1
|
Vandewouw MM, Norris-Brilliant A, Rahman A, Assimopoulos S, Morton SU, Kushki A, Cunningham S, King E, Goldmuntz E, Miller TA, Thomas NH, Adams HR, Cleveland J, Cnota JF, Ellen Grant P, Goldberg CS, Huang H, Li JS, McQuillen P, Porter GA, Roberts AE, Russell MW, Seidman CE, Tivarus ME, Chung WK, Hagler DJ, Newburger JW, Panigrahy A, Lerch JP, Gelb BD, Anagnostou E. Identifying novel data-driven subgroups in congenital heart disease using multi-modal measures of brain structure. Neuroimage 2024; 297:120721. [PMID: 38968977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals with congenital heart disease (CHD) have an increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairments. Given the hypothesized complexity linking genomics, atypical brain structure, cardiac diagnoses and their management, and neurodevelopmental outcomes, unsupervised methods may provide unique insight into neurodevelopmental variability in CHD. Using data from the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium Brain and Genes study, we identified data-driven subgroups of individuals with CHD from measures of brain structure. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; N = 93; cortical thickness, cortical volume, and subcortical volume), we identified subgroups that differed primarily on cardiac anatomic lesion and language ability. In contrast, using diffusion MRI (N = 88; white matter connectivity strength), we identified subgroups that were characterized by differences in associations with rare genetic variants and visual-motor function. This work provides insight into the differential impacts of cardiac lesions and genomic variation on brain growth and architecture in patients with CHD, with potentially distinct effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlee M Vandewouw
- Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Anum Rahman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephania Assimopoulos
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah U Morton
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Azadeh Kushki
- Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sean Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eileen King
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas A Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Nina H Thomas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Human Phenomic Science, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heather R Adams
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John Cleveland
- Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, LA, USA
| | - James F Cnota
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - P Ellen Grant
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caren S Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Patrick McQuillen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - George A Porter
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Amy E Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Russell
- Department of Pediatrics, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Madalina E Tivarus
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald J Hagler
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA; Departments of Cognitive Science and Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Jane W Newburger
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bruce D Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tomita H, Kamagata K, Andica C, Uchida W, Fukuo M, Waki H, Sugano H, Tange Y, Mitsuhashi T, Lukies M, Hagiwara A, Fujita S, Wada A, Akashi T, Murata S, Harada M, Aoki S, Naito H. Connectome analysis of male world-class gymnasts using probabilistic multishell, multitissue constrained spherical deconvolution tracking. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2558-2572. [PMID: 34245603 PMCID: PMC9541483 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In athletes, long‐term intensive training has been shown to increase unparalleled athletic ability and might induce brain plasticity. We evaluated the structural connectome of world‐class gymnasts (WCGs), as mapped by diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging probabilistic tractography and a multishell, multitissue constrained spherical deconvolution method to increase the precision of tractography at the tissue interfaces. The connectome was mapped in 10 Japanese male WCGs and in 10 age‐matched male controls. Network‐based statistic identified subnetworks with increased connectivity density in WCGs, involving the sensorimotor, default mode, attentional, visual, and limbic areas. It also revealed a significant association between the structural connectivity of some brain structures with functions closely related to the gymnastic skills and the D‐score, which is used as an index of the gymnasts' specific physical abilities for each apparatus. Furthermore, graph theory analysis demonstrated the characteristics of brain anatomical topology in the WCGs. They displayed significantly increased global connectivity strength with decreased characteristic path length at the global level and higher nodal strength and degree in the sensorimotor, default mode, attention, and limbic/subcortical areas at the local level as compared with controls. Together, these findings extend the current understanding of neural mechanisms that distinguish WCGs from controls and suggest brain anatomical network plasticity in WCGs resulting from long‐term intensive training. Future studies should assess the contribution of genetic or early‐life environmental factors in the brain network organization of WCGs. Furthermore, the indices of brain topology (i.e., connection density and graph theory indices) could become markers for the objective evaluation of gymnastic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tomita
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Kamagata
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christina Andica
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Uchida
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Fukuo
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Waki
