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Sun H, Khemissi S, Kleiner I, Nguyen HVL. Low barriers to internal rotation in the microwave spectrum of 2,5-dimethylfluorobenzene. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:094302. [PMID: 38436444 DOI: 10.1063/5.0185005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the rotational spectrum of 2,5-dimethylfluorobenzene containing coupled large amplitude motions of two methyl groups in the frequency range from 2 to 26.5 GHz using a pulsed molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. The internal rotation of two inequivalent methyl groups with low torsional barriers (around 16 and 226 cm-1) causes splittings of all rotational transitions into quintets with separations of up to hundreds of MHz between the torsional components. Spectral analysis and modeling of the observed splittings were performed using the programs XIAM and BELGI-Cs-2Tops, whereby the latter achieved measurement accuracy. The methyl internal rotation can be used to examine the electronic and steric environments around the methyl group because they affect the methyl torsional barrier. Electronic properties play a particularly important role in aromatic molecules in the presence of a π-conjugated double bond system. The experimental results were compared with those of quantum chemistry. Benchmark calculations resulted in the conclusion that the B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory can be recommended for predicting rotational constants to guide the microwave spectral assignment of dimethylfluorobenzenes in particular and toluene derivatives in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Sun
- Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Safa Khemissi
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Kleiner
- Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231 Paris, France
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2
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Sutikdja LW, Nguyen HVL, Jelisavac D, Stahl W, Mouhib H. Benchmarking quantum chemical methods for accurate gas-phase structure predictions of carbonyl compounds: the case of ethyl butyrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7688-7696. [PMID: 36857713 PMCID: PMC10015624 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05774c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution spectroscopy techniques play a pivotal role to validate and efficiently benchmark available methods from quantum chemistry. In this work, we analyzed the microwave spectrum of ethyl butyrate within the scope of a systematic investigation to benchmark state-of-the-art exchange-correlation functionals and ab initio methods, to accurately predict the lowest energy conformers of carbonyl compounds in their isolated state. Under experimental conditions, we observed two distinct conformers, one of Cs and one of C1 symmetry. As reported earlier in the cases of some ethyl and methyl alkynoates, structural optimizations of the most abundant conformer that exhibits a C1 symmetry proved extremely challenging for several quantum chemical levels. To probe the sensitivity of different methods and basis sets, we use the identified soft-degree of freedom in proximity to the carbonyl group as an order parameter. The results of our study provide useful insight for spectroscopists to select an adapted method for structure prediction of carbonyl compounds based on their available computational resources, suggesting a reasonable trade-off between accuracy and CPU cost. At the same time, our observations and the resulting sets of highly accurate experimental constants from high-resolution spectroscopy experiments give an appeal to theoretical groups to look further into this seemingly simple family of chemical compounds, which may prove useful for the further development and parametrization of theoretical methods in computational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian W Sutikdja
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010, Créteil, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Dragan Jelisavac
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stahl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Halima Mouhib
- Department of Computer Science, VU Bioinformatics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1111, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dindić C, Barth M, Nguyen HVL. Two methyl internal rotations of 2-acetyl-4-methylthiophene explored by microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121505. [PMID: 35797884 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The microwave spectrum of 2-acetyl-4-methylthiophene (2A4MT) was recorded in the frequency range from 2 to 26.5 GHz using a molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer, revealing two conformers, syn and anti. Both methyl groups in the molecule, the acetyl methyl and the ring methyl groups, undergo internal rotation, causing resolvable splittings of all rotational transitions into quintets. The torsional barriers determined for the acetyl methyl and the ring methyl rotors are 324.919(94) cm-1 and 210.7181(61) cm-1 for the syn conformer; the respective values for anti-2A4MT are 281.201(17) cm-1 and 212.9797(41) cm-1. The experimentally deduced rotational constants and torsional barriers are compared to values obtained from quantum chemical calculations. The barriers to methyl internal rotation are also compared to those of related molecules in order to establish a "thiophene class" concerning the acetyl methyl torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dindić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mike Barth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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The LAM of the Rings: Large Amplitude Motions in Aromatic Molecules Studied by Microwave Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123948. [PMID: 35745072 PMCID: PMC9230607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Large amplitude motions (LAMs) form a fundamental phenomenon that demands the development of specific theoretical and Hamiltonian models. In recent years, along with the strong progress in instrumental techniques on high-resolution microwave spectroscopy and computational capacity in quantum chemistry, studies on LAMs have become very diverse. Larger and more complex molecular systems have been taken under investigation, ranging from series of heteroaromatic molecules from five- and six-membered rings to polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbon derivatives. Such systems are ideally suited to create families of molecules in which the positions and the number of LAMs can be varied, while the heteroatoms often provide a sufficient dipole moment to the systems to warrant the observation of their rotational spectra. This review will summarize three types of LAMs: internal rotation, inversion tunneling, and ring puckering, which are frequently observed in aromatic five-membered rings such as furan, thiophene, pyrrole, thiazole, and oxazole derivatives, in aromatic six-membered rings such as benzene, pyridine, and pyrimidine derivatives, and larger combined rings such as naphthalene, indole, and indan derivatives. For each molecular class, we will present the representatives and summarize the recent insights on the molecular structure and internal dynamics and how they help to advance the field of quantum mechanics.
