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Germline mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene in Algerian familial adenomatous polyposis cohort: first report. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3823-3837. [PMID: 35142982 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial adenomatous polyposis (known also as classical or severe FAP) is a rare autosomal dominant colorectal cancer predisposition syndrome, characterized by the presence of hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum from an early age. In the absence of prophylactic surgery, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the inevitable consequence of FAP. The vast majority of FAP is caused by germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene (5q21). To date, most of the germline mutations in classical FAP result in truncation of the APC protein and 60% are mainly located within exon 15. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this first nationwide study, we investigated the clinical and genetic features of 52 unrelated Algerian FAP families. We screened by PCR-direct sequencing the entire exon 15 of APC gene in 50 families and two families have been analyzed by NGS using a cancer panel of 30 hereditary cancer genes. RESULTS Among 52 FAP index cases, 36 had 100 or more than 100 polyps, 37 had strong family history of FAP, 5 developed desmoids tumors, 15 had extra colonic manifestations and 21 had colorectal cancer. We detected 13 distinct germline mutations in 17 FAP families. Interestingly, 4 novel APC germline pathogenic variants never described before have been identified in our study. CONCLUSIONS The accumulating knowledge about the prevalence and nature of APC variants in Algerian population will contribute in the near future to the implementation of genetic testing and counseling for FAP patients.
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Stefani C, Miricescu D, Stanescu-Spinu II, Nica RI, Greabu M, Totan AR, Jinga M. Growth Factors, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis: Where Are We Now? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910260. [PMID: 34638601 PMCID: PMC8508474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a predominant malignancy worldwide, being the fourth most common cause of mortality and morbidity. The CRC incidence in adolescents, young adults, and adult populations is increasing every year. In the pathogenesis of CRC, various factors are involved including diet, sedentary life, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, gut microbiota, diabetes, and genetic mutations. The CRC tumor microenvironment (TME) involves the complex cooperation between tumoral cells with stroma, immune, and endothelial cells. Cytokines and several growth factors (GFs) will sustain CRC cell proliferation, survival, motility, and invasion. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Insulin-like growth factor -1 receptor (IGF-1R), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor -A (VEGF-A) are overexpressed in various human cancers including CRC. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and all the three major subfamilies of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways may be activated by GFs and will further play key roles in CRC development. The main aim of this review is to present the CRC incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, and the impact of GFs during its development. Moreover, the article describes the relationship between EGF, IGF, VEGF, GFs inhibitors, PI3K/AKT/mTOR-MAPK signaling pathways, and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Stefani
- Department of Family Medicine and Clinical Base, ‘‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 051075 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Daniela Miricescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.-I.S.-S.); (A.R.T.)
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Iulia-Ioana Stanescu-Spinu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.-I.S.-S.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Remus Iulian Nica
- Surgery 2, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 051075 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Maria Greabu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.-I.S.-S.); (A.R.T.)