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidenori Sugano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tange
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matthew Lukies
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Akifumi Hagiwara
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Fujita
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Wada
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Akashi
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syo Murata
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Harada
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pereira J, Kobler R, Ofner P, Schwarz A, Müller-Putz GR. Online detection of movement during natural and self-initiated reach-and-grasp actions from EEG signals. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34130267 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac0b52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Movement intention detection using electroencephalography (EEG) is a challenging but essential component of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for people with motor disabilities.Objective.The goal of this study is to develop a new experimental paradigm to perform asynchronous online detection of movement based on low-frequency time-domain EEG features, concretely on movement-related cortical potentials. The paradigm must be easily transferable to people without any residual upper-limb movement function and the BCI must be independent of upper-limb movement onset measurements and external cues.Approach. In a study with non-disabled participants, we evaluated a novel BCI paradigm to detect self-initiated reach-and-grasp movements. Two experimental conditions were involved. In one condition, participants performed reach-and-grasp movements to a target and simultaneously shifted their gaze towards it. In a control condition, participants solely shifted their gaze towards the target (oculomotor task). The participants freely decided when to initiate the tasks. After eye artefact correction, the EEG signals were time-locked to the saccade onset and the resulting amplitude features were exploited on a hierarchical classification approach to detect movement asynchronously.Main results. With regards to BCI performance, 54.1% (14.4% SD) of the movements were correctly identified, and all participants achieved a performance above chance-level (around 12%). An average of 21.5% (14.1% SD) of the oculomotor tasks were falsely detected as upper-limb movement. In an additional rest condition, 1.7 (1.6 SD) false positives per minute were measured. Through source imaging, movement information was mapped to sensorimotor, posterior parietal and occipital areas.Significance. We present a novel approach for movement detection using EEG signals which does not rely on upper-limb movement onset measurements or on the presentation of external cues. The participants' behaviour closely matches the natural behaviour during goal-directed reach-and-grasp movements, which also constitutes an advantage with respect to current BCI protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Pereira
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinmar Kobler
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Patrick Ofner
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Schwarz
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Interocular Grouping in Perceptual Rivalry Localized with fMRI. Brain Topogr 2021; 34:323-336. [PMID: 33876330 PMCID: PMC8099824 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-021-00834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bistable perception refers to a broad class of dynamically alternating visual illusions that result from ambiguous images. These illusions provide a powerful method to study the mechanisms that determine how visual input is integrated over space and time. Binocular rivalry occurs when subjects view different images in each eye, and a similar experience called stimulus rivalry occurs even when the left and right images are exchanged at a fast rate. Many previous studies have identified with fMRI a network of cortical regions that are recruited during binocular rivalry, relative to non-rivalrous control conditions (termed replay) that use physically changing stimuli to mimic rivalry. However, we show here for the first time that additional cortical areas are activated when subjects experience rivalry with interocular grouping. When interocular grouping occurs, activation levels broadly increase, with a slight shift towards right hemisphere lateralization. Moreover, direct comparison of binocular rivalry with and without grouping highlights strong focused activity in the intraparietal sulcus and lateral occipital areas, such as right-sided retinotopic visual areas LO1 and IP2, as well as activity in left-sided visual areas LO1, and IP0-IP2. The equivalent analyses for comparable stimulus (eye-swap) rivalry showed very similar results; the main difference is greater recruitment of the right superior parietal cortex for binocular rivalry, as previously reported. Thus, we found minimal interaction between the novel networks isolated here for interocular grouping, and those previously attributed to stimulus and binocular rivalry. We conclude that spatial integration (i.e,. image grouping/segmentation) is a key function of lateral occipital/intraparietal cortex that acts similarly on competing binocular stimulus representations, regardless of fast monocular changes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sheets JR, Briggs RG, Dadario NB, Young IM, Bai MY, Poologaindran A, Baker CM, Conner AK, Sughrue ME. A Cortical Parcellation Based Analysis of Ventral Premotor Area Connectivity. Neurol Res 2021; 43:595-607. [PMID: 33749536 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1902702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. The ventral premotor area (VPM) plays a crucial role in executing various aspects of motor control. These include hand reaching, joint coordination, and direction of movement in space. While many studies discuss the VPM and its relationship to the rest of the motor network, there is minimal literature examining the connectivity of the VPM outside of the motor network. Using region-based fMRI studies, we built a neuroanatomical model to account for these extra-motor connections.Methods. Thirty region-based fMRI studies were used to generate an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) using BrainMap software. Cortical parcellations overlapping the ALE were used to construct a preliminary model of the VPM connections outside the motor network. Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)-based fiber tractography was performed to determine the connectivity between cortical parcellations in both hemispheres, and a laterality index (LI) was calculated with resultant tract volumes. The resulting connections were described using the cortical parcellation scheme developed by the Human Connectome Project (HCP).Results. Four cortical regions were found to comprise the VPM. These four regions included 6v, 4, 3b, and 3a. Across mapped brains, these areas showed consistent interconnections between each other. Additionally, ipsilateral connections to the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, and dorsal premotor cortex were demonstrated. Inter-hemispheric asymmetries were identified, especially with areas 1, 55b, and MI connecting to the ipsilateral VPM regions.Conclusion. We describe a preliminary cortical model for the underlying connectivity of the ventral premotor area. Future studies should further characterize the neuroanatomic underpinnings of this network for neurosurgical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Sheets
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robert G Briggs
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nicholas B Dadario
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Michael Y Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Cordell M Baker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Andrew K Conner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael E Sughrue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centre for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery, Prince of Wales Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Anzalone C, Luedke JC, Green JJ, Decker SL. QEEG coherence patterns related to mathematics ability in children. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2020; 11:328-338. [PMID: 33052731 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1830403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigates the utility of resting-state EEG coherence values in predicting standardized math scores in children. Quantitative EEG and standardized academic achievement analyses were performed on 60 school-aged children. Analyses assessing intrahemispheric coherence at rest were conducted across the sample of participants and several coherence networks were extracted and compared to standardized math achievement values. Specifically, networks that included Brodmann area 40 (a brain region involved in the cognitive processes responsible for mathematics performance) and whose coherence values were significantly correlated with standardized math scores were examined. Results indicate a total of four coherence networks, two in each hemisphere, that have utility in predicting general math skills in children. In addition to BA 40, these coherence networks include BAs in the right temporal lobe, right frontoparietal lobe, left superior temporal lobe, and the left medial prefrontal cortex. These findings address the current dearth of research on the neurological connectivity patterns that are foundational for mathematics abilities in children. Further, these results lay a foundation for the supplementary use of EEG in the assessment and identification practices surrounding math learning disabilities in children and additionally provide a neurocognitive framework upon which intervention research may be targeted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Anzalone
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica C Luedke
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica J Green
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Scott L Decker
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Magan D, Yadav RK. Neural mechanism of attention control in long-term preksha meditation. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:109953. [PMID: 32679421 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Meditation is a complex mental process-practiced widely for stress management and promotion of health- exerts beneficial effects on physical and mental health, and cognitive performance. However, until now, few theoretical neural mechanisms of meditation had been proposed, still not completely elucidated. We have previously evaluated the brain activity during Preksha meditation using an innovative 18FDG-PET methodological approach. Based on our previous study observations, we proposed here the neurophysiological framework of long-term and regular practice of preksha meditation. This mechanism will provide the scientific evidence to understand the attention control mechanisms resulting from the advanced state of preksha meditation. This might have multiple clinical applications as well as effective in a healthy population for attention-related tasks. Also, it is expected that the present neural model will provide a scientific platform for future clinical studies of meditation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Magan
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda 151001, India.
| | - Raj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jayakody O, Breslin M, Beare R, Blumen HM, Srikanth VK, Callisaya ML. Regional Associations of Cortical Thickness With Gait Variability—The Tasmanian Study of Cognition and Gait. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:1537-1544. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Gait variability is a marker of cognitive decline. However, there is limited understanding of the cortical regions associated with gait variability. We examined associations between regional cortical thickness and gait variability in a population-based sample of older people without dementia.
