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Chawananon S, Goubet M, Pirali O, Georges R, Roucou A, Hadj Said I, Senent ML, Cuisset A, Asselin P. High resolution far-infrared synchrotron spectroscopy of 2-furfural conformers: Fundamental and hot bands. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:014308. [PMID: 38958165 DOI: 10.1063/5.0213834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In the continuity of a previous jet-cooled rovibrational study of trans and cis conformers of 2-furfural in the mid-infrared region (700-1750 cm-1) [Chawananon et al., Molecules 28 (10), 4165 (2023)], the present work investigates the far-infrared spectroscopy of 2-furfural using a long path absorption cell coupled to a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer and synchrotron radiation at the AILES beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron. Guided by anharmonic calculations, vibrational energy levels and excited-state rotational constants are sufficiently predictive for a complete assignment of all fundamental and combination bands up to 700 cm-1, as well as the rovibrational analysis of 4 (1) low-frequency modes of trans-(cis-)2-furfural. A global rovibrational simulation, including far-infrared rovibrational lines and microwave and millimeter-wave rotational lines assigned in a previous study [Motiyenko et al., J. Mol. Spectrosc., 244, 9 (2007)] provides a reliable set of ground- and excited-state rotational parameters involving ring torsion, bending, and ring puckering modes of 2-furfural. In a second step, a rovibrational analysis of several hot band sequences, mainly involving the lowest frequency ring CHO torsion mode, is carried out. Reliable values of some anharmonic coefficients are obtained experimentally and could serve as a benchmark for validating advanced anharmonic calculations related to these large amplitude motions of flexible molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathapana Chawananon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, MONARIS, UMR 8233, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Manuel Goubet
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Olivier Pirali
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Robert Georges
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Anthony Roucou
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, F-59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Ikram Hadj Said
- USTHB, Laboratory of Thermodynamics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Chemistry, BP32, El Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
- Departamento de Química y Física Teóricas, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Unidad Asociada GIFMAN, CSIC-UHU, Serrano121, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - María Luisa Senent
- Departamento de Química y Física Teóricas, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Unidad Asociada GIFMAN, CSIC-UHU, Serrano121, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Arnaud Cuisset
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, F-59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Pierre Asselin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, MONARIS, UMR 8233, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France
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Khemissi S, Schwell M, Kleiner I, Nguyen HVL. Approaching the free rotor limit: extremely low methyl torsional barrier observed in the microwave spectrum of 2,4-dimethylfluorobenzene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:402-411. [PMID: 38078469 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04748b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The microwave spectrum of 2,4-dimethylfluorobenzene was recorded using a molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer in the frequency range from 2.0 to 26.5 GHz. The spectral assignment and modeling were challenging due to the large tunnelling splittings resulting from the very low barrier to internal rotation of the p-methyl group that approaches the free rotor limit. Internal rotation splittings arising from two inequivalent o- and p-methyl groups were observed, analysed and modelled using the modified version of the XIAM code and the BELGI-Cs-2Tops code, giving a root-mean-square deviation of 549.1 kHz and 4.5 kHz, respectively, for a data set of 885 rotational lines. The torsional barriers of the o- and p-methyl groups were determined to be 227.039(51) cm-1 and 3.23(40) cm-1, respectively. The V3 barrier observed for the p-methyl group is lower than in any other para-methyl substituted toluene derivatives with coupled internal rotations, becoming the lowest value ever observed to date. The barrier to internal rotation of the o-methyl group next to a fluorine atom is consistently around 220 cm-1, as confirmed by comparing it to barriers observed in other toluene derivatives. The experimental rotational constants were compared to those obtained by quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Khemissi
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France.
| | - Martin Schwell
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France.
