1
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Alleva N, Eigen K, Ng DYW, Weil T. A Versatile and Efficient Method to Isolate DNA-Polymer Conjugates. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1257-1263. [PMID: 37656875 PMCID: PMC10515633 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a facile and adaptable method to purify and isolate DNA-polymer conjugates from different uncharged homo, random, or block copolymer families. Anion exchange chromatography is used to separate the reaction solution and retrieve the excess unreacted polymer and oligonucleotide. The stationary phase has a high efficiency (25 nmol of DNA per run), facilitating the purification of large batches without compromising the peak shape and resolution. To demonstrate the versatility of this method, different types of polymers, including acrylates, methacrylates, and acrylamides containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks, were purified with high yields. Additionally, DNA-polymer conjugates with various DNA block lengths were also successfully purified, further highlighting the broad applicability of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Alleva
- Max Planck Institute for
Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Eigen
- Max Planck Institute for
Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Y. W. Ng
- Max Planck Institute for
Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for
Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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2
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De Fazio AF, Misatziou D, Baker YR, Muskens OL, Brown T, Kanaras AG. Chemically modified nucleic acids and DNA intercalators as tools for nanoparticle assembly. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13410-13440. [PMID: 34792047 PMCID: PMC8628606 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00632k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of inorganic nanoparticles to larger structures is of great research interest as it allows the fabrication of novel materials with collective properties correlated to the nanoparticles' individual characteristics. Recently developed methods for controlling nanoparticle organisation have enabled the fabrication of a range of new materials. Amongst these, the assembly of nanoparticles using DNA has attracted significant attention due to the highly selective recognition between complementary DNA strands, DNA nanostructure versatility, and ease of DNA chemical modification. In this review we discuss the application of various chemical DNA modifications and molecular intercalators as tools for the manipulation of DNA-nanoparticle structures. In detail, we discuss how DNA modifications and small molecule intercalators have been employed in the chemical and photochemical DNA ligation in nanostructures; DNA rotaxanes and catenanes associated with reconfigurable nanoparticle assemblies; and DNA backbone modifications including locked nucleic acids, peptide nucleic acids and borane nucleic acids, which affect the stability of nanostructures in complex environments. We conclude by highlighting the importance of maximising the synergy between the communities of DNA chemistry and nanoparticle self-assembly with the aim to enrich the library of tools available for the manipulation of nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela F De Fazio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Doxi Misatziou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Ysobel R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Otto L Muskens
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Antonios G Kanaras
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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3
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Liang G, Wang H, Shi H, Wang H, Zhu M, Jing A, Li J, Li G. Recent progress in the development of upconversion nanomaterials in bioimaging and disease treatment. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:154. [PMID: 33121496 PMCID: PMC7596946 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional lanthanide-based upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which feature efficiently convert low-energy photons into high-energy photons, have attracted considerable attention in the domain of materials science and biomedical applications. Due to their unique photophysical properties, including light-emitting stability, excellent upconversion luminescence efficiency, low autofluorescence, and high detection sensitivity, and high penetration depth in samples, UCNPs have been widely applied in biomedical applications, such as biosensing, imaging and theranostics. In this review, we briefly introduced the major components of UCNPs and the luminescence mechanism. Then, we compared several common design synthesis strategies and presented their advantages and disadvantages. Several examples of the functionalization of UCNPs were given. Next, we detailed their biological applications in bioimaging and disease treatment, particularly drug delivery and photodynamic therapy, including antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Finally, the future practical applications in materials science and biomedical fields, as well as the remaining challenges to UCNPs application, were described. This review provides useful practical information and insights for the research on and application of UCNPs in the field of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Liang
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.