Method
Participants (n = 350, mean age 71.9 ± 7.1) were randomly selected from the electoral roll. Variability in step time, step length, step width, and double support time (DST) were calculated as the standard deviation of each measure, obtained from the GAITRite walkway. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were processed through FreeSurfer to obtain cortical thickness of 68 regions. Bayesian regression was used to determine regional associations of mean cortical thickness and thickness ratio (regional thickness/overall mean thickness) with gait variability.
Results
Smaller global cortical thickness was only associated with greater step width and step time variability. Smaller mean thickness in widespread regions important for sensory, cognitive, and motor functions were associated with greater step width and step time variability. In contrast, smaller thickness in a few frontal and temporal regions were associated with DST variability and the right cuneus was associated with step length variability. Smaller thickness ratio in frontal and temporal regions important for motor planning, execution, and sensory function and greater thickness ratio in the anterior cingulate was associated with greater variability in all measures.
Conclusions
Examining individual cortical regions is important in understanding the relationship between gray matter and gait variability. Cortical thickness ratio highlights that smaller regional thickness relative to global thickness may be important for the consistency of gait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oshadi Jayakody
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Monique Breslin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard Beare
- Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena M Blumen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele L Callisaya
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu Z, Lam KF, Yuan Z. Effective Connectivity of the Fronto-Parietal Network during the Tangram Task in a Natural Environment. Neuroscience 2019; 422:202-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
10
|
Scheunemann J, Unni A, Ihme K, Jipp M, Rieger JW. Demonstrating Brain-Level Interactions Between Visuospatial Attentional Demands and Working Memory Load While Driving Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 12:542. [PMID: 30728773 PMCID: PMC6351455 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Driving is a complex task concurrently drawing on multiple cognitive resources. Yet, there is a lack of studies investigating interactions at the brain-level among different driving subtasks in dual-tasking. This study investigates how visuospatial attentional demands related to increased driving difficulty interacts with different working memory load (WML) levels at the brain level. Using multichannel whole-head high density functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain activation measurements, we aimed to predict driving difficulty level, both separate for each WML level and with a combined model. Participants drove for approximately 60 min on a highway with concurrent traffic in a virtual reality driving simulator. In half of the time, the course led through a construction site with reduced lane width, increasing visuospatial attentional demands. Concurrently, participants performed a modified version of the n-back task with five different WML levels (from 0-back up to 4-back), forcing them to continuously update, memorize, and recall the sequence of the previous 'n' speed signs and adjust their speed accordingly. Using multivariate logistic ridge regression, we were able to correctly predict driving difficulty in 75.0% of the signal samples (1.955 Hz sampling rate) across 15 participants in an out-of-sample cross-validation of classifiers trained on fNIRS data separately for each WML level. There was a significant effect of the WML level on the driving difficulty prediction accuracies [range 62.2-87.1%; χ2(4) = 19.9, p < 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis H test] with highest prediction rates at intermediate WML levels. On the contrary, training one classifier on fNIRS data across all WML levels severely degraded prediction performance (mean accuracy of 46.8%). Activation changes in the bilateral dorsal frontal (putative BA46), bilateral inferior parietal (putative BA39), and left superior parietal (putative BA7) areas were most predictive to increased driving difficulty. These discriminative patterns diminished at higher WML levels indicating that visuospatial attentional demands and WML involve interacting underlying brain processes. The changing pattern of driving difficulty related brain areas across WML levels could indicate potential changes in the multitasking strategy with level of WML demand, in line with the multiple resource theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Scheunemann
- Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anirudh Unni
- Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Klas Ihme
- Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Meike Jipp
- Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jochem W. Rieger
- Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang Z, Li M, Hu X, Xiang B, Deng W, Wang Q, Wang Y, Zhao L, Ma X, Sham PC, Northoff G, Li T. Rare damaging variants in DNA repair and cell cycle pathways are associated with hippocampal and cognitive dysfunction: a combined genetic imaging study in first-episode treatment-naive patients with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1028. [PMID: 28195569 PMCID: PMC5438026 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder where changes in both hippocampus and memory-related cognitive functions are central. However, the exact relationship between neurodevelopmental-genetic factors and hippocampal-cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. The general aim of our study is to link the occurrence of rare damaging mutations involved in susceptibility gene pathways to the structure and function of hippocampus in order to define genetically and phenotypically based subgroups in schizophrenia. In the present study, by analyzing the exome sequencing and magnetic resonance imaging data in 94 first-episode treatment-naive schizophrenia patients and 134 normal controls, we identified that a cluster of rare damaging variants (RDVs) enriched in DNA repair and cell cycle pathways was present only in a subgroup including 39 schizophrenic patients. Furthermore, we found that schizophrenic patients with this RDVs show increased resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between left hippocampus (especially for left dentate gyrus) and left inferior parietal cortex, as well as decreased rsFC between left hippocampus and cerebellum. Moreover, abnormal rsFC was related to the deficits of spatial working memory (SWM; that is known to recruit the hippocampus) in patients with the RDVs. Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that damaging rare variants of genes in DNA repair and cell cycle pathways are associated with aberrant hippocampal rsFC, which was further relative to cognitive deficits in first-episode treatment-naive schizophrenia. Therefore, our data provide some evidence for the occurrence of phenotypic alterations in hippocampal and SWM function in a genetically defined subgroup of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - M Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- The Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Hu
- Biobank, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - B Xiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - W Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- The Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Q Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- The Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - L Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - X Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- The Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - P C Sham
- Centre for Genomic Sciences and Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - G Northoff
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - T Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- The Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
di Pellegrino G, Làdavas E. Peripersonal space in the brain. Neuropsychologia 2015; 66:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
Charting the course of language development. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
|
19
|
Early emergence of linguistic knowledge: How early? Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
20
|
Acquisition errors in the absence of experience. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
21
|
Noninnatist alternatives to the negative evidence hypothesis. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
22
|
Autonomy and the nature of the input. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Syntactic parameter hunting: Little scavengers might get lost. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
25
|
Abstract
AbstractA fundamental goal of linguistic theory is to explain how natural languages are acquired. This paper describes some recent findings on how learners acquire syntactic knowledge for which there is little, if any, decisive evidence from the environment. The first section presents several general observations about language acquisition that linguistic theory has tried to explain and discusses the thesis that certain linguistic properties are innate because they appear universally and in the absence of corresponding experience. A third diagnostic for innateness, early emergence, is the focus of the second section of the paper, in which linguistic theory is tested against recent experimental evidence on children's acquisition of syntax.
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
Not in the absence of experience. Behav Brain Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
|
31
|
Prime SL, Tsotsos L, Keith GP, Crawford JD. Visual memory capacity in transsaccadic integration. Exp Brain Res 2007; 180:609-28. [PMID: 17588185 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-0885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
How we perceive the visual world as stable and unified suggests the existence of transsaccadic integration that retains and integrates visual information from one eye fixation to another eye fixation across saccadic eye movements. However, the capacity of transsaccadic integration is still a subject of controversy. We tested our subjects' memory capacity of two basic visual features, i.e. luminance (Experiment 1) and orientation (Experiment 2), both within a single fixation (i.e. visual working memory) and between separate fixations (i.e. transsaccadic memory). Experiment 2 was repeated, but attention allocation was manipulated using attentional cues at either the target or distracter (Experiment 3). Subjects were able to retain 3-4 objects in transsaccadic memory for luminance and orientation; errors generally increased as saccade size increased; and, subjects were more accurate when attention was allocated to the same location as the impending target. These results were modelled by inputting a noisy extra-retinal signal into an eye-centered feature map. Our results suggest that transsaccadic memory has a similar capacity for storing simple visual features as basic visual memory, but this capacity is dependent both on the metrics of the saccade and allocation of attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Prime
