbon additives on the DNP process can be eliminated by using carbon free electrodes, doped with Fe(III) and Mn(II), which provide good electrochemical performance as well as sensitivity in DNP-NMR. We expect that the approach presented here will expand the applicability of DNP for studying materials for frontier challenges in materials chemistry associated with energy and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Harchol
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Guy Reuveni
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Vitalii Ri
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungham
National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Brijith Thomas
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rolfe H. Herber
- Racah
Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| | - Chunjoong Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungham
National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Michal Leskes
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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17
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Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is one of the most prominent methods of sensitivity enhancement in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Even though solid-state DNP under magic-angle spinning (MAS) has left the proof-of-concept phase and has become an important tool for structural investigations of biomolecules as well as materials, it is still far from mainstream applicability because of the potentially overwhelming combination of unique instrumentation, complex sample preparation, and a multitude of different mechanisms and methods available. In this review, I introduce the diverse field and history of DNP, combining aspects of NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance. I then explain the general concepts and detailed mechanisms relevant at high magnetic field, including solution-state methods based on Overhauser DNP but with a greater focus on the more established MAS DNP methods. Finally, I review practical considerations and fields of application and discuss future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corzilius
- Institute of Chemistry and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany;
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18
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Gizatullin B, Mattea C, Stapf S. X-nuclei hyperpolarization for studying molecular dynamics by DNP-FFC. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 307:106583. [PMID: 31472437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization methods are used for improving the quality of the NMR data, opening new possibilities by increasing both the sensitivity and the selectivity in NMR relaxation experiments. Recently, Fast Field Cycling relaxometry combined with DNP was introduced, demonstrating that molecular dynamics studies in the presence of natural or artificial radicals are indeed feasible under conditions where the signal-to-noise ratio is frequently critical. In this work, the extension of NMR relaxation dispersion beyond 1H NMR, by hyperpolarization of X-nuclei, is demonstrated. Overhauser effect via nitroxide radicals in simple (low viscous) liquids and saline solutions was observed for 2H, 7Li and 13C nuclei at ambient temperature. Substantial NMR signal enhancement up to several hundred was achieved for the studied samples. An advanced approach for reconstructing of the original relaxation dispersion of pure substances is used to eliminate the effect of the additional radical relaxivity of the X-nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat Gizatullin
- FG Technische Physik II/Polymerphysik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Carlos Mattea
- FG Technische Physik II/Polymerphysik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Siegfried Stapf
- FG Technische Physik II/Polymerphysik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany.
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19
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Kocman V, Di Mauro GM, Veglia G, Ramamoorthy A. Use of paramagnetic systems to speed-up NMR data acquisition and for structural and dynamic studies. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 102:36-46. [PMID: 31325686 PMCID: PMC6698407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is a powerful experimental technique to study biological systems at the atomic resolution. However, its intrinsic low sensitivity results in long acquisition times that in extreme cases lasts for days (or even weeks) often exceeding the lifetime of the sample under investigation. Different paramagnetic agents have been used in an effort to decrease the spin-lattice (T1) relaxation times of the studied nuclei, which are the main cause for long acquisition times necessary for signal averaging to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of NMR spectra. Consequently, most of the experimental time is "wasted" in waiting for the magnetization to recover between successive scans. In this review, we discuss how to set up an optimal paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) system to effectively reduce the T1 relaxation times avoiding significant broadening of NMR signals. Additionally, we describe how PRE-agents can be used to provide structural and dynamic information and can even be used to follow the intermediates of chemical reactions and to speed-up data acquisition. We also describe the unique challenges and benefits associated with the application of PRE to solid-state NMR spectroscopy, explaining how the use of PREs is more complex for membrane mimetic systems as PREs can also be exploited to change the alignment of oriented membrane systems. Functionalization of membrane mimetics, such as bicelles, can provide a controlled region of paramagnetic effect that has the potential, together with the desired alignment, to provide crucial biologically relevant structural information. And finally, we discuss how paramagnetic metals can be utilized to further increase the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) effects and how to preserve the enhancements when dissolution DNP is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojč Kocman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biophysics, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Gianluigi Veglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Biophysics, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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20
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Carnahan SL, Venkatesh A, Perras FA, Wishart JF, Rossini AJ. High-Field Magic Angle Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Using Radicals Created by γ-Irradiation. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4770-4776. [PMID: 31347850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High-field magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS DNP) is often used to enhance the sensitivity of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments by transferring spin polarization from electron spins to nuclear spins. Here, we demonstrate that γ-irradiation induces the formation of stable radicals in inorganic solids, such as fused quartz and borosilicate glasses, as well as organic solids, such as glucose, cellulose, and a urea/polyethylene polymer. The radicals were then used to polarize 29Si or 1H spins in the core of some of these materials. Significant MAS DNP enhancements (ε) of more than 400 and 30 were obtained for fused quartz and glucose, respectively. For other samples, negligible values of ε were obtained, likely due to low concentrations of radicals or the presence of abundant quadrupolar spins. These results demonstrate that ionizing radiation is a promising alternative method for generating stable radicals that are suitable for high-field MAS DNP experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Carnahan