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Alexandra Ripszky Totan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.-I.S.-S.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Mariana Jinga
- Department of Gastroenterology, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 051075 Bucharest, Romania;
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Ghadamyari F, Heidari MM, Zeinali S, Khatami M, Merat S, Bagherian H, Rejali L, Ghasemi F. Mutational screening through comprehensive bioinformatics analysis to detect novel germline mutations in the APC gene in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23768. [PMID: 33769591 PMCID: PMC8128300 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) as a colon cancer predisposition syndrome is an autosomal‐dominant inherited condition and is diagnosed by the progress of hundreds or thousands of adenomatous colonic polyps in the colon. This study aims at the nature and effect of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) gene mutations in FAP tumorigenesis. Methods The genetic screening of 59 FAP Iranian patients in 10 families was performed by polymerase chain reactions and the direct sequencing of the entire coding exons of the APC gene. To do linkage haplotype analysis and multiplex PCR‐based microsatellite examination, six short tandem repeat loci were selected in this gene. To evaluate and predict the potentially deleterious effects, comprehensive bioinformatics pathogenicity assays were used. Results A total of 12 germline heterozygous and homozygous nucleotide variations were identified. They included two missense mutations, four nonsense mutations, which would lead to the truncated and nonfunctional protein products, four synonymous or silent variations, and two nucleotide deletions of 1 to 5 bp or frameshift mutations. In addition, three novel heterozygous nonsense mutations were found in exons 10, 14, and 15 of the gene. There was also p.Arg653Met as a novel heterozygote mutation in exon 14 of the gene. Conclusions Bioinformatics analysis and three‐dimensional structural modeling predicted that these missense and nonsense mutations generally are associated with the deleted or truncated domains of APC and have functional importance and mainly affected the APC protein. These findings may provide evidence for the progress of potential biomarkers and help to understand the role of the APC gene in FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sirous Zeinali
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Khatami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Shahin Merat
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Bagherian
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leili Rejali
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Ghasemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
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Garza-Rodríguez ML, Treviño V, Pérez-Maya AA, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez HF, González-Escamilla M, Elizondo-Riojas MÁ, Ramírez-Correa GA, Vidal-Gutiérrez O, Burciaga-Flores CH, Pérez-Ibave DC. Identification of a Novel Pathogenic Rearrangement Variant of the APC Gene Associated with a Variable Spectrum of Familial Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030411. [PMID: 33670908 PMCID: PMC7997431 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal-dominant condition characterized by the presence of multiple colorectal adenomas, caused by germline variants in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. More than 300 germline variants have been characterized. The detection of novel variants is important to understand the mechanisms of pathophysiology. We identified a novel pathogenic germline variant using next-generation sequencing (NGS) in a proband patient. The variant is a complex rearrangement (c.422+1123_532-577 del ins 423-1933_423-1687 inv) that generates a complete deletion of exon 5 of the APC gene. To study the variant in other family members, we designed an endpoint PCR method followed by Sanger sequencing. The variant was identified in the proband patient's mother, one daughter, her brother, two cousins, a niece, and a second nephew. In patients where the variant was identified, we found atypical clinical symptoms, including mandibular, ovarian, breast, pancreatic, and gastric cancer. Genetic counseling and cancer prevention strategies were provided for the family. According to the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines, this novel variant is considered a PVS1 variant (very strong evidence of pathogenicity), and it can be useful in association with clinical data for early surveillance and suitable treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lourdes Garza-Rodríguez
- Centro Universitario Contra el Cáncer (CUCC), Servicio de Oncología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Nuevo, León 64460, Mexico; (M.L.G.-R.); (H.F.R.-G.); (M.G.-E.); (M.Á.E.-R.); (O.V.-G.)
| | - Víctor Treviño
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Nuevo, León 64710, Mexico;
| | - Antonio Alí Pérez-Maya
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo, León 64460, Mexico;
| | - Hazyadee Frecia Rodríguez-Gutiérrez
- Centro Universitario Contra el Cáncer (CUCC), Servicio de Oncología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Nuevo, León 64460, Mexico; (M.L.G.-R.); (H.F.R.-G.); (M.G.-E.); (M.Á.E.-R.); (O.V.-G.)
| | - Moisés González-Escamilla
- Centro Universitario Contra el Cáncer (CUCC), Servicio de Oncología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Nuevo, León 64460, Mexico; (M.L.G.-R.); (H.F.R.-G.); (M.G.-E.); (M.Á.E.-R.); (O.V.-G.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Elizondo-Riojas
- Centro Universitario Contra el Cáncer (CUCC), Servicio de Oncología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Nuevo, León 64460, Mexico; (M.L.G.-R.); (H.F.R.-G.); (M.G.-E.); (M.Á.E.-R.); (O.V.-G.)
| | - Genaro A. Ramírez-Correa
- Department of Molecular Science, UT Health Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78502, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Oscar Vidal-Gutiérrez
- Centro Universitario Contra el Cáncer (CUCC), Servicio de Oncología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Nuevo, León 64460, Mexico; (M.L.G.-R.); (H.F.R.-G.); (M.G.-E.); (M.Á.E.-R.); (O.V.-G.)
| | - Carlos Horacio Burciaga-Flores
- Centro Universitario Contra el Cáncer (CUCC), Servicio de Oncología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Nuevo, León 64460, Mexico; (M.L.G.-R.); (H.F.R.-G.); (M.G.-E.); (M.Á.E.-R.); (O.V.-G.)