| | - Isabelle Kleiner
- Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231 Paris, France
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Chawananon S, Asselin P, Claus JA, Goubet M, Roucou A, Georges R, Sobczuk J, Bracquart C, Pirali O, Cuisset A. Rovibrational Spectroscopy of Trans and Cis Conformers of 2-Furfural from High-Resolution Fourier Transform and QCL Infrared Measurements. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104165. [PMID: 37241905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ortho-isomer 2-furfural (2-FF), which is a primary atmospheric pollutant produced from biomass combustion, is also involved in oxidation processes leading to the formation of secondary organic aerosols. Its contribution to radiative forcing remains poorly understood. Thus, monitoring 2-FF directly in the atmosphere or in atmospheric simulation chambers to characterize its reactivity is merited. The present study reports an extensive jet-cooled rovibrational study of trans and cis conformers of 2-FF in the mid-IR region using two complementary setups: a continuous supersonic jet coupled to a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer on the IR beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron (JET-AILES), and a pulsed jet coupled to a mid-IR tunable quantum cascade laser spectrometer (SPIRALES). Firstly, jet-cooled spectra recorded at rotational temperatures ranging between 20 and 50 K were exploited to derive reliable excited-state molecular parameters of trans- and cis-2-FF vibrational bands in the fingerprint region. The parameters were obtained from global fits of 11,376 and 3355 lines distributed over eight and three vibrational states (including the ground state), respectively, with a root mean square of 12 MHz. In a second step, the middle resolution spectrum of 2-FF recorded at 298.15 K and available in the HITRAN database was reconstructed by extrapolating the data derived from our low-temperature high-resolution analyses to determine the cross sections of each vibrational band of both 2-FF conformers in the 700-1800 cm-1 region. Finally, we clearly demonstrated that the contribution of hot bands observed in the room temperature 2-FF spectrum, estimated between 40 and 63% of the fundamental band, must be imperatively introduced in our simulation to correctly reproduce the HITRAN vibrational cross sections of 2-FF with a deviation smaller than 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathapana Chawananon
- Sorbonne Université, MONARIS, CNRS, UMR8233, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Asselin
- Sorbonne Université, MONARIS, CNRS, UMR8233, 4 Pl Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jordan A Claus
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Manuel Goubet
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anthony Roucou
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, F-59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Robert Georges
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Joanna Sobczuk
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Colwyn Bracquart
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR8523-PhLAM-Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, F-59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Olivier Pirali
- Université de Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Arnaud Cuisset
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, F-59140 Dunkerque, France
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Baweja S, Antonelli E, Hussain S, Fernández-Ramos A, Kleiner I, Nguyen HVL, Sanz ME. Revealing Internal Rotation and 14N Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling in the Atmospheric Pollutant 4-Methyl-2-nitrophenol: Interplay of Microwave Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052153. [PMID: 36903397 PMCID: PMC10004196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and interactions of oxygenated aromatic molecules are of atmospheric interest due to their toxicity and as precursors of aerosols. Here, we present the analysis of 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol (4MNP) using chirped pulse and Fabry-Pérot Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. The rotational, centrifugal distortion, and 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of the lowest-energy conformer of 4MNP were determined as well as the barrier to methyl internal rotation. The latter has a value of 106.4456(8) cm-1, significantly larger than those from related molecules with only one hydroxyl or nitro substituent in the same para or meta positions, respectively, as 4MNP. Our results serve as a basis to understand the interactions of 4MNP with atmospheric molecules and the influence of the electronic environment on methyl internal rotation barrier heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Baweja
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Eleonore Antonelli
- Université Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
| | - Safia Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Antonio Fernández-Ramos
- Departamento de Química Física and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabelle Kleiner
- Université Paris Cité and Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, LISA, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Université Paris Est Créteil and Université Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, F-94010 Créteil, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, F-75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (H.V.L.N.); (M.E.S.)
| | - M. Eugenia Sanz
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
- Correspondence: (H.V.L.N.); (M.E.S.)