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sereno AB, Amador SC. Attention and Memory-Related Responses of Neurons in the Lateral Intraparietal Area During Spatial and Shape-Delayed Match-to-Sample Tasks. J Neurophysiol 2006; 95:1078-98. [PMID: 16221750 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00431.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When a monkey attends to, remembers, and looks toward targets, the activity of some neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) changes. We recorded from isolated neurons during both a spatial and a shape match-to-sample task to examine and characterize voluntary active processes in LIP. Many LIP neurons show spatially selective activity during the delay period that depends on the location of the sample, but for most cells, this activity does not differ between the two tasks. Although much past work in posterior parietal cortex has explained responses in this region in terms of active processes such as decision-making and motor planning, our findings suggest that much of that activity represents more passive processing. Nevertheless, we do see a significant minority of units that demonstrate instruction-dependent activity during the delay period, suggesting that these units could represent the neural correlates of voluntary or active processes. Separately, we found that during the presentation of the sample stimulus and test array, some units show stronger responses to the stimulus in the shape-matching task when the animal must attend to the shape of a stimulus. This elevated response to the sample during the shape task provides evidence for feature-based attention in LIP. Attention to shape is a property that has not previously been described in primate cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Sereno
- Neurobiology and Anatomy, MSB 7.160A, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
This review surveys results from a new approach to the problem of haptic sensing, in which subjects use primarily proximal arm movements to explore the shapes of virtual objects. These shapes are generated using a robotically controlled manipulandum. We begin by summarizing distortions of simple geometric properties (such as the length and orientation of lines) in the haptic perception of space. We then consider the extent to which the sense of more complex shapes (such as quadrilaterals) can be explained by these geometric distortions, i.e., the extent to which the shape of a complex object is synthesized from simpler constituent elements, and some of the sensory cues that may be important in this process. Haptic and visual processing of shapes appear to lead to some similar illusions. However, we argue that the processing of haptic information differs fundamentally from visual processing in that the former requires the integration of information that evolves in time as well as in space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Y P Henriques
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 6-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bunge SA, Kahn I, Wallis JD, Miller EK, Wagner AD. Neural circuits subserving the retrieval and maintenance of abstract rules. J Neurophysiol 2003; 90:3419-28. [PMID: 12867532 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00910.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavior is often governed by abstract rules or instructions for behavior that can be abstracted from one context and applied to another. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to be important for representing rules, although the contributions of ventrolateral (VLPFC) and dorsolateral (DLPFC) regions remain under-specified. In the present study, event-related fMRI was used to examine abstract rule representation in humans. Prior to scanning, subjects learned to associate unfamiliar shapes and nonwords with particular rules. During each fMRI trial, presentation of one of these cues was followed by a delay and then by sample and probe stimuli. Match and non-match rules required subjects to indicate whether or not the sample and probe matched; go rules required subjects to make a response that was not contingent on the sample/probe relation. Left VLPFC, parietal cortex, and pre-SMA exhibited sensitivity to rule type during the cue and delay periods. Delay-period activation in these regions, but not DLPFC, was greater when subjects had to maintain response contingencies (match, non-match) relative to when the cue signaled a specific response (go). In contrast, left middle temporal cortex exhibited rule sensitivity during the cue but not delay period. These results support the hypothesis that VLPFC interacts with temporal cortex to retrieve semantic information associated with a cue and with parietal cortex to retrieve and maintain relevant response contingencies across delays. Future investigations of cross-regional interactions will enable full assessment of this account. Collectively, these results demonstrate that multiple, neurally separable processes are recruited during abstract rule representation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Bunge
- Psychology Department and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, California 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The posterior parietal cortex (PPC), historically believed to be a sensory structure, is now viewed as an area important for sensory-motor integration. Among its functions is the forming of intentions, that is, high-level cognitive plans for movement. There is a map of intentions within the PPC, with different subregions dedicated to the planning of eye movements, reaching movements, and grasping movements. These areas appear to be specialized for the multisensory integration and coordinate transformations required to convert sensory input to motor output. In several subregions of the PPC, these operations are facilitated by the use of a common distributed space representation that is independent of both sensory input and motor output. Attention and learning effects are also evident in the PPC. However, these effects may be general to cortex and operate in the PPC in the context of sensory-motor transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Andersen