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Dang NN, Pham HN, Kleiner I, Schwell M, Grabow JU, Nguyen HVL. Methyl Internal Rotation in Fruit Esters: Chain-Length Effect Observed in the Microwave Spectrum of Methyl Hexanoate. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092639. [PMID: 35565991 PMCID: PMC9105109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The gas-phase structures of the fruit ester methyl hexanoate, CH3-O-(C=O)-C5H11, have been determined using a combination of molecular jet Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. The microwave spectrum was measured in the frequency range of 3 to 23 GHz. Two conformers were assigned, one with Cs symmetry and the other with C1 symmetry where the γ-carbon atom of the hexyl chain is in a gauche orientation in relation to the carbonyl bond. Splittings of all rotational lines into doublets were observed due to internal rotation of the methoxy methyl group CH3-O, from which torsional barriers of 417 cm−1 and 415 cm−1, respectively, could be deduced. Rotational constants obtained from geometry optimizations at various levels of theory were compared to the experimental values, confirming the soft degree of freedom of the (C=O)-C bond observed for the C1 conformer of shorter methyl alkynoates like methyl butyrate and methyl valerate. Comparison of the barriers to methyl internal rotation of methyl hexanoate to those of other CH3-O-(C=O)-R molecules leads to the conclusion that though the barrier height is relatively constant at about 420 cm−1, it decreases in molecules with longer R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu-Ngoc Dang
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam; (N.-N.D.); (H.-N.P.)
| | - Hoang-Nam Pham
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Vietnam; (N.-N.D.); (H.-N.P.)
| | - Isabelle Kleiner
- Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Martin Schwell
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, 94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Jens-Uwe Grabow
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.-U.G.); (H.V.L.N.)
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, 94010 Créteil, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (J.-U.G.); (H.V.L.N.)
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Dindić C, Ludovicy J, Terzi V, Lüchow A, Vogt N, Demaison J, Nguyen HVL. Determination of the semiexperimental equilibrium structure of 2-acetylthiophene in the presence of methyl internal rotation and substituent effects compared to thiophene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3804-3815. [PMID: 35084004 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04478h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The microwave spectra of thiophene and 2-acetylthiophene were recorded in the frequency range from 2 to 40 GHz using two molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometers. For 2-acetylthiophene, two conformers with a syn and an anti orientation of the S1-C2 and C6O bonds (with respect to the C2-C6 bond) were identified, and the syn-conformer was more stable. The spectra of the 34S- and 13C-isotopologues of syn-2-acetylthiophene were also assigned, and the semiexperimental equilibrium structure could be determined. Compared to thiophene, at the substitution position, the S1-C2 and C2C3 bond lengths both increase by about 0.007 Å, and the bond angle S1-C2C3 decreases by 0.06°, noticeably larger than the experimental uncertainties. A-E torsional splittings were observed due to internal rotation of the methyl group hindered by a barrier height of 330.187(35) and 295.957(17) cm-1 for the syn-conformer and the anti-conformer, respectively. Geometry and internal rotation parameters are compared with those of related thiophene derivatives, as well as those of furan and 2-acetylthiophene to gain a better understanding of structure determination in the presence of methyl internal rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dindić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Jil Ludovicy
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Vladimir Terzi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Arne Lüchow
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Natalja Vogt
- Section of Chemical Information Systems, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, Ulm 89081, Germany.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Jean Demaison
- Section of Chemical Information Systems, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université de Paris, CNRS, LISA, Créteil 94010, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris cedex 05 75231, France.
