1
|
Zhao C, Bhagwandin DD, Xu W, Ruffieux P, Khan SI, Pignedoli CA, Fasel R, Rubin Y. Dramatic Acceleration of the Hopf Cyclization on Gold(111): From Enediynes to Peri-Fused Diindenochrysene Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2474-2483. [PMID: 38227949 PMCID: PMC10835731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Hopf et al. reported the high-temperature 6π-electrocyclization of cis-hexa-1,3-diene-5-yne to benzene in 1969. Subsequent studies using this cyclization have been limited by its very high reaction barrier. Here, we show that the reaction barrier for two model systems, (E)-1,3,4,6-tetraphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (1a) and (E)-3,4-bis(4-iodophenyl)-1,6-diphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (1b), is decreased by nearly half on a Au(111) surface. We have used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) to monitor the Hopf cyclization of enediynes 1a,b on Au(111). Enediyne 1a undergoes two sequential, quantitative Hopf cyclizations, first to naphthalene derivative 2, and finally to chrysene 3. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that a gold atom from the Au(111) surface is involved in all steps of this reaction and that it is crucial to lowering the reaction barrier. Our findings have important implications for the synthesis of novel graphene nanoribbons. Ullmann-like coupling of enediyne 1b at 20 °C on Au(111), followed by a series of Hopf cyclizations and aromatization reactions at higher temperatures, produces nanoribbons 12 and 13. These results show for the first time that graphene nanoribbons can be synthesized on a Au(111) surface using the Hopf cyclization mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Zhao
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dayanni D Bhagwandin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Wangwei Xu
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Saeed I Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yves Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao N, Björk J, Corral-Rascon E, Chen Z, Ruben M, Senge MO, Barth JV, Riss A. The role of aromaticity in the cyclization and polymerization of alkyne-substituted porphyrins on Au(111). Nat Chem 2023; 15:1765-1772. [PMID: 37723257 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity is an established and widely used concept for the prediction of the reactivity of organic molecules. However, its role remains largely unexplored in on-surface chemistry, where the interaction with the substrate can alter the electronic and geometric structure of the adsorbates. Here we investigate how aromaticity affects the reactivity of alkyne-substituted porphyrin molecules in cyclization and coupling reactions on a Au(111) surface. We examine and quantify the regioselectivity in the reactions by scanning tunnelling microscopy and bond-resolved atomic force microscopy at the single-molecule level. Our experiments show a substantially lower reactivity of carbon atoms that are stabilized by the aromatic diaza[18]annulene pathway of free-base porphyrins. The results are corroborated by density functional theory calculations, which show a direct correlation between aromaticity and thermodynamic stability of the reaction products. These insights are helpful to understand, and in turn design, reactions with aromatic species in on-surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Centre Européen de Science Quantique, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (UMR 7006), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Focus Group-Molecular and Interfacial Engineering of Organic Nanosystems, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong H, Viergutz L, Liu L, Sandvoß A, Peng X, Klaasen H, Fuchs H, Studer A. Highly Selective On-Surface Reactions of Aryl Propiolic Acids via Decarboxylative Coupling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210997. [PMID: 36740777 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aryl propiolic acids are introduced as a new class of monomers in the field of on-surface chemistry to build up poly(arylenebutadiynylenes) through decarboxylative Glaser coupling. As compared to aryl alkynes that are routinely used in the on-surface Glaser coupling, it is found that the decarboxylative coupling occurs at slightly lower temperature and with excellent selectivity. Activation occurs through decarboxylation for the propiolic acids, whereas the classical Glaser coupling is achieved through alkyne CH activation, and this process shows poor selectivity. The efficiency of the decarboxylative coupling is documented by the successful polymerization of bis(propiolic acids) as monomers. It is also found that the new activation mode is compatible with aryl bromide functionalities, which allows the formation of unsymmetric metal-organic polymers on the surface by chemoselective sequential reactions. All transformations are analyzed by a scanning tunneling microscope and are further studied by density functional theory calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Kong
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Lena Viergutz
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lacheng Liu
- Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Sandvoß
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Xinchen Peng
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Henning Klaasen
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma K, Zhang T, Qin Y, Hu Z, Sun Z, Han Y, Zhao D, Gao HY. Desilylative Coupling Involving C(sp 2)-Si Bond Cleavage on Metal Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8789-8796. [PMID: 35503747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Desilylative coupling involving C-Si bond cleavage has emerged as one of the most important synthetic strategies for carbon-carbon/heteroatom bond formation in solution chemistry. However, in on-surface chemistry, C-Si bond cleavage remains a synthetic challenge. Here, we report the implementation of C(sp2)-Si bond cleavage and subsequent C-C bond formation on metal surfaces. The combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculation successfully reveals that the incorporation of the C-Br group on the arylsilanes is critical to the success of this desilylative coupling reaction on metal surfaces. Our study represents a promising approach for the removal of protecting silyl groups in on-surface chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tiantong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Qin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhixin Hu
- Department of Physics & Center for Joint Quantum Studies, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhixiang Sun