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 216-76, Pasadena 91125, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Evidence is presented that the multisensory parieto-insular cortex is the human homologue of the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC) in the monkey and is involved in the perception of verticality and self-motion. Acute lesions (patients with middle cerebral artery infarctions) of this area caused contraversive tilts of perceived vertical, body lateropulsion, and, rarely, rotational vertigo. Brain activation studies using positron emission tomography or functional magnetic resonance tomography showed that PIVC was activated by caloric irrigation of the ears or by galvanic stimulation of the mastoid. This indicates that PIVC receives input from both the semicircular canals and otoliths. PIVC was also activated during small-field optokinetic stimulation, but not when the nystagmus was suppressed by fixation. Activation of vestibular cortex areas, visual motion-sensitive areas, and ocular motor areas exhibited a significant right-hemispheric dominance. The vestibular cortex intimately interacts with the visual cortex to match the two 3-D orientation maps (perception of verticality, room-tilt illusion) and mediates self-motion perception by means of a reciprocal inhibitory visual-vestibular interaction. This mechanism of an inhibitory interaction allows a shift of the dominant sensorial weight during self-motion perception from one sensory modality (visual or vestibular) to the other, depending on which mode of stimulation prevails: body acceleration (vestibular input) or constant velocity motion (visual input).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Brandt
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximillians University, Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sakata H, Taira M, Kusunoki M, Murata A, Tanaka Y. The TINS Lecture. The parietal association cortex in depth perception and visual control of hand action. Trends Neurosci 1997; 20:350-7. [PMID: 9246729 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent neurophysiological studies in alert monkeys have revealed that the parietal association cortex plays a crucial role in depth perception and visually guided hand movement. The following five classes of parietal neurons covering various aspects of these functions have been identified: (1) depth-selective visual-fixation (VF) neurons of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), representing egocentric distance; (2) depth-movement sensitive (DMS) neurons of V5A and the ventral intraparietal (VIP) area representing direction of linear movement in 3-D space; (3) depth-rotation-sensitive (RS) neurons of V5A and the posterior parietal (PP) area representing direction of rotary movement in space; (4) visually responsive manipulation-related neurons (visual-dominant or visual-and-motor type) of the anterior intraparietal (AIP) area, representing 3-D shape or orientation (or both) of objects for manipulation; and (5) axis-orientation-selective (AOS) and surface-orientation-selective (SOS) neurons in the caudal intraparietal sulcus (cIPS) sensitive to binocular disparity and representing the 3-D orientation of the longitudinal axes and flat surfaces, respectively. Some AOS and SOS neurons are selective in both orientation and shape. Thus the dorsal visual pathway is divided into at least two subsystems, V5A, PP and VIP areas for motion vision and V6, LIP and cIPS areas for coding position and 3-D features. The cIPS sends the signals of 3-D features of objects to the AIP area, which is reciprocally connected to the ventral premotor (F5) area and plays an essential role in matching hand orientation and shaping with 3-D objects for manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Sakata
- Dept of Physiology, Nihon University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Contreras-Vidal JL, Grossberg S, Bullock D. A neural model of cerebellar learning for arm movement control: cortico-spino-cerebellar dynamics. Learn Mem 1997; 3:475-502. [PMID: 10456112 DOI: 10.1101/lm.3.6.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A neural network model of opponent cerebellar learning for arm movement control is proposed. The model illustrates how a central pattern generator in cortex and basal ganglia, a neuromuscular force controller in spinal cord, and an adaptive cerebellum cooperate to reduce motor variability during multijoint arm movements using mono- and bi-articular muscles. Cerebellar learning modifies velocity commands to produce phasic antagonist bursts at interpositus nucleus cells whose feed-forward action overcomes inherent limitations of spinal feedback control of tracking. Excitation of alpha motoneuron pools, combined with inhibition of their Renshaw cells by the cerebellum, facilitate movement initiation and optimal execution. Transcerebellar pathways are opened by learning through long-term depression (LTD) of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses in response to conjunctive stimulation of parallel fibers and climbing fiber discharges that signal muscle stretch errors. The cerebellar circuitry also learns to control opponent muscles pairs, allowing cocontraction and reciprocal inhibition of muscles. Learning is stable, exhibits load compensation properties, and generalizes better across movement speeds if motoneuron pools obey the size principle. The intermittency of climbing fiber discharges maintains stable learning. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in response to uncorrelated parallel fiber signals enables previously weakened synapses to recover. Loss of climbing fibers, in the presence of LTP, can erode normal opponent signal processing. Simulated lesions of the cerebellar network reproduce symptoms of cerebellar disease, including sluggish movement onsets, poor execution of multijoint plans, and abnormally prolonged endpoint oscillations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Contreras-Vidal
- Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kuriki S, Hirata Y, Fujimaki N, Kobayashi T. Magnetoencephalographic study on the cerebral neural activities related to the processing of visually presented characters. BRAIN RESEARCH. COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 4:185-99. [PMID: 8924047 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(96)00030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuromagnetic fields were recorded from normal subjects to study the time course of cerebral neural activation while they performed a matching task of visual stimuli in which sequentially presented Japanese characters or unreadable pseudo-characters were compared according to phonological (reading of the characters) or graphical (geometry of the pseudo-characters) identity. In response to the single real-character or pseudo-character which was presented the latest distinct magnetic field components were observed, from which current dipole sources of the fields were localized in the individual magnetic resonance images of the brain. In the phonological identification, the sources were found in the parieto-occipital extrastriate cortex at 155-210 ms following the character presentation, and in the posterior temporal region (part of the Wernicke's area) and the posterior superior temporal region of the visual/auditory association cortex at 210-410 ms. The activity in these temporal regions was left hemisphere dominant, and may be the neural basis of phonological processing of the visual characters. In the graphical identification, sources occurring at 125-250 ms were noted in the inferior temporo-occipital region, and those at 180-460 ms in the posterior temporal and posterior superior temporal regions of the right hemisphere. These results indicate that the activities in the temporal area are lateralized to the left for the phonological processing and to the right for the graphical processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kuriki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Morland AB, Ogilvie JA, Ruddock KH, Wright JR. A new abnormality of human vision provides evidence of interactions between cortical mechanisms sensitive to movement and those sensitive to colour. Proc Biol Sci 1996; 263:1087-94. [PMID: 8805842 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1996.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the results of a psychophysical study on a human observer, MW, which describe his abnormal visual responses to moving stimuli. It has been shown previously that this subject has normal vision for stationary, achromatic patterns, but responds highly abnormally to saturated chromatic, and especially red stimuli. We now report that like chromatic stimuli, moving black and white patterns elicit an inhibitory response which extends beyond the visual field area covered by the moving stimulus itself, and suppresses detection of stationary, achromatic patterns. Although both chromatic and moving stimuli generate similar percepts in association with their inhibitory activities, these latter differ in several respects, and we conclude that they have different neural origins. We show that in addition to their separate inhibitory actions on detection of achromatic patterns, movement and colour exert mutually inhibitory effects. Movement is markedly effective in limiting the inhibitory spread associated with colour, regardless of the positions in the visual field of the moving and coloured stimuli. Such spatially diffuse activity is characteristic of higher visual processing in pre-occipital cortical visual areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Morland
- Physics Department, Imperial College, London, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Is “innate” another name for “developmentally resilient”? Behav Brain Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
42
|
We need a team of gene-mappers, not principle-provers. Behav Brain Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
43
|
Innate universals do not solve the negative feedback problem. Behav Brain Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
44
|
Debatable constraints. Behav Brain Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
45
|
Simians, space, and syntax: Parallels between human language and primate social cognition. Behav Brain Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x0007151x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
46
|
Language development: Relatives to the rescue! Behav Brain Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
47
|
|
48
|
Maturation, emergence and performance. Behav Brain Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
49
|
Early emergence as a diagnostic for innateness. Behav Brain Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
50
|
Parameter setting and early emergence. Behav Brain Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x00071740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|