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Elmaleh C, Simon F, Decker J, Dumont J, Cazier F, Fourmentin M, Bocquet R, Cuisset A, Mouret G, Hindle F. THz cavity ring-down quantitative gas phase spectroscopy. Talanta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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The LAM of the Rings: Large Amplitude Motions in Aromatic Molecules Studied by Microwave Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123948. [PMID: 35745072 PMCID: PMC9230607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Large amplitude motions (LAMs) form a fundamental phenomenon that demands the development of specific theoretical and Hamiltonian models. In recent years, along with the strong progress in instrumental techniques on high-resolution microwave spectroscopy and computational capacity in quantum chemistry, studies on LAMs have become very diverse. Larger and more complex molecular systems have been taken under investigation, ranging from series of heteroaromatic molecules from five- and six-membered rings to polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbon derivatives. Such systems are ideally suited to create families of molecules in which the positions and the number of LAMs can be varied, while the heteroatoms often provide a sufficient dipole moment to the systems to warrant the observation of their rotational spectra. This review will summarize three types of LAMs: internal rotation, inversion tunneling, and ring puckering, which are frequently observed in aromatic five-membered rings such as furan, thiophene, pyrrole, thiazole, and oxazole derivatives, in aromatic six-membered rings such as benzene, pyridine, and pyrimidine derivatives, and larger combined rings such as naphthalene, indole, and indan derivatives. For each molecular class, we will present the representatives and summarize the recent insights on the molecular structure and internal dynamics and how they help to advance the field of quantum mechanics.
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Vigorito A, Calabrese C, Maris A, Loru D, Peña I, Sanz ME, Melandri S. The Shapes of Sulfonamides: A Rotational Spectroscopy Study. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092820. [PMID: 35566169 PMCID: PMC9101976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzenesulfonamides are a class of molecules of extreme interest in the biochemical field because many of them are active against a variety of diseases. In this work, the pharmacophoric group benzensulfonamide, its derivatives para-toluensulfonamide and ortho-toluensulfonamide, and the bioactive molecule sulfanilamide, were investigated using rotational spectroscopy to determine their conformations and the influence of different substituents on their structures. For all species, the hyperfine structure due to the 14N atom was analyzed, and this provided crucial information for the unambiguous identification of the observed conformation of all molecules. In addition, for ortho-toluensulfonamide, the vibration–rotation hyperfine structure related to the methyl torsion was analyzed, and the methyl group rotation barrier was determined. For benzensulfonamide, partial rS and r0 structures were established from the experimental rotational constants of the parent and two deuterated isotopic species. In all compounds except ortho-toluensulfonamide, the amino group of the sulfonamide group lies perpendicular to the benzene plane with the aminic hydrogens eclipsing the oxygen atoms. In ortho-toluensulfonamide, where weak attractive interactions occur between the nitrogen lone pair and the methyl hydrogen atoms, the amino group lies in a gauche orientation, retaining the eclipsed configuration with respect to the SO2 frame. A comparison of the geometrical arrangements found in the PDB database allowed us to understand that the bioactive conformations are different from those found in isolated conditions. The conformations within the receptor are reached with an energy cost, which is balanced by the interactions established in the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Vigorito
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” dell’Università, via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.V.); (C.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Camilla Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” dell’Università, via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.V.); (C.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Assimo Maris
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” dell’Università, via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.V.); (C.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Donatella Loru
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK; (D.L.); (I.P.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Isabel Peña
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK; (D.L.); (I.P.); (M.E.S.)