- U.S. Department of Energy Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Amrit Venkatesh
- U.S. Department of Energy Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Frédéric A Perras
- U.S. Department of Energy Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - James F Wishart
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- U.S. Department of Energy Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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21
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Rankin AGM, Trébosc J, Pourpoint F, Amoureux JP, Lafon O. Recent developments in MAS DNP-NMR of materials. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 101:116-143. [PMID: 31189121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the characterization of the atomic-level structure and dynamics of materials. Nevertheless, the use of this technique is often limited by its lack of sensitivity, which can prevent the observation of surfaces, defects or insensitive isotopes. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has been shown to improve by one to three orders of magnitude the sensitivity of NMR experiments on materials under Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS), at static magnetic field B0 ≥ 5 T, conditions allowing for the acquisition of high-resolution spectra. The field of DNP-NMR spectroscopy of materials has undergone a rapid development in the last ten years, spurred notably by the availability of commercial DNP-NMR systems. We provide here an in-depth overview of MAS DNP-NMR studies of materials at high B0 field. After a historical perspective of DNP of materials, we describe the DNP transfers under MAS, the transport of polarization by spin diffusion and the various contributions to the overall sensitivity of DNP-NMR experiments. We discuss the design of tailored polarizing agents and the sample preparation in the case of materials. We present the DNP-NMR hardware and the influence of key experimental parameters, such as microwave power, magnetic field, temperature and MAS frequency. We give an overview of the isotopes that have been detected by this technique, and the NMR methods that have been combined with DNP. Finally, we show how MAS DNP-NMR has been applied to gain new insights into the structure of organic, hybrid and inorganic materials with applications in fields, such as health, energy, catalysis, optoelectronics etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G M Rankin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Julien Trébosc
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS-FR2638, Fédération Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Frédérique Pourpoint
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Amoureux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France; Bruker Biospin, 34 rue de l'industrie, F-67166, Wissembourg, France
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, F-75231, Paris, France.
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22
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Wang X, Caulkins BG, Riviere G, Mueller LJ, Mentink-Vigier F, Long JR. Direct dynamic nuclear polarization of 15N and 13C spins at 14.1 T using a trityl radical and magic angle spinning. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 100:85-91. [PMID: 31026722 PMCID: PMC6604067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization of 13C and 15N nuclei using monoradical trityl OX063 as a polarizing agent in a magnetic field of 14.1 T with magic angle spinning at ∼100 K. We monitored the field dependence of direct 13C and 15N polarization for frozen [13C, 15N] urea and achieved maximum absolute enhancement factors of 240 and 470, respectively. The field profiles are consistent with polarization of 15N spins via either the solid effect or the cross effect, and polarization of 13C spins via a combination of cross effect and solid effect. For microcrystalline, 15N-enriched tryptophan synthase sample containing trityl radical, a 1500-fold increase in 15N signal was observed under microwave irradiation. These results show the promise of trityl radicals and their derivatives for direct polarization of low gamma, spin-½ nuclei at high magnetic fields and suggest a novel approach for selectively polarizing specific moieties or for polarizing systems which have low levels of protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Bethany G Caulkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Gwladys Riviere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McKnight Brain Institute and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0245, USA
| | - Leonard J Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Joanna R Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McKnight Brain Institute and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0245, USA.
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23
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Wolf T, Kumar S, Singh H, Chakrabarty T, Aussenac F, Frenkel AI, Major DT, Leskes M. Endogenous Dynamic Nuclear Polarization for Natural Abundance 17O and Lithium NMR in the Bulk of Inorganic Solids. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:451-462. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Wolf
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Harishchandra Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Tanmoy Chakrabarty
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Fabien Aussenac
- Bruker BioSpin, 34 rue de l’Industrie BP 10002, 67166 Wissembourg Cedex, France
| | - Anatoly I. Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
- Division of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dan Thomas Major
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Michal Leskes
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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24
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Perras FA, Pruski M. Large-scale ab initio simulations of MAS DNP enhancements using a Monte Carlo optimization strategy. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:154202. [PMID: 30342444 DOI: 10.1063/1.5042651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Magic-angle-spinning (MAS) dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has recently emerged as a powerful technology enabling otherwise unrealistic solid-state NMR experiments. The simulation of DNP processes which might, for example, aid in refining the experimental conditions or the design of better performing polarizing agents, is, however, plagued with significant challenges, often limiting the system size to only 3 spins. Here, we present the first approach to fully ab initio large-scale simulations of MAS DNP enhancements. The Landau-Zener equation is used to treat all interactions concerning electron spins, and the low-order correlations in the Liouville space method is used to accurately treat the spin diffusion, as well as its MAS speed dependence. As the propagator cannot be stored, a Monte Carlo optimization method is used to determine the steady-state enhancement factors. This new software is employed to investigate the MAS speed dependence of the enhancement factors in large spin systems where spin diffusion is of importance, as well as to investigate the impacts of solvent and polarizing agent deuteration on the performance of MAS DNP.
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