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Buschmann P, Lengsfeld KG, Djahandideh J, Grabow JU. From rotational resolved spectra to an extended increment system of planar moments allowing ad-hoc conformational identification – Exemplification by the broadband microwave spectrum of α-hydroxyisobutyric acid. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Dindić C, Nguyen HVL. Microwave Spectrum of Two-Top Molecule: 2-Acetyl-3-Methylthiophene. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2420-2428. [PMID: 34546633 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The microwave spectrum of 2-acetyl-3-methylthiophene (2A3MT) was recorded in the frequency range from 2 to 26.5 GHz using a molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer and could be fully assigned to the anti-conformer of the molecule, while the syn-conformer was not observable. Torsional splittings of all rotational transitions in quintets due to internal rotations of the acetyl methyl and the ring methyl groups were resolved and analyzed, yielding barriers to internal rotation of 306.184(46) cm-1 and 321.813(64) cm-1 , respectively. The rotational and centrifugal distortion constants were determined with high accuracy, and the experimental values are compared to those derived from quantum chemical calculations. The experimentally determined inertial defect supports the conclusion that anti-2A3MT is planar, even though a number of MP2 calculations predicted the contrary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dindić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université de Paris, CNRS, LISA, 94010, Créteil, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
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Dindić C, Lüchow A, Vogt N, Demaison J, Nguyen HVL. Equilibrium Structure in the Presence of Methyl Internal Rotation: Microwave Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry Study of the Two Conformers of 2-Acetylfuran. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4986-4997. [PMID: 34080419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For 2-acetylfuran, quantum chemistry predicted and proton magnetic resonance study reported two conformers, anti and syn, differing in the position of the carbonyl group with respect to the O1-C2 bond of the furan ring. The microwave spectrum of the title molecule was recorded in the frequency range from 2 to 26.5 GHz using a molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer, confirming the presence of both conformers. Spectroscopic parameters such as the rotational and centrifugal distortion constants could be determined with high precision. The spectra of all 13C- and 18O-isotopologues of the energetically more favorable anti-conformer could be assigned, allowing the experimental determination of bond lengths and bond angles from the heavy atom substitution rs and the semi-experimental equilibrium reSE structures. Splittings arising from the internal rotation of the acetyl methyl group could be resolved for both conformers as well as for all assigned isotopologues, from which the barrier to methyl internal rotation was determined. The torsional barrier is largely invariant at around 319 cm-1 in the parent species of anti-2-acetylfuran and its isotopologues, showing that though isotopic substitution greatly influences the rotational properties of the molecule and causes a different microwave spectrum, its effect on the methyl torsion is negligible. On the other hand, conformational effects play a decisive role, as the torsional barrier of 239.780(13) cm-1 found for syn-2-acetylfuran differs significantly from the value for anti-2-acetylfuran. The results are compared and discussed with other methyl-substituted furan derivatives and acetyl group containing ketones for a better understanding of different effects influencing molecular geometry parameters and methyl internal rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dindić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Arne Lüchow
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalja Vogt
- Section of Chemical Information Systems, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jean Demaison
- Section of Chemical Information Systems, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), CNRS UMR 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Nguyen HVL, Andresen M, Stahl W. Conformational sampling and large amplitude motion of methyl valerate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2930-2937. [PMID: 33480919 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The microwave spectrum of the fruit ester methyl valerate was recorded using two molecular jet Fourier transform spectrometers covering the frequency range from 2 to 40 GHz. Quantum chemical calculations yielded 11 minima for the anti ester configuration, among them two were identified in the experimental spectrum. The methyl group in the methoxy moiety undergoes internal rotation, leading to torsional splittings of all rotational transitions into doublets. The barrier to internal rotation of the methoxy methyl group was deduced to be 417.724(70) cm-1 and 418.059(27) cm-1 for the C1 and the Cs conformer, respectively, essentially the same values as those in methyl alkanoates with shorter alkyl chains, which are methyl acetate, methyl propionate and methyl butyrate. Geometry parameters such as the rotational and centrifugal distortion constants could be determined with very high accuracy. Optimisations at different levels of theory were performed for a comparison with the experimental results. The MP2/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory failed to calculate reliable rotational constants to guide the assigment of the C1 conformer, while the MP2/cc-pVDZ level fully succeeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), CNRS UMR 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94010 Créteil cedex, France. and Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Maike Andresen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), CNRS UMR 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94010 Créteil cedex, France. and Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stahl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Nguyen HVL, Kleiner I. Understanding (coupled) large amplitude motions: the interplay of microwave spectroscopy, spectral modeling, and quantum chemistry. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A large variety of molecules contain large amplitude motions (LAMs), inter alia internal rotation and inversion tunneling, resulting in tunneling splittings in their rotational spectrum. We will present the modern strategy to study LAMs using a combination of molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy, spectral modeling, and quantum chemical calculations to characterize such systems by the analysis of their rotational spectra. This interplay is particularly successful in decoding complex spectra revealing LAMs and providing reference data for fundamental physics, astrochemistry, atmospheric/environmental chemistry and analytics, or fundamental researches in physical chemistry. Addressing experimental key aspects, a brief presentation on the two most popular types of state-of-the-art Fourier transform microwave spectrometer technology, i.e., pulsed supersonic jet expansion–based spectrometers employing narrow-band pulse or broad-band chirp excitation, will be given first. Secondly, the use of quantum chemistry as a supporting tool for rotational spectroscopy will be discussed with emphasis on conformational analysis. Several computer codes for fitting rotational spectra exhibiting fine structure arising from LAMs are discussed with their advantages and drawbacks. Furthermore, a number of examples will provide an overview on the wealth of information that can be drawn from the rotational spectra, leading to new insights into the molecular structure and dynamics. The focus will be on the interpretation of potential barriers and how LAMs can act as sensors within molecules to help us understand the molecular behavior in the laboratory and nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), CNRS UMR 7583 , Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94010 , Créteil , France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) , 1 rue Descartes, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Isabelle Kleiner
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), CNRS UMR 7583 , Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace , 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94010 , Créteil , France
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