- Correspondence: (C.H.B.-F.); or (D.C.P.-I.); Tel.: +52-(81)-83338111 (C.H.B.-F. & D.C.P.-I.)
| | - Diana Cristina Pérez-Ibave
- Centro Universitario Contra el Cáncer (CUCC), Servicio de Oncología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Nuevo, León 64460, Mexico; (M.L.G.-R.); (H.F.R.-G.); (M.G.-E.); (M.Á.E.-R.); (O.V.-G.)
- Correspondence: (C.H.B.-F.); or (D.C.P.-I.); Tel.: +52-(81)-83338111 (C.H.B.-F. & D.C.P.-I.)
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Bangaraiahgari R, Panchangam RB, Puthenveetil P, Mayilvaganan S, Bangaraiahgari R, Banala RR, Karunakaran P, Md R. Is there adenoma-carcinoma sequence between benign adenoma and papillary cancer of thyroid: A genomic linkage study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 60:695-700. [PMID: 33318795 PMCID: PMC7726453 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adenoma-carcinoma sequence in thyroid nodules is an enigmatic phenomenon. Genomics is the only definitive modality to resolve this hypothesis. Adenomas and papillary carcinomas tend to have mutations in RAS and highly specific BRAF gene respectively. In this context, we set out study the prevalence and clinical significance of these somatic mutations in surgical tissue samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective study was conducted on surgically managed thyroid nodule patients. Institutional ethical committee approval was obtained. Diagnosis was based on biochemical confirmation, imaging, fine needle aspiration cytology and later confirmed by histopathology. We selected 100 benign thyroid adenomas (BTA) and 100 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cases. Archived tumour tissue samples of selected cases were retrieved. After appropriate processing of samples, DNA extraction, cDNA preparation, PCR amplification, application of 4 sets of Primers were performed as part of mutational analysis of RAS (H-,K-,N-) and BRAF genes. RESULTS Homozygous mutations in N-RAS were found in 36/100 (36%) of BTA and 7/100 (7%) of PTC cases. No H-RAS or K-RAS mutations were found in both groups. Homozygous mutations were found in BRAF gene in 4/100 (4%) of BTA cases and 52/100 (52%) of PTC cases. The differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Similar N-RAS and BRAF mutations were prevalent in both benign and malignant thyroid nodules giving some evidence for linkage between them. Though not robust, we opine that there is possibility of adenoma-carcinoma sequence in thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramakanth Bhargav Panchangam
- Endocare Hospital, Suryaraopeta, Vijayawada, AP, 520002, India
- Corresponding author. Endocare Hospital, Vijayawada, AP, India.