- Department of Physics & Center for Joint Quantum Studies, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - You Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Dongbing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hong-Ying Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ran W, Walz A, Stoiber K, Knecht P, Xu H, Papageorgiou AC, Huettig A, Cortizo‐Lacalle D, Mora‐Fuentes JP, Mateo‐Alonso A, Schlichting H, Reichert J, Barth JV. Depositing Molecular Graphene Nanoribbons on Ag(111) by Electrospray Controlled Ion Beam Deposition: Self-Assembly and On-Surface Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202111816. [PMID: 35077609 PMCID: PMC9305426 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The chemical processing of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures is crucial for their integration in future devices. Here we apply a new methodology in atomically precise engineering by combining multistep solution synthesis of N-doped molecular graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with mass-selected ultra-high vacuum electrospray controlled ion beam deposition on surfaces and real-space visualisation by scanning tunnelling microscopy. We demonstrate how this method yields solely a controllable amount of single, otherwise unsublimable, GNRs of 2.9 nm length on a planar Ag(111) surface. This methodology allows for further processing by employing on-surface synthesis protocols and exploiting the reactivity of the substrate. Following multiple chemical transformations, the GNRs provide reactive building blocks to form extended, metal-organic coordination polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ran
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Andreas Walz
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Karolina Stoiber
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Peter Knecht
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Hongxiang Xu
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | | | - Annette Huettig
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Diego Cortizo‐Lacalle
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastianSpain
| | - Juan P. Mora‐Fuentes
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastianSpain
| | - Aurelio Mateo‐Alonso
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastianSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Hartmut Schlichting
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20Technical University of MunichJames Franck Straße 185748GarchingGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ran W, Walz A, Stoiber K, Knecht P, Xu H, Papageorgiou AC, Huettig A, Cortizo‐Lacalle D, Mora‐Fuentes JP, Mateo‐Alonso A, Schlichting H, Reichert J, Barth JV. Depositing Molecular Graphene Nanoribbons on Ag(111) by Electrospray Controlled Ion Beam Deposition: Self‐Assembly and On‐Surface Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ran
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Andreas Walz
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Karolina Stoiber
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Peter Knecht
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Hongxiang Xu
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Anthoula C. Papageorgiou
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Annette Huettig
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Diego Cortizo‐Lacalle
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Juan P. Mora‐Fuentes
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
| | - Aurelio Mateo‐Alonso
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
| | - Hartmut Schlichting
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich James Franck Straße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Polymerization of silanes through dehydrogenative Si-Si bond formation on metal surfaces. Nat Chem 2021; 13:350-357. [PMID: 33782562 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Element-element double bonds of group 14 elements can be formed in solution, but generally only by applying harsh reductive conditions using sterically highly shielded tetryl halides as precursors. The two-dimensional confinement in surface-assisted polymerization represents a valuable alternative to access such reactive compounds, as it allows shielding of the labile entities without requiring bulky residues and catalytic activation of the reactive groups. Here, we demonstrate Si-Si bond formation in on-surface chemistry. Polymerization upon multiple Si-H bond dissociation and subsequent Si-Si bond formation was achieved on Au(111) and Cu(111) surfaces by using two different monomers, each containing two silicon functional groups (CH3SiH2 or SiH3) attached to an aromatic backbone, leading to polymeric disilenes that interact with the surface. A combination of experimental and theoretical studies corroborates the formation of covalent Si-Si bonds between the long, highly ordered polymer chains with high diastereoselectivity. The reactive Si=Si bonds formally generated via double dehydrogenative coupling are stabilized via covalent Si-surface interaction.
Collapse
|
8
|
Werner S, Vollgraff T, Fan Q, Bania K, Gottfried JM, Sundermeyer J. Reductive O-triflylation of naphthalene diimide: access to alkyne- and amine-functionalized 2,7-diazapyrenes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00862e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reductive one-pot triflylation and silylation of naphthalene diimide is presented. Post-functionalization of the 1,3,6,8-tetratriflato key compound leads to so far non-accessible UHV processable tetraalkynyl and tetraaminyl 2,7-diazapyrenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Werner
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans Meerwein Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans Meerwein Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Qitang Fan
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans Meerwein Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Bania
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans Meerwein Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - J. Michael Gottfried
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans Meerwein Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Material Science Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans Meerwein Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi G, Zhou J, Li Z, Sun Y, Kantorovich LN, Fang Q, Besenbacher F, Yu M. Graphene‐Like Covalent Organic Framework with a Wide Band Gap Synthesized On Surface via Stepwise Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Ye Sun
- Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Lev N. Kantorovich
- Department of Physics King's College London The Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Qiang Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shi G, Zhou J, Li Z, Sun Y, Kantorovich LN, Fang Q, Besenbacher F, Yu M. Graphene-Like Covalent Organic Framework with a Wide Band Gap Synthesized On Surface via Stepwise Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15958-15962. [PMID: 32516498 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Developing graphene-like two-dimensional materials naturally possessing a band gap has sparked enormous interest. Thanks to the inherent wide band gap and high mobility in the 2D plane, covalent organic frameworks containing triazine rings (t-COFs) hold great promise in this regard, whilst the synthesis of single-layer t-COFs remains highly challenging. Herein, we present the fabrication of a well-defined graphene-like t-COF on Au(111). Instead of single/multiple-step single-type reactions commonly applied for on-surface synthesis, distinct stepwise on-surface reactions, including alkynyl cyclotrimerization, C-O bond cleavage, and C-H bond activation, are triggered on demand, leading to product evolution in a controlled step-by-step manner. Aside from the precise control in sophisticated on-surface synthesis, this work proposes a single-atomic-layer organic semiconductor with a wide band gap of 3.41 eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lev N Kantorovich
- Department of Physics, King's College London, The Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Qiang Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| |
Collapse
|