| | - M. Eugenia Sanz
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK; (D.L.); (I.P.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Sonia Melandri
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” dell’Università, via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.V.); (C.C.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Nguyen T, Stahl W, Nguyen HVL, Kleiner I. Local vs global approaches to treat two equivalent methyl internal rotations and 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling of 2,5-dimethylpyrrole. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204304. [PMID: 34241162 DOI: 10.1063/5.0049418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The microwave spectrum of 2,5-dimethylpyrrole was recorded using a molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer operating in the frequency range from 2 to 26.5 GHz. Only one stable conformer was observed as expected and confirmed by quantum chemical calculations carried out to complement the experimental analysis. The two equivalent methyl groups cause each rotational transition to split into four torsional species, which is combined with the quadrupole hyperfine splittings in the same order of magnitude arising from the 14N nucleus. This results in a complicated spectrum feature. The spectral assignment was done separately for each torsional species. Two global fits were carried out using the XIAM code and the BELGI-C2v-2Tops-hyperfine code, a modified version of the BELGI-C2v-2Tops code, giving satisfactory root-mean-square deviations. The potential barriers to internal rotation of the two methyl groups were determined to be V3 = 317.208(16) cm-1. The molecular parameters were obtained with high accuracy, providing all necessary ground state information for further investigations in higher frequency ranges and on excited torsional-vibrational states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), CNRS UMR 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Wolfgang Stahl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), CNRS UMR 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Kleiner
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), CNRS UMR 7583, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Université de Paris, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
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Bruckhuisen J, Dhont G, Roucou A, Jabri A, Bayoudh H, Tran TT, Goubet M, Martin-Drumel MA, Cuisset A. Intramolecular H-Bond Dynamics of Catechol Investigated by THz High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Its Low-Frequency Modes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123645. [PMID: 34203730 PMCID: PMC8232127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechol is an oxygenated aromatic volatile organic compound and a biogenic precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Monitoring this compound in the gas phase is desirable due to its appreciable reactivity with tropospheric ozone. From a molecular point of view, this molecule is attractive since the two adjacent hydroxy groups can interchangeably act as donor and acceptor in an intramolecular hydrogen bonding due to the tunnelling between two symmetrically equivalent structures. Using synchrotron radiation, we recorded a rotationally-resolved Fourier Transform far-infrared (IR) spectrum of the torsional modes of the free and bonded -OH groups forming the intramolecular hydrogen bond. Additionally, the room temperature, pure rotational spectrum was measured in the 70–220 GHz frequency range using a millimeter-wave spectrometer. The assignment of these molecular transitions was assisted by anharmonic high-level quantum-chemical calculations. In particular, pure rotational lines belonging to the ground and the four lowest energy, vibrationally excited states were assigned. Splitting due to the tunnelling was resolved for the free -OH torsional state. A global fit combining the far-IR and millimeter-wave data provided the spectroscopic parameters of the low-energy far-IR modes, in particular those characterizing the intramolecular hydrogen bond dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bruckhuisen
- UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, F-59140 Dunkerque, France; (J.B.); (G.D.); (A.R.); (A.J.); (H.B.); (T.T.T.)
| | - Guillaume Dhont
- UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, F-59140 Dunkerque, France; (J.B.); (G.D.); (A.R.); (A.J.); (H.B.); (T.T.T.)
| | - Anthony Roucou
- UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, F-59140 Dunkerque, France; (J.B.); (G.D.); (A.R.); (A.J.); (H.B.); (T.T.T.)
| | - Atef Jabri
- UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, F-59140 Dunkerque, France; (J.B.); (G.D.); (A.R.); (A.J.); (H.B.); (T.T.T.)
| | - Hamdi Bayoudh
- UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, F-59140 Dunkerque, France; (J.B.); (G.D.); (A.R.); (A.J.); (H.B.); (T.T.T.)
| | - Thi Thanh Tran
- UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, F-59140 Dunkerque, France; (J.B.); (G.D.); (A.R.); (A.J.); (H.B.); (T.T.T.)
| | - Manuel Goubet
- UMR8523—PhLAM—Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, Université de Lille, CNRS, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | | | - Arnaud Cuisset
- UR4493, LPCA, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, F-59140 Dunkerque, France; (J.B.); (G.D.); (A.R.); (A.J.); (H.B.); (T.T.T.)
- Correspondence:
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