| | | | | | | | | | - Poongkodi Karunakaran
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem, TN, India
| | - Rafi Md
- Department of Biochemistry, Surabhi Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Regulation of Wnt Signaling through Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113904. [PMID: 32486158 PMCID: PMC7311976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays important roles in embryonic development, homeostatic processes, cell differentiation, cell polarity, cell proliferation, and cell migration via the β-catenin binding of Wnt target genes. Dysregulation of Wnt signaling is associated with various diseases such as cancer, aging, Alzheimer’s disease, metabolic disease, and pigmentation disorders. Numerous studies entailing the Wnt signaling pathway have been conducted for various cancers. Diverse signaling factors mediate the up- or down-regulation of Wnt signaling through post-translational modifications (PTMs), and aberrant regulation is associated with several different malignancies in humans. Of the numerous PTMs involved, most Wnt signaling factors are regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination. Ubiquitination by E3 ligase attaches ubiquitins to target proteins and usually induces proteasomal degradation of Wnt signaling factors such as β-catenin, Axin, GSK3, and Dvl. Conversely, deubiquitination induced by the deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) detaches the ubiquitins and modulates the stability of signaling factors. In this review, we discuss the effects of ubiquitination and deubiquitination on the Wnt signaling pathway, and the inhibitors of DUBs that can be applied for cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Nieminen TT, Walker CJ, Olkinuora A, Genutis LK, O'Malley M, Wakely PE, LaGuardia L, Koskenvuo L, Arola J, Lepistö AH, Brock P, Yilmaz AS, Eisfeld AK, Church JM, Peltomäki P, de la Chapelle A. Thyroid Carcinomas That Occur in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patients Recurrently Harbor Somatic Variants in APC, BRAF, and KTM2D. Thyroid 2020; 30:380-388. [PMID: 32024448 PMCID: PMC7080217 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a condition typically caused by pathogenic germline mutations in the APC gene. In addition to colon polyps, individuals with FAP have a substantially increased risk of developing papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Little is known about the events underlying this association, and the prevalence of somatic "second-hit" mutations in APC is controversial. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing was performed on paired thyroid tumor and normal DNA from 12 FAP patients who developed PTC. Somatic mutation profiles were compared with clinical characteristics and previously sequenced sporadic PTC cases. Germline variant profiling was performed to assess the prevalence of variants in genes previously shown to have a role in PTC predisposition. Results: All 12 patients harbored germline mutations in APC, consistent with FAP. Seven patients also had somatic mutations in APC, and seven patients harbored somatic mutations in KMT2D, which encodes a lysine methyl transferase. Mutation of these genes is extremely rare in sporadic PTCs. Notably, only two of the tumors harbored the somatic BRAF p.V600E mutation, which is the most common driver mutation found in sporadic PTCs. Six tumors displayed a cribriform-morular variant of PTC (PTC-CMV) histology, and all six had somatic mutations in APC. Additionally, nine FAP-PTC patients had rare germline variants in genes that were previously associated with thyroid carcinoma. Conclusions: Our data indicate that FAP-associated PTCs typically have distinct mutations compared with sporadic PTCs. Roughly half of the thyroid cancers that arise in FAP patients have somatic "second-hits" in APC, which is associated with PTC-CMV histology. Somatic BRAF p.V600E variants also occur in some FAP patients, a novel finding. We speculate that in carriers of heterozygous pathogenic mutations of tumor suppressor genes such as APC, a cooperating second-hit somatic variant may occur in a different gene such as KTM2D or BRAF, leading to differences in phenotypes. The role of germline variance in genes other than APC (9 of the 12 patients in this series) needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina T. Nieminen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Address correspondence to: Taina T. Nieminen, PhD, Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 850 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Christopher J. Walker
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alisa Olkinuora
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luke K. Genutis
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Margaret O'Malley
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinical, Lakewood, Ohio
- Sanford R. Weiss MD Center for Hereditary Colorectal Neoplasia, Cleveland Clinic, Lakewood, Ohio
| | - Paul E. Wakely
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lisa LaGuardia
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinical, Lakewood, Ohio
- Sanford R. Weiss MD Center for Hereditary Colorectal Neoplasia, Cleveland Clinic, Lakewood, Ohio
| | - Laura Koskenvuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Arola
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna H. Lepistö
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pamela Brock
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ayse Selen Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ann-Kathrin Eisfeld
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James M. Church
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinical, Lakewood, Ohio
- Sanford R. Weiss MD Center for Hereditary Colorectal Neoplasia, Cleveland Clinic, Lakewood, Ohio
| | - Päivi Peltomäki
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert de la Chapelle