| | - Haojie Wang
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Hao Shi
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin,, 300350, China
| | - Mengxi Zhu
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Aihua Jing
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Jinghua Li
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Guangda Li
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
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4
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Ge H, Wang D, Pan Y, Guo Y, Li H, Zhang F, Zhu X, Li Y, Zhang C, Huang L. Sequence‐Dependent DNA Functionalization of Upconversion Nanoparticles and Their Programmable Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced, Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NJTECH) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Dongya Wang
- Departments of Radiology and CardiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 600 Yishan Road Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Yue Pan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced, Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NJTECH) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced, Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NJTECH) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced, Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NJTECH) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Departments of Radiology and CardiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 600 Yishan Road Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Ling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced, Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NJTECH) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
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5
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Ge H, Wang D, Pan Y, Guo Y, Li H, Zhang F, Zhu X, Li Y, Zhang C, Huang L. Sequence‐Dependent DNA Functionalization of Upconversion Nanoparticles and Their Programmable Assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8133-8137. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced, Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NJTECH) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Dongya Wang
- Departments of Radiology and CardiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 600 Yishan Road Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Yue Pan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced, Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NJTECH) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced, Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NJTECH) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced, Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NJTECH) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Departments of Radiology and CardiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 600 Yishan Road Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesShanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Ling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced, Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University (NJTECH) 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 China
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6
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Petrakova V, Benson V, Buncek M, Fiserova A, Ledvina M, Stursa J, Cigler P, Nesladek M. Imaging of transfection and intracellular release of intact, non-labeled DNA using fluorescent nanodiamonds. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:12002-12. [PMID: 27240633 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00610h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Efficient delivery of stabilized nucleic acids (NAs) into cells and release of the NA payload are crucial points in the transfection process. Here we report on the fabrication of a nanoscopic cellular delivery carrier that is additionally combined with a label-free intracellular sensor device, based on biocompatible fluorescent nanodiamond particles. The sensing function is engineered into nanodiamonds by using nitrogen-vacancy color centers, providing stable non-blinking luminescence. The device is used for monitoring NA transfection and the payload release in cells. The unpacking of NAs from a poly(ethyleneimine)-terminated nanodiamond surface is monitored using the color shift of nitrogen-vacancy centers in the diamond, which serve as a nanoscopic electric charge sensor. The proposed device innovates the strategies for NA imaging and delivery, by providing detection of the intracellular release of non-labeled NAs without affecting cellular processing of the NAs. Our system highlights the potential of nanodiamonds to act not merely as labels but also as non-toxic and non-photobleachable fluorescent biosensors reporting complex molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Petrakova
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic and Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Benson
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic and Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - M Buncek
- Generi Biotech Ltd., Machkova 587, 500 11 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - A Fiserova
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic and Institute of Microbiology AS CR, v.v.i, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - M Ledvina
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic and Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - J Stursa
- Nuclear Physics Institute AS CR, v.v.i., 250 68, Rez near Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - M Nesladek
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic and IMEC Division IMOMEC, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium and Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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7
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Sedlmeier A, Gorris HH. Surface modification and characterization of photon-upconverting nanoparticles for bioanalytical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:1526-60. [PMID: 25176175 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photon-upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) can be excited by near-infrared light and emit visible light (anti-Stokes emission) which prevents autofluorescence and light scattering of biological samples. The potential for background-free imaging has attracted wide interest in UCNPs in recent years. Small and homogeneous lanthanide-doped UCNPs that display high upconversion efficiency have typically been synthesized in organic solvents. Bioanalytical applications, however, require a subsequent phase transfer to aqueous solutions. Hence, the surface properties of UCNPs must be well designed and characterized to grant both a stable aqueous colloidal dispersion and the ability to conjugate biomolecules and other ligands on the nanoparticle surface. In this review, we introduce various routes for the surface modification of UCNPs and critically discuss their advantages and disadvantages. The last part covers various analytical methods that enable a thorough examination of the progress and success of the surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sedlmeier
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- und Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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8
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Cserép GB, Herner A, Kele P. Bioorthogonal fluorescent labels: a review on combined forces. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2015; 3:042001. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/3/4/042001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Cummings AJ, Ravalico F, McColgan-Bannon KIS, Eguaogie O, Elliott PA, Shannon MR, Bermejo IA, Dwyer A, Maginty AB, Mack J, Vyle JS. Nucleoside azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions under solvothermal conditions or using copper vials in a ball mill. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 34:361-70. [PMID: 25874944 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2014.1001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel nucleoside analogues containing photoswitchable moieties were prepared using 'click' cycloaddition reactions between 5'-azido-5'-deoxythymidine and mono- or bis-N-propargylamide-substituted azobenzenes. In solution, high to quantitative yields were achieved using 5 mol% Cu(I) in the presence of a stabilizing ligand. 'Click' reactions using the monopropargylamides were also effected in the absence of added cuprous salts by the application of liquid assisted grinding (LAG) in metallic copper reaction vials. Specifically, high speed vibration ball milling (HSVBM) using a 3/32″ (2.38 mm) diameter copper ball (62 mg) at 60 Hz overnight in the presence of ethyl acetate lead to complete consumption of the 5'-azido nucleoside with clean conversion to the corresponding 1,3-triazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Cummings
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
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10
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Zhou J, Liu Q, Feng W, Sun Y, Li F. Upconversion Luminescent Materials: Advances and Applications. Chem Rev 2014; 115:395-465. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1511] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yun Sun
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Li
- Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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11
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Yang Y. Upconversion nanophosphors for use in bioimaging, therapy, drug delivery and bioassays. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Holzhauser C, Wagenknecht HA. DNA and RNA “Traffic Lights”: Synthetic Wavelength-Shifting Fluorescent Probes Based on Nucleic Acid Base Substitutes for Molecular Imaging. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7373-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Holzhauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe,
Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe,
Germany
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13
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Kong F, Zhou C, Wang J, Yu Z, Wang R. Water-Soluble Palladium Click Chelating Complex: An Efficient and Reusable Precatalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura and Hiyama Reactions in Water. Chempluschem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Gorris HH, Wolfbeis OS. Photon-Upconverting Nanoparticles for Optical Encoding and Multiplexing of Cells, Biomolecules, and Microspheres. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3584-600. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Gorris HH, Wolfbeis OS. Photonen aufkonvertierende Nanopartikel zur optischen Codierung und zum Multiplexing von Zellen, Biomolekülen und Mikrosphären. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Sequence-Specific Metallization of Single Divalent DNA-Nanoparticle Conjugates: A Potential Route to Single-Electron Devices. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201200096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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