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Naeli P, Pourhanifeh MH, Karimzadeh MR, Shabaninejad Z, Movahedpour A, Tarrahimofrad H, Mirzaei HR, Bafrani HH, Savardashtaki A, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Circular RNAs and gastrointestinal cancers: Epigenetic regulators with a prognostic and therapeutic role. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 145:102854. [PMID: 31877535 PMCID: PMC6982584 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.102854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both environmental and genetic factors are involved in the initiation and development of gastrointestinal cancer. Covalent closed circular RNAs (circRNAs) are produced by a mechanism called "back-splicing" from mRNAs. They are highly stable and show cell and tissue specific expression patterns. Although some functions such as "microRNA sponge" and "RNA binding protein sponge" have been reported for a small number of circRNAs, the function of thousands of other circRNAs is still unknown. Dysregulation of circRNAs has been reported in many GI cancers and are involved in metastasis and invasion. CircRNAs have been reported to be useful as prognostic markers and targets for developing new treatments. We first describe the properties and biogenesis of circRNAs. We then summarize recent reports about circRNA functions, expression status, and their potential to be used as biomarkers in GI cancers including, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gallbladder cancer and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Naeli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Karimzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, School of Basic Sciences, TarbiatModares University, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Hassani Bafrani
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Liu Q, Tan YQ. Advances in Identification of Susceptibility Gene Defects of Hereditary Colorectal Cancer. J Cancer 2019; 10:643-653. [PMID: 30719162 PMCID: PMC6360424 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system worldwide, associated with hereditary genetic features. CRC with a Mendelian genetic predisposition accounts for approximately 5-10% of total CRC cases, mainly caused by a single germline mutation of a CRC susceptibility gene. The main subtypes of hereditary CRC are hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). With the rapid development of genetic testing methods, especially next-generation sequencing technology, multiple genes have now been confirmed to be pathogenic, including DNA repair or DNA mismatch repair genes such as APC, MLH1, and MSH2. Since familial CRC patients have poor clinical outcomes, timely clinical diagnosis and mutation screening of susceptibility genes will aid clinicians in establishing appropriate risk assessment and treatment interventions at a personal level. Here, we systematically summarize the susceptibility genes identified to date and the potential pathogenic mechanism of HNPCC and FAP development. Moreover, clinical recommendations for susceptibility gene screening, diagnosis, and treatment of HNPCC and FAP are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Yue-Qiu Tan
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
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Vardarajan BN, Beecham GW, Haines JL. Pedigree Selection and Information Content. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS 2018; 97:e56. [PMID: 30040223 DOI: 10.1002/cphg.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we discuss strategies for selection of families and family members for genetic studies. We will evaluate strategies to sample large families with multiply affected members, sibships, and nuclear families. In addition, we have added a section to discuss sub-sampling within pedigrees for large sequencing studies, particularly when genome-wide SNP chips are available on all members of a pedigree. The type of family sampled for a study will determine the statistical analyses and power of discovery of genetic findings. We will evaluate study designs that maximize power and allow for linkage and association analyses to identify genetic loci predisposing to phenotype. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri N Vardarajan
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York.,The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York.,The Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Gary W Beecham
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics and Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Nallamilli BRR, Hegde M. Genetic Testing for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 94:10.12.1-10.12.23. [PMID: 28696559 DOI: 10.1002/cphg.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also called Lynch syndrome, is an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome that confers an elevated risk of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) and increased lifetime risk for other cancers of the endometrium, stomach, small intestine, hepatobiliary system, kidney, ureter, and ovary. Lynch syndrome accounts for up to 3% of all CRC, making it the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. Germline mutations in methyl-directed mismatch repair (MMR) genes give rise to microsatellite instability (MSI) in tumor DNA. Lynch syndrome is most frequently caused by pathogrenic variants in the mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. Germline mutations in MLH1 and MSH2 account for approximately 90% of detected mutations in families with Lynch syndrome. Pathogenic vatiants in MSH6 have been reported in approximately 7-10% of families with Lynch syndrome. Pathogenic variants in PMS2 account for fewer than 5% of mutations in families with Lynch syndrome. This unit presents a comprehensive molecular genetic testing strategy for Lynch syndrome including MSI analysis, next generation sequencing (NGS)-based targeted sequence analysis, PCR-based Sanger sequencing and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH). © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhuri Hegde
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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